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85-744: It was originally established as an aircraft manufacturer in 1923, under the name Ikarus . In 1954, it commenced bus production and since 1960 it completely shifted towards it. In 1992, it changed its name to Ikarbus. Since 2019, it is majority owned by the Chinese "Green Stone Investment Co.". On 13 October 1923, the company was established under name "Ikarus – the first Serbian airplane, car and engine industry Kovačević and Co", with headquarters in Novi Sad . The founders were Dimitrije Konjović , brothers Dušan and Milivoj Kovačević, Đoka Radulović and Josif Mikl. On 20 November 1923, "Ikarus" started business officially after

170-521: A January mean of 0.7 °C (33.3 °F). The city experiences four distinct seasons. Autumn is drier than spring, with long sunny and warm periods. Winter is not so severe, with an average of 22 days of complete sub-zero temperature, and averages 22 days of snowfall. January is the coldest month, with an average low of −2.5 °C (27.5 °F). Spring is usually short and rainy, while summer arrives abruptly. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Novi Sad

255-763: A constituent unit of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia . With DF Yugoslavia changing its name to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia on 29 November 1945 as well as the promulgation of the 1946 Yugoslav Constitution two months later in January, its constituent units also changed their respective names. FS Bosnia and Herzegovina thus became known as the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Narodna Republika Bosna i Hercegovina / Народна Република Босна и Херцеговина). This constitutional system lasted until

340-551: A literary work which was in the Yugoslav communist regime considered a radical approach towards socialist ideals of former Yugoslavia that were based on suppression of nationalism and any violation of that doctrine was punishable by law. Such trials in the communist regime were quite common and a typical practice of suppressing the right to free speech. Bosnian politicians used this practice to reaffirm their political opposition to Serbian nationalist tendencies and in particular opposition to

425-491: A mix of Hungarian and Slavic names among the inhabitants of these villages, including Slavic names like Bozso (Božo), Radovan, Radonya (Radonja), Ivo, etc. Following the Ottoman invasion in the 16th–17th centuries, some of these settlements were destroyed. Most of the surviving Hungarian inhabitants retreated from the area. Some of the settlements persisted under Ottoman rule and were populated by ethnic Serbs. Between 1526 and 1687,

510-510: A strategic Habsburg military post. In subsequent centuries, it became an important trading, manufacturing and cultural centre, and has historically been dubbed the Serbian Athens . The city was heavily devastated in the 1848 Revolution , but was subsequently rebuilt and restored. Today, along with the Serbian capital city of Belgrade, Novi Sad is an industrial and financial center important to

595-744: A year, attracting local and international designers. Called Serbia Fashion Week , the event also features the works of applied artists, musicians, interior decorators, multimedia experts and architects. SR Bosnia and Herzegovina Federal State of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1946) Federalna Država Bosna i Hercegovina   ( Serbo-Croatian ) People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1946–1963) Narodna Republika Bosna i Hercegovina   ( Serbo-Croatian ) The Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Serbo-Croatian : Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina / Социјалистичка Pепублика Босна и Херцеговина ), commonly referred to as Socialist Bosnia or simply Bosnia ,

680-579: Is composed of massive landslide zones, although they are largely inactive with the exception of the Ribnjak neighbourhood between Sremska Kamenica and Petrovaradin Fortress . The total land area of the city is 699 square kilometres (270 sq mi), while its urban area spans 129.7 km (50 sq mi). Novi Sad has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) closely bordering on humid continental climate ( Dfa ) with

765-613: Is located in the southern portion of the Pannonian Plain on the border of the Bačka and Syrmia geographical regions. Lying on the banks of the Danube river, the city faces the northern slopes of Fruška Gora and it is the fifth largest of all cities on the Danube river . It is the largest Danube city that is not the capital of an independent state. According to the 2022 census , the population of

850-470: Is only 350 meters wide beneath the marking stones of Petrovaradin. A section of the Danube-Tisza-Danube Canal marks the northern edge of the wider city centre. The main part of the city lies on the left bank of the Danube in the region of Bačka , while the smaller settlements of Petrovaradin and Sremska Kamenica lie on the right bank, in the region of Srem (Syrmia). The section situated on

935-413: Is still relatively mild, apart from a few major arteries. Some of the oldest neighbourhoods in the city are Stari Grad (Old Town), Rotkvarija , Podbara , and Salajka . The areas of Sremska Kamenica and Petrovaradin , located on the right bank of the Danube, were separate towns in the past, but today belong to the urban area of Novi Sad. Liman , as well as Bistrica , are neighbourhoods built during

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1020-1015: Is the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Bačka , the seat of the Bishop of the Slovak Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Serbia and of the Muftiship of Novi Sad of the Islamic Community in Serbia. In the 19th and early 20th century, Novi Sad was the capital of Serbian culture , earning it the nickname Serbian Athens . During that time, many Serbian novelists, poets, jurists, and publishers had lived or worked in Novi Sad at some point in their career, including Vuk Stefanović Karadžić , Mika Antić , Đura Jakšić and Jovan Jovanović Zmaj , among others. Matica srpska ,

1105-625: The 1963 Yugoslav Constitution . On 7 April 1963, Yugoslavia was reconstituted as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , and PR Bosnia and Herzegovina changed its name to the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina / Социјалистичка Република Босна и Херцеговина). After independence on 1 March 1992, the country was renamed to the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina . Following

1190-597: The Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs of Vojvodina in Novi Sad proclaimed the union of the region of Vojvodina with the Kingdom of Serbia . From 1 December 1918, Novi Sad was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes ; and in 1929, it became the capital of the Danube Banovina , a province of the newly named Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1921, the population of Novi Sad numbered 39,122 inhabitants, 16,293 of whom spoke

1275-573: The Dayton Agreement that was in force, it became simply a federated state known as Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1997. Because of its central geographic position within the Yugoslav federation, post-war Bosnia was strategically selected as a base for the development of the military defense industry. This contributed to a large concentration of arms and military personnel in Bosnia; a significant factor in

1360-607: The Magyarization policy of the Hungarian government drastically altered the demographic structure of the city as the formerly predominantly Serbian population became one with a more mixed character. In 1880, 41.2% of the city's inhabitants used the Serbian language most frequently and 25.9% employed Hungarian. In the following decades, the percentage of Serbian-speakers decreased, while the number of Hungarian-speakers increased. According to

1445-740: The Paleo-Balkanic peoples of the region. In the Middle Ages, the area was controlled by the Ostrogoths , Gepids , Avars , Franks , West Slavic groups , again by the Byzantines, and finally by the Hungarians . It was a part of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary from its foundation in 1000 until the Ottoman invasion in the 16th century. Hungarians began to settle in the area, which before that time had been mostly populated by Slavs. The earliest known mention

1530-561: The Scordisci . Celts had been present in the area since the 4th century BC and founded the first fortress on the right bank of the Danube. Later, in the 1st century BC, the region was conquered by the Romans . During Roman rule, a larger fortress was built in the 1st century, named Cusum , and included in the Roman province of Pannonia . In the 5th century, Cusum was devastated by Hunnic invasions . By

1615-667: The Serbian economy . Novi Sad was the European Youth Capital in 2019 and the European Capital of Culture in 2022. It became a UNESCO Creative City of Media Arts in 2023. The name Novi Sad means "new plantation" in Serbo-Croatian . Its Latin name, stemming from the establishment of Habsburg city rights, is Neoplanta . The official names of Novi Sad in local administration are: In both Croatian and Romanian , which are official in provincial administration,

1700-546: The oil refinery was bombarded daily, causing severe pollution and widespread ecological damage. In 2003, FR Yugoslavia was transformed into the state union of Serbia and Montenegro . These two states separated in June 2006 (following the May 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum ), leaving Novi Sad part of the Republic of Serbia . The city lies on the meander of the river Danube, which

1785-694: The war that followed the break-up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. However, Bosnia's existence within Yugoslavia, for the large part, was peaceful and prosperous. Being one of the poorer republics in the early 1950s it quickly recovered economically, taking advantage of its extensive natural resources to stimulate industrial development. The Yugoslavian communist doctrine of " brotherhood and unity " particularly suited Bosnia's diverse and multi-ethnic society that, because of such an imposed system of tolerance, thrived culturally and socially. The improvements to cultural tolerance throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina culminated with

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1870-407: The 18th and 19th centuries, Novi Sad remained the largest city inhabited by Serbs. The reformer of the Serbian language, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić , wrote in 1817 that Novi Sad was the 'largest Serb municipality in the world'. It was a cultural and political centre for Serbs (see also Serbian Revival ), who did not have their own national state at the time. Due to its cultural and political influence,

1955-688: The 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy recruited Germans from the southern principalities of the Holy Roman Empire to relocate to the Danube valley. They wanted both to increase the population and to redevelop the river valley for agriculture, which had declined markedly under the Ottomans. To encourage such settlement, the government ensured that the German communities could practice their religion (mostly Catholicism) and use their original German dialect. For much of

2040-405: The 1910 census, the city had 33,590 residents, of whom 13,343 (39.72%) spoke Hungarian, 11,594 (34.52%) Serbian, 5,918 (17.62%) German and 1,453 (4.33%) Slovak. It is not certain whether Hungarians or Serbs were the larger ethnic group in the city in 1910, since the various ethnic groups ( Bunjevci , Romani , Jews, other South Slavic people, etc.) were classified in census results only according to

2125-409: The 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, with contemporary style buildings and wide boulevards ( Liman was divided into four sections, numbered I–IV). New neighbourhoods, like Liman , Detelinara and Bistrica , emerged from the fields and forests surrounding the city. Following World War II, tall residential buildings were constructed to house the huge influx of people leaving the country side. Many old houses in

2210-516: The Bosnian branch of League of Communists of Yugoslavia . The borders of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina were almost identical to the one Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina had during the period of Austro-Hungarian rule that lasted until 1918. That year Bosnia became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and divided into several banovinas (regional administrative units), namely parts of Vrbas , Drina , Zeta and Croatia banovinas. With

2295-671: The Parliament was a Bosnian Serb and the prime minister a Bosnian Croat . After Slovenia and Croatia declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991, Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its sovereignty in October 1991 and organized a referendum on independence in March 1992. The decision of the Parliament of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on holding

2380-483: The Partisans killed tens of thousands , mostly Serbs, Germans, and Hungarians, who were perceived as opponents to the new regime. Novi Sad became part of the new Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Since 1945, Novi Sad has been the capital of Vojvodina , a province of the Republic of Serbia . The city went through rapid industrialization and its population more than doubled in the period between World War II and

2465-562: The Sarajevo process as a way of removing the political amateurs who could end up disrupting the process of Bosnian independence. With the fall of communism and the start of the break-up of Yugoslavia, the old communist doctrine of tolerance began to lose its strength, creating an opportunity for nationalist elements in the society to spread their influence. On the first multi-party elections that took place in November 1990 in Bosnia and Herzegovina,

2550-525: The Serbian language, 12,991 Hungarian, 6,373 German, 1,117 Slovak, etc. In 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded and partitioned by the Axis powers , and its northern parts, including Novi Sad, were annexed by Hungary . During World War II , about 5,000 citizens were murdered and many others were resettled. During the three days of the Novi Sad raid (21–23 January 1942) alone, Hungarian police killed 1,246 citizens, among them more than 800 Jews, and threw their corpses into

2635-462: The administrative area of the city totals 368,967, while its urban area (including the adjacent settlements of Petrovaradin and Sremska Kamenica ) comprises 306,702 inhabitants. According to the city's Informatika Agency, Novi Sad had 414,386 inhabitants (metro) in 2024. Novi Sad was founded in 1694, when Serb merchants formed a colony across the Danube from the Petrovaradin Fortress ,

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2720-669: The administrative city's total population resides in the suburbs, which consist of 12 settlements and 1 town. The largest numbers live in Futog (pop. 20,000) and in Veternik (pop. 17,000) to the west. Both places have grown bigger over the years, especially during the 1990s, and have physically merged with the city. Suburbs like Futog are officially classified as an ' urban settlement' (town), while other suburbs are mostly considered to be ' rural' (village). Ledinci , Stari Ledinci and Bukovac are all villages located on Fruška Gora 's slopes, with

2805-531: The aircraft section of "Ikarus" had been relocated during the previous decade to a new aircraft factory SOKO , located in Mostar , SR Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 1992, the company was privatized, and the following year changed its name to "Ikarbus", due to name usage conflicts with the Hungarian bus manufacturer with the same name . During the 1990s Yugoslav Wars and international sanctions imposed on FR Yugoslavia ,

2890-557: The areas were initially inhabited by Slavs, particularly the West Slavs . For example, Bivalo (Bivaljoš) had a large Slavic settlement dating from the 5th–6th centuries. Other names are of Hungarian origin (for example Bélakút, Kűszentmárton, Vásárosvárad, Rév), indicating that the settlements were inhabited by Hungarians before the Ottoman invasion in the 16th century. Some settlement names are of uncertain origin. Tax records from 1522 show

2975-449: The aviation industry. The historical models under Ikarus brand are: The historical models under Ikarbus brand are: Novi Sad Novi Sad ( Serbian Cyrillic : Нови Сад , pronounced [nôʋiː sâːd] ; see below for other names) is the second largest city in Serbia after the capital Belgrade and the capital of the autonomous province of Vojvodina . It

3060-564: The breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. After 1992, Novi Sad became a part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Devastated by NATO bombardment during the Kosovo War of 1999, Novi Sad was left without any of its three Danube bridges ( Žeželj Bridge , Varadin Bridge and Liberty Bridge ), communications, water, and electricity. Residential areas were cluster-bombed several times while

3145-500: The capital city throughout its existence and remained the capital following independence. The Socialist Republic was dissolved in 1990 when it abandoned its socialist institutions and adopted liberal ones, as the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina which declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1992. The Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina was, up to 20 December 1990, in sole control of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina ,

3230-440: The city administrative area (last three censuses): All of the inhabited places in the municipalities have an ethnic Serb majority, while the village of Kisač has an ethnic Slovak majority. According to the 2011 census, the population of the administrative area of Novi Sad (comprising both municipalities) included 270,831 Orthodox Christians , 21,530 Catholics , 8,499 Protestants , 4,760 Muslims , 84 Jews, and others. The city

3315-557: The city became known as the 'Serbian Athens ' ( Srpska Atina in Serbian). According to 1843 data, Novi Sad had 17,332 inhabitants, of whom 9,675 were Orthodox Christians , 5,724 Catholics , 1,032 Protestants , 727 Jews, and 30 adherents of the Armenian church . The largest ethnic group in the city were Serbs, and the second largest were Germans . During the Revolution of 1848–49 , Novi Sad

3400-470: The city centre, from the Rotkvarija and Bulevar neighbourhoods, were torn down in the 1950s and 1960s, to be replaced by multi-story buildings. Since the city has experienced a major construction boom in the last 10 years, some neighbourhoods like Adamovićevo Naselje have completely been transformed. Neighbourhoods with single-family homes are mostly located away from the city centre. Telep , situated in

3485-459: The city is called Novi Sad . Historically, the city was called Neusatz and Neusatz an der Donau (translated as 'Novi Sad on the Danube') in German . In its wider meaning, the name Grad Novi Sad refers to the "City of Novi Sad", one of the city-level administrative units of Serbia , which includes Novi Sad proper on the left bank of the Danube, the towns of Sremska Kamenica and Petrovaradin on

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3570-562: The city more attractive with numerous cultural events and music concerts. Since 2000, Novi Sad is home to the EXIT festival , one of the biggest music summer festivals in Europe. Other important cultural events include the Sterijino pozorje theatre festival, Zmaj Children Games , International Novi Sad Literature Festival , Novi Sad Jazz Festival , and many others. Novi Sad also hosts a fashion show twice

3655-678: The company is officially the Chinese "Green Stone Investment Co.". However, there are concerns for the fate of Ikarbus, as production or reactivation of the facility in Zemun is still uncertain. Every vehicle made by Ikarbus has a name starting with 'IK', followed by a hyphen and then the vehicle's code: IK-1xxs are solo city buses, IK-2xxs are articulated city buses and IK-3xxs and IK-4xxs are coaches. Earlier IK 160(P)/161/166 models are also articulated buses. The letter N disambiguates integral models from non-integral ones. The last produced models under Ikarbus brand were: In 1927 an aeronautical section of

3740-523: The company's own designs. In 1957, the airplane Ikarus S-451MM set the world speed record flying at 750.34 km/hour. In 1960, the Ikarus S-451M , ultra light jet plane set the world speed record, flying at 500.2 km/hour. On 14 November 1961, by the official act of the Administration for Military Industry Affairs, "Ikarus" ceased to be a military company. Most of the personal and equipment from

3825-414: The company's production stagnated. As there was no political will to adjust a state-owned company to a transition, that trend continued during the 2000s and 2010s, causing Ikarbus to become indebted and work in limited capacity. In March 2019, the Chinese "Zhuhai Yinlong New Energy" company began the process of acquiring a majority stake in company's ownership structure. Since then, the new majority owner of

3910-506: The end of the 17th century, the government prohibited people of Orthodox faith from residing in Petrovaradin . Unable to build homes there, the Serbs of the area founded a new settlement in 1694 on the left bank of the Danube. They initially called it the 'Serb city' ( Serbian : Srpski Grad , German : Ratzen Stadt ). Another name used for the settlement was Petrovaradinski Šanac. In 1718,

3995-722: The end of the century, the Byzantines had rebuilt the town and called it Petrikon or Petrikov ( Greek : Πέτρικον ) after Saint Peter . Slavic tribes such as the Severians , the Obotrites and the Serbs (including the subtribes of the Braničevci and the Timočani ) settled the region around Novi Sad, mainly in the 6th and 7th centuries. The Serbs absorbed the aforementioned Slavic groups as well as

4080-670: The establishment of a People's Republic, its modern borders were delineated. During a meeting of the State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZAVNOBiH) in Mrkonjić Grad on 25 November 1943. In April 1945, its name was formalized as the Federal State of Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Serbo-Croatian : Federalna Država Bosna i Hercegovina / Федерална Држава Босна и Херцеговина ),

4165-426: The factory was found in Zemun where numerous planes were designed and manufactured, as well as under license. The factory included its own airfield. After the end of the World War II, in 1946, another two aeronautical companies, Zmaj and Rogožarski joined Ikarus as a wholly nationalised state aircraft industry. The Ikarus factory had manufactured in its workshops 475 aircraft up until 1962, when it stopped working for

4250-462: The first company to build gliders in the country. By December 1932, the company relocated its headquarters from Novi Sad to Zemun. In April 1935, the first model of war airplane of domestic design was completed; a single-seat glider "IK-1", designed by engineers Ljubomir Ilić and Kosta Sivčev. In January 1936, the Yugoslav Air Command and "Ikarus" signed an agreement for the manufacturing of British "Hawker Fury" fighter plane, of all-metal construction. By

4335-458: The first gliders in the socialist Yugoslavia; a single-seat glider "Hawk 1" was awarded the third prize at the International Championship in Sweden. By the end of October 1952, the first Yugoslav jet plane "451 M" took off. In 1954, "Kosava" twin-seat glider received the first prize at the International Championship in England. From 1954 onward, Ikarus also commenced bus production, originally of Sauer and MAN designs under licence, but eventually

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4420-423: The first plane "Aero-2B" flew for the first time, the first prototype made by the air industry in socialist Yugoslavia. On 23 January 1948, the Government of Yugoslavia made a decision to establish the State Enterprise "Ikarus". Also, the Sports Club "Naša krila" was established. In 1950, a single-seat fighter plane S-49 was built by engineers Ilić, Sivčev, Zrnić and Popović. In the same year, "Ikarus" manufactured

4505-466: The icy waters of the Danube. The total death toll of the raid was around 2,500. Citizens of all nationalities—Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks, and others—fought together against the Axis authorities. In 1975 the whole city was awarded the title People's Hero of Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav Partisans of Syrmia and Bačka entered the city on 23 October 1944. During the military administration of Banat, Bačka and Baranja (17 October 1944 – 27 January 1945),

4590-425: The inhabitants of the village of Almaš were resettled to Petrovaradinski Šanac, where they founded Almaški Kraj ('the Almaš quarter'). According to 1720 data, the population of Ratzen Stadt was composed of 112 Serbian, 14 German, and 5 Hungarian houses. The settlement officially gained the present names Novi Sad and Újvidék ( Neoplanta in Latin) in 1748 when it became a 'free royal city', in German language it

4675-436: The language they spoke. Similar demographic changes can be seen in the religious structure: in 1870, the population of Novi Sad included 8,134 Orthodox Christians, 6,684 Catholics, 1,725 Calvinists, 1,343 Lutherans, and others. In 1910, the population included 13,383 Roman Catholics and 11,553 Orthodox Christians, while 3,089 declared themselves as Lutheran , 2,751 as Calvinist , and 2,326 as Jewish. On 25 November 1918,

4760-451: The last two having only one paved road. Stari Ledinci is the most isolated and least populated village belonging to Novi Sad's suburban areas. Towns and villages in the adjacent municipalities of Sremski Karlovci , Temerin and Beočin share the same public transportation system and are economically tied to Novi Sad. Novi Sad is the second largest city in Serbia (after Belgrade ), and the largest city in Vojvodina . Since its founding,

4845-453: The left bank of the river lies on one of the southernmost and lowest parts of the Pannonian Plain , while Fruška Gora on the right bank is a horst mountain. Alluvial plains along the Danube are well-formed, especially on the left bank, and in some parts 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the river. A large part of Novi Sad lies on a fluvial terrace with an elevation of between 80 and 83 metres (262 and 272 feet). The northern part of Fruška Gora

4930-500: The most controversial events that were taken by a Bosnian political leadership was a so-called Sarajevo process in 1983 where, under significant pressure from Serbia's political leadership, Bosnian political elite used their influence to secure convictions for several Bosniak nationalists as a type of a political sacrifice to gain political points in the fight against Serbian nationalists. The Sarajevo process centered on convicting Alija Izetbegović for writing " The Islamic Declaration ",

5015-419: The murder of two Bosnian Serb members of a wedding procession in Sarajevo the day prior to the referendum was utilized by the Bosnian Serb political leadership as a reason to start road blockades in protest. Further political and social deterioration followed, leading to the Bosnian War . The Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was renamed the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 8 April 1992, losing

5100-430: The older neighbourhoods, establishing major communication lines. Several more boulevards were subsequently built in a similar manner, creating an orthogonal network which replaced the primarily radial structure of the old town. These interventions paved the way for a relatively unhampered growth of the city, which has almost tripled in population since the 1950s. Despite a huge increase in car ownership, traffic congestion

5185-473: The oldest cultural-scientific institution in Serbia, was moved from Budapest to Novi Sad in 1864, and now contains the second-largest library in the country, the Library of Matica srpska, with over 3.5 million volumes. The Serbian National Theatre , one of the oldest professional theatre among the South Slavs , was founded in Novi Sad in 1861. Today, Novi Sad is the second largest cultural centre in Serbia , after Belgrade . Municipal officials have made

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5270-453: The other side of the Danube in the Bačka province on the Sajlovo land, by the might of our divine royal power and prestige...make this town a Free Royal City and to fortify, accept and acknowledge it as one of the free royal cities of our Kingdom of Hungary and other territories, by abolishing its previous name of Petrovaradinski Šanac, renaming it Neoplanta ( Latin ), Új-Vidégh ( Hungarian ), Neusatz (German) and Novi Sad ( Serbian ) ' In

5355-498: The politics of Slobodan Milošević who was trying to revert the constitutional amendments of the 1970s that awarded the Bosniaks the status of a constituent ethnicity. The process also backfired as the Serbian lobby insisted that Bosnia was a "dark nation" where all those who oppose the government will be prosecuted, where Bosnian Muslim communists were prosecuting Muslim believers. That kind of propaganda attracted many Bosnian Muslims to their way of thinking. Others were interpreting

5440-607: The population of the city has been constantly increasing. According to the 1991 census, 56.2% of the people who came to Novi Sad from 1961 to 1991 were from Vojvodina, while 15.3% came from Bosnia and Herzegovina and 11.7% from rest of Serbia. In the 1990s and 2000s, the city experienced significant population growth. According to the 2011 census, the city's population is 231,798, while in its urban area (including adjacent settlements of Petrovaradin and Sremska Kamenica) there are 277,522 inhabitants. Novi Sad's administrative city limits hold 341,625 inhabitants. The ethnic composition in

5525-409: The referendum was taken after the majority of Bosnian Serb members had left the assembly in protest. These Bosnian Serb assembly members invited the Bosnian Serb population to boycott the referendum held on 29 February and 1 March 1992. The turnout in the referendum was 64-67% and the vote was 98% in favor of independence. Independence was declared on 5 March 1992 by the parliament. The referendum and

5610-456: The region was under Ottoman rule. In 1590, the population of all villages in the territory of present-day Novi Sad numbered 105 houses, inhabited exclusively by Serbs. Ottoman records mention only those who paid taxes, so the number of Serbs who lived in the area (for example, those that served in the Ottoman army ) was likely larger than was recorded. Habsburg rule was aligned with the Roman Catholic doctrine and, as it took over this area near

5695-412: The registration before the Novi Sad District Court. In the beginning, the company manufactured a number of foreign designs under licence, such as the French Potez 25 , Czechoslovakian Avia BH-33 and English Hawker Fury ; Bristol Blenheim as well as the locally designed Ikarus ŠM , Ikarus IO , SIM-VIII , Ikarus IK-2 and Ikarus Orkan . On 3 March 1924, the first school type airplane "Brandenburg"

5780-965: The right bank and the extensive suburbs of the left bank. Novi Sad can also refer strictly to only the urban areas of the city (Novi Sad proper and the towns of Sremska Kamenica and Petrovaradin), or only to the historical core on the left bank, i.e. Novi Sad proper excluding Sremska Kamenica and Petrovaradin. [REDACTED] Principality of Hungary 895-1000 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Hungary 1000–1526 [REDACTED]   Ottoman Empire 1526–1687 [REDACTED] Habsburg monarchy 1694–1804 [REDACTED]   Austrian Empire 1804–1867 [REDACTED] Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Serbia 1918 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Hungary 1941–1944 [REDACTED]   SFR Yugoslavia 1944–1992 [REDACTED]   Serbia and Montenegro 1992–2006 [REDACTED]   Republic of Serbia 2006– Human habitation in

5865-438: The selection of Sarajevo to host the 1984 Winter Olympics . Though considered a political backwater of the federation for much of the 50s and 60s, the 70s saw the ascension of a strong Bosnian political elite. While working within the communist system , politicians such as Džemal Bijedić , Branko Mikulić and Hamdija Pozderac reinforced and protected the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Their efforts proved key during

5950-414: The socialist period, new city blocks with wide streets and multi-story buildings were constructed around the city core. However, not many communist-style high-rise buildings were erected. The total number of apartment buildings , with ten or more floors, remained at about 50, the rest having mostly three to six floors. From 1962 to 1964, a new boulevard , today called Bulevar oslobođenja , was cut through

6035-492: The southwest, and Klisa , in the north, are the oldest such districts. Adice and Veternik , both located west of the downtown area, have significantly expanded during the last 15 years, partly due to the influx of Serbian refugees fleeing the Yugoslav wars . While Novi Sad's urban municipalities, which include Petrovaradin , Sremska Kamenica and Novi Sad proper, have a combined population of about 277,000, its suburban areas have approximately 65,000 inhabitants. Some 23.7% of

6120-697: The spring of 1938, the Yugoslav Air Command and the company concluded an agreement on the supply of twin-engine bombers "Blenheim", under the British license. In 1938, the Administration Building of "Ikarus" in Zemun was built. With the start of the World War II (WWII) in Yugoslavia, the Nazi Germany occupation authorities confiscated the company on 17 April 1941. On 17 and 25 April 1944, the factory

6205-521: The territory of present-day Novi Sad has been traced as far back as the Stone Age . Several settlements and necropolises dating to 5000 BC were unearthed during the construction of a new boulevard in Avijatičarsko Naselje . A settlement was also identified on the right bank of the river Danube in present-day Petrovaradin . In antiquity, the region was inhabited by Celtic tribes , most notably

6290-708: The three largest ethnic parties in the country won: the Bosniak Party of Democratic Action , the Serbian Democratic Party and the Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina . After the elections, they formed a coalition government. Parties shared power along the ethnic lines so that the President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was a Bosniak , president of

6375-427: The turbulent period following Tito 's death in 1980, and are today considered some of the early steps towards Bosnian independence. However, the republic hardly escaped the increasingly nationalistic climate of the time unscathed. Following the death of Tito in 1980, rising nationalist ideas primarily noted in Serbian academia, pressured Bosnia to deal with allegations of rising nationalism in their own society. One of

6460-523: The winds can cause large snow-drifts. Novi Sad is a typical Central European town in terms of its architecture. The Town Hall and the Court House were built by Emmerich Kitzweger (1868–1917). The city was almost completely destroyed during the 1848/1849 revolution , so architecture from the 19th century dominates the city centre . Small, older houses used to surround the centre of town, but they are now being replaced by modern, multi-story buildings. During

6545-504: Was a unique federal state with no dominant ethnic group, as was the case in other constituent states , all of which were also nation states of Yugoslavia's South Slavic ethnic groups . It was administered under strict terms of sanctioned consociationalism , known locally as "ethnic key" or "national key" ( Serbo-Croatian : etnički/nacionalni ključ ), based on the balance of political representation of 3 largest ethnic groups ( Bosnian Muslims , Croats and Serbs ). Sarajevo served as

6630-570: Was as the Hungarian variant Peturwarad or Pétervárad (Serbian: Petrovaradin /Петроварадин), derived from the Byzantine variant, found in documents from 1237. That year, several other settlements were mentioned as existing in the territory of modern-day urban Novi Sad. From the 13th century to the 16th century, the following settlements existed in the urban territory of the modern-day Novi Sad: An etymology of settlement names reveals that some designations are of Slavic origin, which indicates that

6715-448: Was called Neusatz. The edict that made Novi Sad a 'free royal city' was proclaimed on 1 February 1748. The edict reads: ' We, Maria Theresa , by the grace of God Holy Roman Empress , Queen of Hungary , Bohemia , Moravia , Dalmatia , Croatia , Slavonia , Rama , Serbia , Galicia , Lodomeria , Carinthia , [...] cast this proclamation to anyone, whom it might concern... so that the renowned Petrovaradinski Šanac, which lies on

6800-533: Was heavily damaged in the Allied air-strikes. By early November 1944, the factory restarted operations. On 12 August 1945, the first emergency Assembly of "Ikarus" shareholders in the socialist Yugoslavia was held in. On 27 March 1946, "Ikarus" was nationalized by the decision of the District Court of Zemun. Until the end of 1946, the subsequent decisions in form of property nationalization were made. On 22 October 1946,

6885-632: Was manufactured. In 1927, the Yugoslavian Air Command decided that "Ikarus" should start the production of military planes; the factory for the production of military planes was built in Zemun . On 20 June 1927, "Ikarus" together with Military and Navy Ministry concluded an agreement to build a new factory of airplane engines in Rakovica . In 1928, the Sports Club "Ikarus" was established, thus "Ikarus" being

6970-407: Was one of the six constituent federal states forming the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It was a predecessor of the modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina , existing between 1945 and 1992, under a number of different formal names, including Democratic Bosnia and Herzegovina (1943–1946) and People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1946–1963). Within Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina

7055-584: Was part of Serbian Vojvodina , a Serbian autonomous region within the Austrian Empire. In 1849, the Hungarian garrison, located at the Petrovaradin Fortress, bombarded and devastated the city, which lost much of its population. According to the 1850 census, there were only 7,182 citizens left in the city, compared to 17,332 in 1843. Marija Trandafil and her husband paid for some of the rebuilding including two churches. Between 1849 and 1860, Novi Sad

7140-597: Was part of a separate Austrian crownland known as the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar . After the abolishment of this province, the city was included into the Batsch-Bodrog County. The post office was opened in 1853. Following the compromise of 1867 , Novi Sad was located within the Kingdom of Hungary , the Transleithania , which comprised half of the new Austro-Hungarian Empire . During this time,

7225-557: Was −30.7 °C (−23.3 °F) on 24 January 1963, and the hottest temperature ever recorded was 41.6 °C (106.9 °F) on 24 July 2007. The east-southeasterly wind, known as Košava , blows from the Carpathians and brings clear and dry weather. It mostly blows in autumn and winter, in 2 to 3-day intervals. The average speed of Košava is 25 to 43 km/h (16 to 27 mph), but gusts can sometimes reach up to 130 km/h (81 mph). In wintertime, accompanied by snow storms ,

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