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85-575: Administratively, Icaria forms a separate municipality within the Ikaria regional unit , which is part of the North Aegean region . The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Agios Kirykos . The historic capitals of the island include Oenoe and Evdilos . According to tradition, it derives its name from Icarus , the son of Daedalus in Greek mythology , who was believed to have fallen into

170-653: A Turkish ambush on 17 July 1912, is honoured as the hero of the Icarian Revolution. His bust, depicting him defiantly, with bandoliers on his body and rifle in hand, may be seen at the memorial established in his honour at the site of his death located in the Icarian town of Chrysostomos. On 18 July 1912, the Free State of Icaria (Ελευθέρα Πολιτεία Ικαρίας, Elefthéra Politía Ikarías ) was declared. The neighboring islands of Fournoi Korseon were also liberated and became part of

255-678: A crowd stirred by demagogy: "the gathering was stirred like the long sea-waves of the Icarian main, which the East Wind or the South Wind has raised, rushing upon them from the clouds of father Zeus" (Iliad II, 145), and Horace , too, in the opening of his Odes associates "the African winds as they fight the Icarian waves" with shattered ships (Odes I.i.15–6). The island itself had two associative descriptive epithets : ‘Dolichi' (elongated) and ‘Ichtheoussa' (rich in fish). The name may originally have come from

340-493: A different interpretation of Neptune's theology. Developing his understanding of the theonym as rooted in the Indo-European *nebh , he writes that the god would be an ancient deity of the cloudy, rainy sky in company with (and in opposition to) Zeus / Jupiter , the god of clear skies. Similar to Caelus , he would be the father of all earthly things through the fertilising power of rain. The hieros gamos of Neptune and Earth

425-455: A fire at the top and run to a tank which was always filled with water. A wooden plug located at the base was pulled, and water would flow. The guards of the other watchtowers were alerted by the fire and repeated the process. In the inner side of each tower's tank are marks identical to the ones measuring volumes in flasks. Each one of these marks was labelled with a different message on it, such as "pirate attack" or "unknown ship approaching". Once

510-427: A king of Icaria. Metapontus demanded that she bear him children, or leave the kingdom. She presented the exposed twin sons of Melanippe by Neptune to her husband, as if they were her own. Later Theano bore him two sons of her own and, wishing to leave the kingdom to her own children, sent them to kill Melanippe's while out hunting. In the fight that ensued, her two sons were killed, and she committed suicide upon hearing

595-541: A rock and creating a spring (Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, Cabinet des Medailles . Another Etruscan artifact ( Nethunus , from the Luynes collection) depicts the god causing a horse to spring from the earth with a blow of his trident. A late-fourth-century bronze mirror in the Vatican Museums (Museo Gregoriano Etrusco: C.S.E. Vaticano 1.5a) depicts Neptune with Amymone (daughter of Danaus ), whom he saves from assault by

680-621: A seat. The carriers, unable to accept the forcefulness, threw him off a cliff in the Kako Katavasidi area. The Turkish authorities rounded up the population and demanded to know who the perpetrator was, but the answer they received according to legend was "all of us, milord". The Turks realistically determined that there was neither profit nor honour in punishing all. The Ottomans imposed a very loose administration, not sending any officials to Icaria for several centuries, although in later years they would appoint groups of locals in each village of

765-463: A surface phenomenon). He wrote elsewhere that Venilia would be the "hope that comes", an aspect (or power) of Jupiter understood as anima mundi . Servius, in his commentary on the Aeneid , wrote about Salacia and Venilia in V 724: " ( Venus ) dicitur et Salacia, quae proprie meretricum dea appellata est a veteribus "; "(Venus) is also called Salacia, who was particularly named goddess of prostitutes by

850-512: A typical Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ). Icaria has been inhabited since at least 7000 BC, when it was populated by the Neolithic Pelasgians , a blanket term used by the ancient Greeks to refer to all pre-Hellenic peoples inhabiting the Greek region. Around 750 BC, Greeks from Miletus colonized Icaria, establishing a settlement in the area of present-day Campos, which later became

935-532: A walled orchard and a garden plot. Unlike the closely built towns of Samos, the hardy inhabitants lived separately in fortified unfurnished farmsteads. In 1827, during the Greek War of Independence , Icaria broke away from the Ottoman Empire , but was not included in the narrow territory of the original independent Greece, and it was forced to accept Ottoman rule once more a few years later. Icaria remained part of

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1020-497: Is 1,037 metres (3,402 feet). Most of its villages are nestled in the plains near the coast, with some in the mountains. Icaria has a tradition of producing strong red wine. Many parts of the island, especially the ravines, are covered in shrubbery, making the landscape lush with green. Aside from domestic and domesticated species such as goats , there are a number of small wild animals to be found, such as martens , European otters , jumping spiders , and green toads . Icaria exhibits

1105-621: Is an added context of agricultural fertility in the festival, since Neptune received the sacrifice of a bull. Neptune had only one temple in Rome . It stood near the Circus Flaminius , the Roman racetrack in the southern part of the Campus Martius , and dates back to at least 206 BC. The temple was restored out by Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus c.  40 BC , an event depicted on a coin struck by

1190-578: Is found. The people of Icarian diaspora can be found throughout the world, mainly in Australia, the United States, Canada, Egypt and the United Kingdom. Icarian Greeks are closely related to other Aegean island Greeks, such as Greeks from Samos , Chios , Fournoi Korseon , and Patmos , as well as Greeks from Anatolia . The present municipality Ikaria was formed in the 2011 local government reform by

1275-454: Is immediately next to Agia Irini, Ikaria's oldest church. The museum contains over 250 artifacts, including Neolithic tools, pottery vessels, clay statuettes, columns, coins, and carved headstones. Archeological Museum of Agios Kirikos Housed in the former lycee of Agios Kirikos, which was built by immigrant Ikarians living in America, the recently renovated neoclassical building dating to 1925

1360-626: Is located in the scenic village of Vrakades, 650 meters above sea level on the north-western side of the island. The village was founded in the 17th century and contains old stone houses and captains' villas of architectural note. The museum houses an interesting collection of items related to the history and people of the region. Of particular interest are documents and memorabilia from the Free State of Ikaria. Other exhibits include various clay and wooden objects used by housewives, beekeepers, and farmers, ecclesiastical relics from Profit Elias in Vrakades and

1445-613: Is moist"). Georges Dumézil said that words deriving from the root *nep- are not attested in Indo-European languages other than Vedic Sanskrit and Avestan . He proposed an etymology which joins Neptunus with the Indian and Iranian theonyms Apam Napat and Apam Napá and the Old Irish theonym Nechtan , all meaning "descendant of the waters". Using a comparative approach, the Indo-Iranian, Avestan and Irish figures have common features with

1530-458: Is one of the regional units of Greece . It is part of the region of North Aegean . The regional unit covers the island of Ikaria and the small archipelago Fournoi Korseon , in the Aegean Sea . As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform , the regional unit Ikaria was created out of part of the former Samos Prefecture . It is subdivided into 2 municipalities. These are (number as in

1615-591: Is reflected in Virgil's Aeneid V 14 ( pater Neptunus ). Neptune's power would be reflected by Salacia , one of his paredrae , who also denotes the overcast sky. His other paredra , Venilia , is associated with the wind as well as the sea. The theonym Venilia may be rooted in *venilis , a postulated adjective deriving from the IE root *ven(h) ("to love or desire") in the Sanskrit vánati, vanóti ("he loves"), German Wonne , and

1700-441: Is standing in the centre, holding Aplu 's bow in his right hand. Thesan is on the right, with her right hand on Uśil's shoulder; both are listening intently to Nethuns' words. The identification of Uśil with Aplu (and his association with Nethuns) is emphasised by an anguiped demon holding two dolphins on an exergue . The scene highlights the identities and association of Nethuns and Aplu (here identified as Uśil) as main deities of

1785-619: Is the god of freshwater and the sea in the Roman religion . He is the counterpart of the Greek god Poseidon . In the Greek-inspired tradition , he is a brother of Jupiter and Pluto , with whom he presides over the realms of heaven , the earthly world (including the underworld ), and the seas. Salacia is his wife. Depictions of Neptune in Roman mosaics , especially those in North Africa , were influenced by Hellenistic conventions. He

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1870-475: Is the home of Ikaria's Archeological Museum as of 2014. This listed building will house all of Ikaria's most relevant finds and highlight the history and culture of the island in the facilities of a modern museum and research/conservation center. Complete with multimedia displays and films dedicated to the Myth of Ikaros and the ancient citadel of Drakano, the museum presents Ikaria's archeological findings and relates to

1955-424: Is to preserve and promote Ikarian folklore, traditions and customs through its display of over 1,500 objects that reflect the history and heritage of Ikaria and its inhabitants. The museum exhibits items of cultural importance from the island, including dresses, textiles, household articles, pottery, agriculture and trade tools & instruments, photos, documents and many other objects. Of particular interest amongst

2040-667: The Flamen Quirinalis and the Vestal Virgins made sacrifices on the underground altar of Consus. The proximity of the two Consualia to the Opiconsivia (the latter were four days later, the winter festival on December 19) indicates the relationship between the two deities pertaining to agriculture. According to Dumézil, the horse has a much-different symbolic value in the theologies of Poseidon and Consus. Tertullian ( De Spectaculis V 7) wrote that according to Roman tradition, Consus

2125-531: The Greek pantheon whose theology was later tied to a Roman deity . The lectisternium of 399 BC indicated that the Greek figures of Poseidon, Artemis , and Heracles had been introduced and worshipped in Rome as Neptune, Diana, and Hercules. It has been speculated that Neptune has been conflated with a Proto-Indo-European freshwater deity; since the Indo-Europeans lived inland and had little direct knowledge of

2210-784: The Italian Dodecanese . On 4 November 1912, after a delay due to the Balkan Wars , Icaria officially became part of the Kingdom of Greece . The Ottoman Empire recognized Greece's annexation of Icaria and the other Aegean islands in the Treaty of London (1913) . The island suffered losses in property and lives during the Second World War as the result of the Italian and then German occupation. There are no exact figures on how many people starved, but in

2295-454: The Ottoman Empire incorporated Icaria into its realm. It was at this time that the problem of piracy reached new heights, where the islanders embraced the tactic of invisibility: they retreated to the island's highlands, hiding their villages and homes. For defence against pirates, aside from this tactic (sparse habitation and hiding of residences) there were watchtowers, various points of concentration and defence (such as plateaus invisible from

2380-455: The Rutulians ). According to another source, Venilia would be the partner of Janus , with whom she mothered the nymph Canens (loved by Picus ). These mythical data underline the reproductive function envisaged in the figures of Neptune's paredrae , particularly that of Venilia, in childbirth and motherhood. A legendary king Venulus was remembered at Tibur and Lavinium . Before Poseidon

2465-532: The ager latiniensis . The Etruscans were also fond of horse races. The Etruscan name of Neptune is Nethuns . It had been believed that Neptune derived from Etruscan , but this view has been disputed. Nethuns was apparently important to the Etruscans . His name is found in two places on the Liver of Piacenza : on the outer rim of section seven, and on the gallbladder of section 28. This last location aligns with Pliny

2550-573: The "Red Rock" (Κόκκινος Βράχος, Kokkinos Vrahos ). In his analysis, "Rebels and Radicals; Icaria 1600–2000", historian Anthony J. Papalas ( East Carolina University ) examines modern Icaria in the light of such 20th-century questions as poverty, emigration to America , the nature of the Axis occupation , the rise of Communism, the Greek Civil War, and the rightwing reaction to radical postwar movements. The quality of life improved greatly after 1960, when

2635-628: The Aegean Sea. In the 14th century CE, Icaria was part of the Republic of Genoa 's possessions in the Aegean. At some point during this period the Icarians destroyed their own ports to prevent the landing of unwanted visitors. According to local historians, the Icarians, based on their own designs, built seven watchtowers along the coastlines. Once an unknown or enemy vessel appeared, the observers would at once light

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2720-530: The Elder's belief that the gallbladder was sacred to Neptune. The name Nethuns occurs eight times in columns VII, IX, and XI of the Liber Linteus . On a mirror from Tuscania (E. S. 1. 76), Nethuns is represented talking to Uśil (the sun) and Thesan (the goddess of dawn). Nethuns is seated on the left, holding a double-ended trident in his right hand and with his left arm raised as if giving instructions. Uśil

2805-684: The Etruscan Penates were Fortuna , Ceres , Genius Iovialis and Pales . The etymology of the Latin Neptunus is unclear and disputed. The ancient grammarian Varro derived the name from nuptus ("covering", opertio ), alluding to nuptiae ("the marriage of Heaven and Earth"). Among modern scholars, Paul Kretschmer proposed a derivation from the Indo-European *neptu- ("moist substance"). Raymond Bloch similarly theorised that it might be an adjectival form ( -no ) of *nuptu- ("he who

2890-484: The Falisci (and others) to war in the Aeneid . Nepi and Falerii have been known since antiquity for the quality of their meadow springwater. Nepet might be considered a hydronymic toponym of pre-Indo-European origin from a noun meaning "damp wide valley, plain", a cognate of the proto-Greek νάπη ("wooded vale, chasm"). In lectures delivered during the 1990s, German scholar Hubert Petersmann proposed an etymology from

2975-409: The Free State. Ioannis Malachias (Ιωάννης Μαλαχίας) was the first and only president of the Free State of Icaria. For five months, it remained an independent country, with its own government, armed forces, national flag, coat of arms , postage stamps , and national anthem . These five months were difficult for the island's economy. There were food shortages and they were at risk of becoming part of

3060-608: The Germans and Italians stole the artifacts. According to local legend, marble artefacts from the temple still lie under the sand of the Nas beach where the temple stood. In The Anabasis of Alexander , the second-century Greek historian Arrian recorded Aristobulus as saying that Alexander the Great had ordered that Failaka Island in the Persian Gulf should be called Icarus , after Icaria in

3145-461: The Greek government began to invest in the infrastructure of the island to assist in the promotion of tourism . Today, Icaria is considered one of the world's five " Blue zones " – places where the population regularly lives to an advanced age (one in three make it to their 90s). This is due to healthy diet, lifestyle, and genetics. The Ikaria Study , published in 2011, sought to understand the factors that contributed to longevity. The study also showed

3230-464: The Icarians rarely built their houses in the form prevalent today. Each house was low, had a single room, a roof of stone slabs, and was distant from neighbouring ones. It had a single low door and the sea-facing side was protected with tall walls, while there was an opening on the roof (locally called the Anefantis ). Because a chimney with smoke could betray the house's location, it was often sealed. Smoke

3315-552: The Indo-European root *nebh- ("damp, wet") with the suffix -tu (for an abstract verbal noun) and the adjectival suffix -no (domain of activity). The root *nebh- gives the Sanskrit nābhah , Hittite nepis , Latin nubs , nebula , German Nebel , and the Slavic nebo . The concept would be close to that expressed in the name of the Greek god Όυράνος ( Uranus ), derived from the root *h 2 wórso- ("to water or irrigate") and *h 2 worsó- ("the irrigator"). Petersmann proposes

3400-601: The Latin Venus , venia . Neptune's dual nature is found in Catullus 31. 3: " uterque Neptunus ". According to Petersmann, the ancient Indo-Europeans also venerated a god of wetness as the generator of life; this is indicated by the Hittite theonyms nepišaš (D)IŠKURaš or nepišaš (D)Tarhunnaš ("lord of sky wet"), the sovereign of Earth and humanity. Although this function was transferred to Zeus/Jupiter (the sovereigns of weather),

3485-465: The Latin Faliscans: the father of Messapus and Halesus, their heroic founders. William Warde Fowler considered Salacia the personification of the virile potency which generated a Latin people, parallel with Mars, Saturn, Janus and Jupiter. Etruscan representations of Neptune are rare but significant. The oldest may be a fourth-century BC carved carnelian scarab from Vulci of Nethuns kicking

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3570-689: The Ottoman Empire until 17 July 1912, when the Icarians expelled the Turkish garrison and thereby achieved independence. After its independence and the outbreak of the First Balkan War , Icaria's sole "warship", the Cleopatra , was used to provide food and supplies to the islands of Samos and Chios , which were captured by the Greek Navy during the war. George N. Spanos (c. 1872–1912) of Evdilos , killed in

3655-545: The Phoenician word for fish, ‘ikor', rather than from associations with the mythical Icarus, whose fall was likely associated with the ancient deme of Icaria or Icarion in Attica . In the later Fabulae ("stories") of Hyginus the Greek versions of myth associated with Melanippe (otherwise Arne ) and her sons Boeotus and Aeolus by Poseidon are amended to relate the story of Theano (otherwise Autolyte), wife of Metapontus,

3740-405: The Roman legends about Neptune. Dumézil proposed to derive the nouns from the Indo-European root népōts- ("descendant, sister's son"). His former student, Indo-Europeanist Jaan Puhvel , theorises that the name might have meant "child ( neve , nephew) of the water" as part of an Indo-European fire-in-water myth . A different etymology, grounded in the legendary history of Latium and Etruria,

3825-478: The ancient capital city of Oenoe . In antiquity, the island was called Icaria or Ikaria ( Ancient Greek : Ἰκαρία ), as today; and also Icarus or Ikaros (Ἴκαρος). Icaria became part of the sea empire of Polycrates during the 6th century BC, and during the 5th century BC, the Icarian cities of Oenoe and Thermae were members of the Athenian-dominated Delian League . During the 2nd century,

3910-495: The ancient". Elsewhere, he wrote that Salacia and Venilia are the same entity. Among modern scholars, Dumézil and his followers Bloch and Schilling centre their interpretation of Neptune on the direct, concrete, limited value and functions of water. Salacia would represent the forceful, violent aspect of gushing and overflowing water and Venilia the tranquil, gentle aspect of still (or slowly-flowing) water. According to Dumézil, Neptune's two paredrae (Salacia and Venilia) represent

3995-559: The consul. Within the temple was a sculpture of a marine group by Scopas Minor. The Basilica Neptuni was later built on the Campus Martius, and was dedicated by Agrippa in honor of the naval victory of Actium . This basilica supplanted the older temple, which had replaced an ancient altar. Neptune is one of only four Roman gods to whom it was considered appropriate to sacrifice a bull. The other three were Apollo , Mars , and Jupiter , although Vulcan has also been depicted with

4080-480: The convent of Evagelistrias Mavrianou, books by Ikarian writers, Ikarian records and documents over 500 years old. Of note is the cutter, "lanari" in Greek, used for the processing of wool and goat hairs from which the modest local clothing was made, the "lisgos", a simple tool used for making ropes, an old digging tool, and many other tools belonging to the first inhabitants of the island. Ikaria (regional unit) Ikaria ( Greek : Περιφερειακή ενότητα Ικαρίας )

4165-450: The deific father of a Latin tribe. Neptunalia , the Roman festival of Neptune, was held at the height of summer (typically on July 23). The date of the festival and the construction of tree-branch shelters suggest that Neptune was a god of water sources in times of drought and heat. The most ancient Roman calendar set the feriae of Neptunus on July 23, between the Lucaria festival of

4250-401: The desire for reproduction. Ludwig Preller cited a significant aspect of Venilia; she was recorded in the indigitamenta as a deity of longing or desire. According to Preller, this would explain a theonym similar to that of Venus. Other data seem to agree; Salacia would parallel Thetis as the mother of Achilles, and Venilia would be the mother of Turnus and Iuturna by Daunus (king of

4335-558: The draining of superficial waters. These culminated in the Furrinalia , sacred to Furrina (the goddess of springs and wells). Neptunalia was spent under branch huts in a woods between the Tiber and the Via Salaria , with participants drinking spring water and wine to escape the heat. It was a time of merrymaking, when men and women could mix without the usual Roman societal constraints. There

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4420-471: The fact that Poseidon is nowhere worshipped at underground shrines or altars. Martianus Capella places Neptune and Consus together in region X of Heaven, possibly following an old interpretatio graeca of Consus or reflecting an Etruscan idea of a chthonic Neptune apparent in the recommendation of the De Haruspicum Responso for propitiating Neptune for the cracking sounds heard underground in

4505-453: The first century BC, he had supplanted Portunus as the god of naval victories; Sextus Pompeius called himself the "son of Neptune". For a time, Neptune was paired in his dominion of the sea with Salacia , the goddess of saltwater . Neptune was considered the legendary progenitor god of the Falisci (who called themselves Neptunia proles ), joining Mars , Janus , Saturn , and Jupiter as

4590-417: The grove and the Furrinalia festival of July 25. All three festivals were connected to water during the period of summer heat ( canicula ) and drought, when freshwater sources were lowest. It has been speculated that the three festivals fall in a logical order. The Lucaria was devoted to clearing overgrown bushes and uprooting and burning excess vegetation. Neptunalia followed, devoted to conservation and

4675-451: The high rate of sexual intercourse among elderly men; 80% of Ikarian males aged between 65 and 100 were found to still be having sex on a regular basis. The inhabitants of the island are known as Icarians or Icariots. ( Greek : Ικαριότες , Ikariótes ). An Icarian diaspora is found throughout Greece, specifically on Thimena and Fournoi Korseon , as well as in Athens, where a large community

4760-608: The island to act as Kodjabashis in order to collect taxes for the empire. The best account that we have of the island during the early years of the Ottoman rule is from the Archbishop J. Georgirenes, who in 1677 described the island as having almost 1,000 hardy, long-lived inhabitants, who were the poorest people in the Aegean. Without a decent port —the local population destroyed the island's ports long ago to protect themselves from pirate raids— Icaria depended for its very limited trade with

4845-506: The island was colonized by Samos . At this time, the Tauropolion , the temple of Artemis was built at Oenoe. Coins of the city represented Artemis and a bull . There was another, smaller temenos that was sacred to Artemis Tauropolos , at Nas , on the northwest coast of the island. The sea around Icaria had a fearsome reputation among the Ancients. Homer likened its changeability to

4930-448: The items displayed in the museum is the flag of the Free State of Ikaria (1912). Some of the exhibits have been organised thematically and chronologically, so that objects and images give visitors an idea of social and economic life in Ikaria from the 18th century to the 1970s, when traditional life still continued in the region. Folklore Museum Of Vrakades The Folklore Museum of Vrakades

5015-458: The map in the infobox): The province of Ikaria ( Greek : Επαρχία Ικαρίας ) was one of the provinces of the Samos Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present regional unit. It was abolished in 2006. This North Aegean location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Neptune (mythology) Neptune ( Latin : Neptūnus [nɛpˈtuːnʊs] )

5100-429: The merger of the following three former municipalities, that became municipal units: The municipal units Agios Kirykos, Evdilos and Raches are subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets): Agios Kirykos Evdilos Raches Archeological Museum of Kampos The Archaeological Museum, located in the village of Kambos, stands on a hill which was once the ancient fortress of Oinoe, and

5185-463: The motion of the sea. Venilia brought waves to the shore, and Salacia caused their retreat out to sea. They were examined by the Christian philosopher St. Augustine , who devoted a chapter of De Civitate Dei to ridiculing inconsistencies in the theological definition of the entities; since Salacia personified the deep sea, Augustine wondered how she could also be the retreating waves (since waves are

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5270-464: The news. Metapontus later married Melanippe and her two sons founded towns in Propontis called by their names — Boeotia and Aeolia. Nas had been a sacred spot to the pre-Hellenic inhabitants of the Aegean, and Nas was an important island port in antiquity, the last stop before testing the dangerous seas around Icaria. It was an appropriate location for sailors to make sacrifices to Artemis Tauropolos, who

5355-777: The offering of a red bull and a red-bull calf. If an incorrect offering was presented, either inadvertently or due to necessity, additional propitiation was required to avoid divine retribution. This type of offering implied a stricter connection between the deity and the world. Paredrae are entities who accompany a god, representing the fundamental aspects (or powers) of that god. With Hellenic influence, these paredrae came to be considered separate deities and consorts of their associated god. Earlier folk belief might have also identified paredrae as consorts of their god. Salacia and Venilia have been discussed by ancient and modern scholars. Varro connects Salacia to salum (sea), and Venilia to ventus (wind). Festus attributed to Salacia

5440-451: The old function survived in literature: the Aeneid V 13-14 reads, " Heu, quianam tanti cinxerunt aethera nimbi?/ quidve, pater Neptune, paras? " ("What, why have so many clouds enringed the sky? What are you preparing, father Neptune?") The indispensability of water and its connection to reproduction are universally known. Müller and Deeke interpreted Neptune's theology as a divine ancestor of

5525-527: The outside world upon small craft that were drawn up on the beaches. Icarian boat-makers had a good reputation for building boats from the island's fir forests. Then they sold boats and lumber for coin and grain in nearby Chios . The inshore waters of the island, as told by Georgirenes, provided the best cockle shellfish in the archipelago. Over the centuries, Ikaria would also become renowned for its charcoal , which became known as Carbon Cariot ( Ikarian Charcoal ). Goats and sheep roamed virtually untended in

5610-497: The overpowering and tranquil aspects of water, natural and domesticated: Salacia the gushing, overbearing waters, and Venilia the still (or quietly-flowing) waters. Preller, Fowler, Petersmann and Takács attribute to the theology of Neptune broader significance as a god of universal worldly fertility, particularly relevant to agriculture and human reproduction. They interpret Salacia as personifying lust, and Venilia as related to venia : ingratiating attraction, connected with love and

5695-622: The rocky landscape. Cheeses were made for consumption in every household. Icaria in the 17th century was unusual in the archipelago in not producing any wine for export. The people kept barrels of the wine for their own drinking. They also continued to store it in the old-fashioned way prevalent since the Bronze Age, in terracotta pithoi containers sunk to their rims in earth, thus protecting their supplies from both tax collectors and pirates. Apart from three small towns, none of which exceeded 100 houses, and numerous village settlements, each house had

5780-403: The sea nearby. Icaria is one of the middle islands of the northern Aegean , 255.303 square kilometres (98.573 sq mi) in area with 102 miles (164 kilometres) of coastline and a population of 8,312 inhabitants. The topography is a contrast between verdant slopes and barren steep rocks. The island is mountainous for the most part. It is traversed by the Aetheras range, whose highest summit

5865-463: The sea) and communal hidden supplies to be used in time of need. Their theft was punishable even by death according to the common law of the time. Locals were reported attacking any unwanted visitors on their coastlines, even shipwrecked sailors. The Icarians lynched the first Turkish tax collector but managed to escape punishment. The oral story in regards to the event talks of an Ottoman Aga , who demanded two locals to carry him on their shoulders atop

5950-400: The sea, the Romans may have reused the theology of a previous freshwater god in their worship of Neptune. Servius explicitly names Neptune as the god of rivers, springs, and waters; he may parallel the Irish god Nechtan , master of rivers and wells. This is in contrast to Poseidon, who was primarily a god of the sea. Neptune has been associated with a number of other Roman deities. By

6035-463: The sparse population, societal integrity was large. There were the panigiria (traditional festivals featuring dances, music and consumption of local products), team labor and elder councils who would take the decisions. This unique way of life and architecture was preserved until the end of the 19th century, with many elements surviving until today. The Knights of St. John , who had their base in Rhodes , exerted some control over Icaria until 1521, when

6120-407: The third. The reason for Neptune's displacement to region X is unclear. It is consistent with the collocation in the third quadrant of the deities related to the human world. Arnobius provides information about the theology of Neptune. Neptune and Apollo were considered Etruscan Penates , and the deities were credited with giving Ilium its walls. In another tradition based on the same source,

6205-406: The unearthing of the altar, indicate the deity's antiquity and chthonic nature. From Augustine ( De Civitate Dei IV 8, about the role of Tutilina in assuring the safety of stored grain), Dumézil interprets its name as deriving from condere (to hide or store) as a verbal noun similar to Sancus and Janus : the god of stored grains. A direct identification of Consus with Poseidon is hindered by

6290-406: The vest came to be worn by men and women. This frugal way of living contributed to the famed Icarian longevity and the absence of distinct social classes. Each house was self-sufficient, using the living space around it for the cultivation of the necessary things, women contributed in work and social life. Villages were slowly created by descendants of an original family which gradually spread. Despite

6375-464: The village of Karavostamo alone over 100 perished from starvation. After the ravages of the war the nationalists and communists fought in the Greek Civil War (1946–49), and the Greek government used the island to exile about 13,000 communists. To this date, the majority of the locals have remained sympathetic to left parties and communism, and, for this reason, Icaria is referred to by some as

6460-514: The visitor an understanding of the cultural, commercial and social development of the settlements of ancient Ikaria throughout the course of the island's history. Folk & Historical Museum Of Agios Kirikos Located in Agios Kirikos, The Folk & History Museum of Agios Kirikos in Ikaria was launched in July 2010, and is the result of the long efforts by Professor Themistocles Katsaros. Its mission

6545-514: The water level reached the mark signifying the appropriate message, the messengers would place the plug back on the tank and put out the fire, so that each of the other towers could decode the size and gravity of the incoming danger. The watchtowers on the island's heights, such as the one in Drakano, were part of the islands' communication network since the time of the Delian League . At the same time

6630-429: The worldly realm and the life cycle. Thesan and Uśil-Aplu, who has been identified with Śuri (Soranus Pater, the underworld sun god) clarify the transience of earthly life. Neptune is a god of fertility, including human fertility. According to Stephen Weinstock, Jupiter is present in each of the first three regions with different aspects related to each region; Neptune should have been in the second region, and Pluto in

6715-572: Was a patron of seafarers; here, the goddess was represented in an archaic wooden xoanon . The temple stood in good repair until the middle of the 19th century when the marble was pillaged, for their local church, by the Kato Raches villagers. In 1939, this church was excavated by the Greek archeologist Leon Politis. During the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II , many of the artifacts that were unearthed by Politis disappeared. Local tales state that

6800-631: Was in the valley of the Circus Maximus at the foot of the Palatine (the site of horse races). On the summer Consualia (August 21) it was customary to bring horses and mules, crowned with flowers, in procession and then hold equine races in the Circus. The festival also traditionally reenacted the abduction of the Sabine (and Latin) women, reflecting the sexual license characteristic of such festivals. On that day,

6885-428: Was known as the god of the sea, he was connected to the horse and may have originally been depicted in equine form. This connection reflects the violent and brutal nature of Poseidon the earth-shaker, the linkage of horses and springs, and the animal's psychopompous character. Neptune, in contrast, has no such direct connection with horses. The Roman deity Consus was associated with the horse, and his underground altar

6970-473: Was likely associated with freshwater springs before the sea; his festival, Neptunalia , took place on July 23, during the peak of summer when water was scarcest. Like Poseidon, he was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, Neptunus equestris, who was also a patron of horse-racing. The theology of Neptune is limited by his close identification with the Greek god Poseidon , one of many members of

7055-409: Was poured through the roof slabs without being visible, while simultaneously clearing the wooden roof supports of insects. Rooms featured the bare necessities, such as a grinding stone and a cauldron. Traditionally, people would sleep on the floor and hide their belongings in the walls. Men and women wore almost the same clothing: sewn woollen skirts for women, a type of fustanella for the men. Later on

7140-486: Was proposed by the 19th-century scholars Ludwig Preller , Karl Otfried Müller and Wilhelm Deeke . The name of the Etruscan deity Nethuns or Nethunus ( NÈDVNVZ ) would be an adjectival form of the toponym Nepe(t) or Nepete (present-day Nepi ), near Falerii . The district was traditionally connected to the cult of Neptune, and Messapus and Halesus (the eponymous hero of Falerii) were believed to be his sons. Messapus led

7225-510: Was the god who advised Romulus on the abduction of the Sabines. Perhaps influenced by Poseidon Ίππιος, Consus (whose festival included horse races) was reinterpreted as Neptunus equestris ; for his underground altar, he was identified with Poseidon Ένοσίχθων. The etymology of Poseidon , derived from Posis (lord or husband) and De (grain or earth) may have contributed to the identification of Consus with Neptune. His arcane cult, which required

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