44-589: Ikaroa-Rāwhiti is a New Zealand parliamentary Māori electorate that was formed for the 1999 election . It covers the eastern North Island from East Cape south through Hawke's Bay and the Wairarapa to Wainuiomata and most of the Hutt Valley , but not southern Lower Hutt or Wellington City . It was held by Parekura Horomia of the Labour Party from 1999 until his death in 2013. A by-election to replace him
88-466: A candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 32,951 Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by
132-621: A close race with Labour's Margaret Wilson in third. Labour sought a judicial recount as since New Zealand First won less than five percent of the party vote they would have no seats in parliament in at all if Peters lost the electorate (allowing Labour to govern solely with the Alliance and not needing the Greens). Peters criticised the recount as a waste of money. The recount resulted in Peters' majority increasing by one vote from 62 to 63. A by-election to
176-481: A government. National's former coalition partner, New Zealand First, performed poorly, with voters punishing it for the problems in the last government. The party received less than 5% of the vote, and so would have been removed from parliament had Winston Peters not retained his electorate of Tauranga , something he did by only 63 votes. None of the MPs who deserted New Zealand First were returned to parliament. In addition to
220-496: A list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes
264-496: A list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes
308-517: A new contract, in comparison with competing businesses. Political analysts in the United States and United Kingdom have noted the existence of a sophomore surge (not known as such in the United Kingdom) in which first term representatives see an increase in votes after their first election. This phenomenon is said to bring an advantage of up to 10% for first-term representatives, which increases
352-449: A political advantage over challengers at elections . Except when the timing of elections is determined by a constitution or by legislation, the incumbent in some countries may have the right to determine the date of an election. For most political offices, the incumbent often has more name recognition due to their previous work in the office. Incumbents also have easier access to campaign finance , as well as government resources (such as
396-545: A referendum on the incumbent." Voters will first grapple with the record of the incumbent. Only if they decide to "fire" the incumbent do they begin to evaluate whether each of the challengers is an acceptable alternative. A 2017 study in the British Journal of Political Science argues that the incumbency advantage stems from the fact that voters evaluate the incumbent's ideology individually whereas they assume that any challenger shares his party's ideology. This means that
440-453: A third of the total. Four minor parties managed to win electorate seats. This proved important for some – neither New Zealand First nor United would have entered parliament if not for Winston Peters and Peter Dunne retaining their seats. Jim Anderton also retained his seat. The Greens won their first electorate seat when Jeanette Fitzsimons took Coromandel, although since the Greens crossed
484-404: Is created when the term of office is limited, as in the case of terms of the U.S. president being restricted to two four-year terms, and the incumbent is prohibited from recontesting. Although the expected advantage of incumbency has gone from about two percentage points in the 1950s, to ten percentage points in the 1980s and 1990s, and then back to about two percentage points in the 2010s and 2020s,
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#1733086104398528-472: Is the case, for example, with the Presidency of France . Voters who experience the negative economic shock of a loss of income are less likely to vote for an incumbent candidate than those who have not experienced such a shock. Nick Panagakis, a pollster, coined what he dubbed the incumbent rule in 1989—that any voter who claims to be undecided towards the end of the election will probably end up voting for
572-765: The Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party plus two independent candidates. Based on preliminary results, Whaitiri more than tripled her 2014 election night majority over Mana's Nikora. Also based on preliminary results, Marama Fox of the Māori Party was elected to Parliament as a list MP. Key Labour Independent Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested Ikaroa-Rāwhiti. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections. Māori Party Green Blue background denotes
616-480: The Coromandel to give their constituency vote to Green Party co-leader Jeanette Fitzsimons and their party vote to Labour. However, when all special votes (that is, votes cast by people who were not able to attend a polling place in their electorate on the day of the election) were counted, the Greens had narrowly reached not one but both targets – Jeanette Fitzsimons won the electorate of Coromandel by 250 votes, and
660-633: The United States , an election without an incumbent on the ballot is an open seat or open contest . The word "incumbent" is derived from the Latin verb incumbere , literally meaning "to lean or lay upon" with the present participle stem incumbent- , "leaning a variant of encumber, while encumber is derived from the root cumber , most appropriately defined: "To occupy obstructively or inconveniently; to block fill up with what hinders freedom of motion or action; to burden, load." In general, an incumbent has
704-537: The Wellington City Council was caused after Eastern Ward councillor Sue Kedgley resigned her seat after she was elected a List MP for the Green Party, necessitating a by-election to fill the council vacancy. The by-election was won by Ray Ahipene-Mercer . Incumbent The incumbent is the current holder of an office or position. In an election , the incumbent is the person holding or acting in
748-424: The franking privilege ) that can be indirectly used to boost the incumbent's re-election campaign. In the United States, an election (especially for a single-member constituency in a legislature ) in which an incumbent is not seeking re-election is often called an open seat ; because of the lack of incumbency advantage, these are often amongst the most hotly contested races in any election. Also, an open contest
792-466: The 2020 election. Fifteen MPs intended to retire at the end of the 45th Parliament. The election took place on 27 November. Less than 84.1% of the 2,509,365 people registered to vote turned out for the election. This was the lowest turnout for some time, although it would drop further in the 2002 election . A total of 679 candidates stood for electorate seats, representing 36 parties. Party lists comprised 760 candidates from 22 parties. The new government
836-630: The 5% threshold, this was of less importance than originally thought. The Greens were not to repeat an electorate win until the 2020 election, with Chloë Swarbrick's plurality in Auckland Central. The table below shows the results of the 1999 general election: Key MPs returned via party lists, and unsuccessful candidates, were as follows: The result in the Tauranga electorate was an extremely close three way race. New Zealand First leader Winston Peters beat National candidate Katherine O'Regan in
880-547: The Alliance (led by Anderton) reduced its hostility towards Labour, but it was not until shortly before the 1999 election that a formal understanding was reached regarding a possible left-wing coalition. This agreement was deemed a necessary step towards building a credible alternative to the National Party. This election was the first one in New Zealand's history where both main parties were led by women, being repeated again in
924-406: The National Party in the 2008 general election . It was the first New Zealand election where both major parties had female leaders. Before the election, the National Party had an unstable hold on power. After the 1996 election National had formed a coalition with the populist New Zealand First party and its controversial leader, Winston Peters . The coalition was unpopular, as New Zealand First
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#1733086104398968-419: The by-election. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list prior to the by-election. Yellow background denotes the winner of the by-election, who was a list MP prior to the by-election. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes
1012-497: The electorate's name suggests ( ika "fish", roa "long", rāwhiti "east"), Ikaroa-Rāwhiti is a long electorate covering the eastern North Island ( Te Ika-a-Māui ). The electorate includes the following population centres (from north to south): In the 2013/14 redistribution, a minor boundary adjustment was undertaken. A small area, including the village of Tuai , was transferred to the Waiariki electorate. The electorate includes
1056-557: The electorates they held. Te Tawharau, which held a seat in parliament thanks to another New Zealand First defector, failed to retain its seat. Of the 67 electorates in the 1999 election, a majority (41) were won by the opposition Labour Party. Included in Labour's total are the Maori seats, which it managed to regain after losing them to New Zealand First in the previous election. The governing National Party won 22 electorate seats, slightly less than
1100-672: The following tribal areas: The electorate was formed for the 1999 election , which was won by Parekura Horomia of the Labour Party. Horomia's death on 29 April 2013 triggered a by-election, which was held on 29 June and won by Labour's Meka Whaitiri . The Māori Party had nominated tribal leader Na Rongowhakaata Raihania. and the Mana Party had selected television presenter Te Hamua Nikora as its candidate. The Green Party had selected environmentalist and human rights advocate Marama Davidson . Further candidates had been Michael Appleby for
1144-525: The incumbency advantage gets more significant as political polarization increases. A 2017 study in the Journal of Politics found that incumbents have "a far larger advantage" in on-cycle elections than in off-cycle elections . In relation to business operations and competition , an incumbent supplier is usually the supplier who currently supplies the needs of a customer and therefore has an advantageous position in relation to maintaining this role or agreeing
1188-432: The incumbency advantage. However, the extent of the surge is a biased estimate of the electoral advantage of incumbency. However, there exist scenarios in which the incumbency factor itself leads to the downfall of the incumbent. Popularly known as the anti-incumbency factor , situations of this kind occur when the incumbent has proven themself not worthy of office during their tenure and the challengers demonstrate this to
1232-661: The most significant parties to do this were Te Tawharau (registered), Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata (registered), the Equal Rights Party (unregistered), the Piri Wiri Tua Movement (unregistered), and the Asia Pacific United Party (registered). None of these parties were successful. There were also 36 independent candidates, also unsuccessful. The Mauri Pacific Party , established by a group of defectors from New Zealand First, failed to place even second in
1276-405: The party gained 5.16% of the vote. The National Party, while not performing exceptionally poorly, failed to gain enough support to keep it in power. It won 39 seats, ten fewer than the Labour Party. ACT New Zealand , a potential coalition partner for National, gained nine seats. While this was an increase on ACT's previous election results, it was not sufficient to enable the National Party to form
1320-416: The position that is up for election, regardless of whether they are seeking re-election. There may or may not be an incumbent on the ballot : the previous holder may have died, retired, resigned; they may not seek re-election, be barred from re-election due to term limits , or a new electoral division or position may have been created, at which point the office or position is regarded as vacant or open. In
1364-429: The probability that an incumbent will lose his or her seat has remained approximately the same over the entire period. When newcomers look to fill an open office, voters tend to compare and contrast the candidates' qualifications, positions on political issues, and personal characteristics in a relatively straightforward way. Elections featuring an incumbent, on the other hand, are, as Guy Molyneux puts it, "fundamentally
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1408-407: The registered parties listed above, some groups participated in the election without submitting party lists. Many of these were unregistered parties, lacking the necessary membership numbers for submitting a party list. There were, however, three registered ones that did not, for whatever reason, submit a party list. In total, 14 parties nominated electorate candidates only. By number of votes received,
1452-493: The smaller Alliance party. The two had not previously enjoyed good relations, primarily due to the presence of the NewLabour Party as one of the Alliance's key members. NewLabour had been established by Jim Anderton , a former Labour MP who quit the party in protest over the economic reforms of Roger Douglas , which were often blamed for Labour's election loss in 1990. Gradually, as the Labour Party withdrew from Rogernomics ,
1496-460: The voters. An anti-incumbency factor can also be responsible for bringing down incumbents who have been in office for many successive terms despite performance indicators, simply because the voters are convinced by the challengers of a need for change. It is also argued that the holders of extensively powerful offices are subject to immense pressure which leaves them politically impotent and unable to command enough public confidence for re-election; such
1540-553: The winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. 39°25′00″S 176°49′00″E / 39.4167°S 176.8167°E / -39.4167; 176.8167 1999 New Zealand general election Jenny Shipley National Helen Clark Labour The 1999 New Zealand general election
1584-480: The winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by
1628-412: The winner of the electorate vote. Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list. Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent. A [REDACTED] Y or [REDACTED] N denotes status of any incumbent , win or lose respectively. The following table shows the final results of the by-election: Notes: Blue background denotes the winner of
1672-564: Was able to form a new government with support from the Green Party , which entered parliament for the first time as an independent party (having previously been a part of the Alliance). The Green Party's entry to parliament was by a narrow margin, however – in order to gain seats, it needed to either win 5% of the party vote or win an electorate seat, neither of which the party appeared likely to do. Helen Clark openly encouraged Labour supporters in
1716-460: Was able to keep itself in office, but its control was often unsteady. The polls were still initially close, but without NZ First support, National's chances of forming a government were slim. Eventually, Labour Party gained a solid lead over National. The Labour Party, which had been in Opposition since losing the 1990 election , presented a strong challenge, particularly due to its agreement with
1760-537: Was also partly caused by scandals and by mid-1997, NZ First was polling at as low as 2%. National also polled badly, and Jim Bolger was replaced as prime minister with Jenny Shipley. Gradually, however, the relationship between the two parties deteriorated, and Peters took his party out of the coalition, after Shipley sacked him from her cabinet. A number of New Zealand First MPs deserted Peters, establishing themselves as independents or as members of newly established parties. By forming agreements with these MPs, National
1804-469: Was held on 29 June 2013 . Meka Whaitiri held the seat for ten years under the Labour Party before changing political allegiances. Whaitiri left the Labour Party in early May 2023 and joined Te Pāti Māori . According to a ruling by the speaker of the House, Whaitiri continued to represent the electorate, not on behalf of a party, but as an independent. Labour's Cushla Tangaere-Manuel became MP in 2023. As
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1848-589: Was held on 27 November 1999 to determine the composition of the 46th New Zealand Parliament . The governing National Party , led by Prime Minister Jenny Shipley , was defeated, being replaced by a coalition of Helen Clark 's Labour Party and the smaller Alliance . This marked an end to nine years of the Fourth National Government , and the beginning of the Fifth Labour Government which would govern for nine years in turn, until its loss to
1892-458: Was seen as opposed to the National government, and had made many statements in the 1996 election campaign to that effect, such as saying that only through New Zealand First could National Party be toppled, and Peters said that he would not accept Jim Bolger as prime minister, Bill Birch as Finance Minister or Jenny Shipley in a social welfare portfolio. NZ First's support crashed, though this
1936-439: Was sworn in on 10 December. In the election 965 candidates stood, and there were 22 registered parties with party lists. Of the candidates, 482 were electorate and list, 197 were electorate only, and 286 were list only. 67% of candidates (647) were male and 33% (318) female. Labour Party won 49 seats in parliament. When combined with the ten seats won by the Alliance, the coalition was two seats short of an absolute majority. It
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