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26-616: Ifakara is home to six major institutions of the Tanzanian health and water sectors: Etymologically, the name Ifakara is composed of two Ndamba words: ufa and kara which mean “land is destructed” or “land is totally dead”. It was named during the invasions by Lipangalala’s group in 1860s when the Ndamba were in great fear and were driven out of the Kilombero River (Larson 1976). While on the way back home they were informing their fellows they met on

52-454: A "leader and a hunter”. As the best friend of Chief Toigali, Kamonga was given the name Lubiki, ‘the staff of a Chief’ as one is often found next to a Chief. A tradition of Bena people included burying the Chief’s right-hand man with him, as an escort in the after life , upon the Chief’s death. Chief Toigali Soliambingi’s death lead Kamonga Mfalikuivahaa to flee the chieftain and finally settle in

78-662: A result of the Arabization of much of the Tanganyikan population, calculating his sons would remain to rule in the region, only sent his four daughters to be stewarded by Sister Solana (Baldegger sisters, Order of Friars Minor Capuchin ) in Ifakara . In the 1960s, East Africa’s nationalists set out to build independent states by dismantling tribes and chieftains. ‘A truly socialist state is one in which all people are workers and in which neither capitalism nor feudalism exists”. There followed

104-620: A surviving dynasty that claims origins in Persia and carries an extant connection to the Washirazi people of the East African Coast. The following five cities have been collectively proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, Including: Mayotte was conquered by the Sultanate of Anjouan in 1835, after which it was ruled by Anjouani qadis (governors) until 1841 when it became a protectorate under

130-528: A tribal assembly played an important role in the lives of many Africans contrasting as a form of governance to direct democracy today. In the late 1700s, early 1800s the area that became Tanganyika , and then Tanzania , a part of the Great Lakes region , consisted of many small kingdoms/ Chieftains . A legitimate function of Chiefs was to aggrandize their dynasties and increase the territory and power of family members. Families of Chiefs sent their children (with

156-479: The Bena people . Kamonga Mfalikuivahaa was installed as head of the chieftain security. Historically, the family members of chiefs in the many kingdoms/ chieftains became soldiers and can trace their origins to military leaders from the migration period. The fundamental idea of a leader was that of essential superiority of the fighting man, usually maintained in the granting of arms. The spear was an outward and visible sign of

182-564: The Ruvuma Region where Salubwiti Mfalikuivahaa remained to rule in the Namtumbo area while Kamonga Mfalikuivahaa travelled north-seeking land to locate his chieftain. Germans occupied the area around the Great Lakes region since 1897 completely altering many aspects of everyday life. They were actively supported by the missionaries who attempted to change all indigenous beliefs, notably by razing

208-536: The 'mahoka' huts where the local population worshiped their ancestors' spirits and by scorning their rites , dances and other ceremonies. Songea , (Ruvuma) was the centre of African resistance during the Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa temporarily uniting a number of southern tribes. Kamonga Mfalikuivahaa travelled to Utengule where he befriended and was welcomed by Chief Toigali Soliambingu of

234-530: The Franciscan Baldegg congregation of the “ Schwestern von der Göttlichen Vorsehung " Baldegger_Schwestern  [ de ] built a small dispensary in 1927. This facility developed over the years and grew considerably when the St. Annaheim maternity hospital was added in 1944. In 1953, Dr. Karl Schöpf designed and built a modern and new hospital, now called St. Francis Hospital, with support from Sr. Arnolda,

260-577: The French. Styled "Mfaume" (in Shingazidja ) or Mfalme (in Kiswahili ) Styled " Mfaume/Mfalme " Styled "Mfaume/Mfalme" Mukou Styled "Mfaume/Mfalme" Styled "Mfaume/Mfalme" Styled "Mfaume/Mfalme" The sultan was also styled Mfaume/Mfalme; the only known incumbent (no dates) was: Bwana Fumu. Sultans (also styled Mfaume/Mfalme) (no dates available): The sultan was also styled Mfaume/Mfalme;

286-845: The Mngeta area ( Kilombero District ) where he instituted his own, clan seat, seat of the Chief. Practicing polygamy, Kamonga Mfalikuivahaa had forty wives yet only two children from two of his wives, Abiba Makwega and Joahali Makwega. Each of the Makwega sisters had a child, Mohammed and Mira Lubiki Kamonga Mfalikuivahaa . Kamonga Mfalikuivahaa died when his children were infants and his son Mohammed Lubiki grew up with his uncles in Mofu . Mohammed Lubiki went on to have four daughters and four sons with Mdasula Zaina Kitabu. Mohammed Lubiki Kamonga Mfalikuivahaa now referred to simply as Lubiki, inherited his father’s physical strength and

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312-469: The Pogoro of Mahenge highlands and its lowland peripheries by their riverine economy and technology. The technological superiority of the Ndamba lies in their control of canoe transport and grasp of riverine lore, which enables them to slip into vast and complicated waterways and survive there for lengthy periods. For a long time, Larson (1976) notes, the Ndamba gained access to the fertile alluvial fans only during

338-633: The area. A year after the British mandate was pronounced by the League of Nations in 1920s, the Capuchin Mission started work in Ifakara. The Swiss missionary work emerged in a context of acute social and political change. The missionary range of services offered was not only spiritual and pedagogical, but also medical. Christian missions had a reputation as conveyors of European medical science. Sr. Arnolda Kury, from

364-415: The assistance of lower-rank rulers, as well as a large number and levels of advisers who for the most part also occupy their positions by virtue of their family or clan origins and status) to rule or act as security within neighbouring lands of friendly chieftains. This ensured trust in high ranking circles, non-contestation of seats enthroned to siblings in addition to other reciprocal obligations fulfilled by

390-569: The division and district headquarters. The population is heterogeneous. The indigenous people are largely the Ndamba, Mbunga and Pogoro tribes and the population today constitutes also the descendants of Lipangalala, Ndwangira and Mfalikuivahaa , who as leaders from Zululand and Southern Africa arriving in Ifakara and the region as of the late 1860s (Larson 1976:14). Other ethnic groups include Hehe, Sukuma, Bena, Gogo, Ruguru, Kyurya, Pare, and Chagga. In terms of religion, Christians outnumber Moslems and pagans because of early settlements of missionaries in

416-404: The dry season. Other subsistence activities include hunting and cultivation. Today, people also farm. While rice is the main food stuff, sugarcane, maize, millet and wheat are essentially grown for food and trade. Ifakara largely occupies the central position on the fertile alluvial fan of Kilombero valley land. It is an authentic savannah grassland with natural grass fields that are green during

442-520: The families carrying out rituals on behalf of the communities. Such mechanisms ascertained that the chief does not rule arbitrarily. In the late 1800s there was a dispersal of the children/grandchildren of Mfalikuivahaa to the outposts where each was said to have made his or her mark in the subsequent urbanization and consolidation of the alliance of chieftains with each child or grandchild fashioning his or her state after their origins. Salubwiti and Kamonga Mfalikuivahaa journeyed through Malawi and moved to

468-726: The family are now educated abroad in Swiss private schools (alongside leaders including Kim Jong-un ; the supreme leader of North Korea), the United Kingdom and United States. Mfalme Several sultanates on the Comoros , an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, were founded after the introduction of Islam into the area in the 15th century. Other titles could also be fani , mfaume and ntibe. Unlike sultans in many other Arab nations, these sultans had little real power. At one time alone on

494-404: The island of Ndzuwani or Nzwani (today Anjouan ), 40 fanis and other chiefs shared power of the island; Ngazidja (today Grand Comore ) was at many times divided into 11 sultanates. This article addresses the major sultanates. The term Shirazis (derived from the former Persian capital Shiraz) is a reference to Iranian roots, in some dynasties. The sultans of Hamamvu (Washirazi sultans) are

520-426: The largest resettlement effort in the history of Africa: nearly 70 percent of Tanzania’s rural people were uprooted and settled in collective villages. Alongside the growth of nationalist movements among the educated elite and the organization of trade unions among workers, there was a disruption of chieftain family politics, a restructuring of ethnic identification, and a resort to modern solutions. Several members of

546-805: The powerful parish priest and not least the Capuchin Bishop of the Archdiocese of Dar es Salaam. Today the mission hospitals have become 'health projects' executing 'health programmes' which are sold on the secular and spiritual, as well as private and public, market created by donors in Switzerland and elsewhere. Fishing has always been the main economic activity of the people living along the Kilombero River. The river provides different fish species including prawns, sardines, ndipi, mbewe, kitoga, tilapia, mjongwa, catfish, sulusulu, bulu, juju, ngunga, ngufu, ngundu, nguyu, ningu and mbala. The Ndamba are distinguished from

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572-470: The public") are of chieftain bloodlines, ' Mfalmes ', 'Chiefs', from Southern Africa at a time when Sub-Saharan African civilizations were rich in luxury products including incense, gold, ivory, and ebony. The name Mfalikuivahaa was better known when many areas in Africa were ruled through forms of governance that place power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class of elders, leaders, and Shamans . Such

598-569: The rainy season and brown in the dry season. Some exceptions are the beautiful evergreen banks of the Kilombero River and cultivated lands. Daytime temperature in the region ranges from 32 degrees Celsius in June and 39 degrees Celsius in December. Night temperatures are only 2-4 degrees lower than daytime temperature. Mfalikuivahaas Mfalikuivahaas ("one who is courageous and can address

624-399: The wailers, kibaoni boys and other. Historically, Ifakara has passed through different administrative districts. While from 1899 to 1917 it was part of Mahenge militarbezirk, between 1917 and 1936 it was under Mahenge District (Larson 1976). From 1936 to independence (1961), Ifakara became part of Ulanga District. Today (2008), Ifakara is part of Kilombero District, Morogoro Region. It is both

650-510: The way to the valley that things had fallen apart because of the invasions. Later, during the colonial period Europeans couldn’t pronounce it correctly hence “Ifakara” instead of “ufakara”. Ifakara is the home of talented and many sports. The sports game which is very famous in Ifakara is football where there are famous football teams which participate in different leagues and tournament in and out of Ifakara. Famous football clubs are Shupavu FC, Mlabani rangers, Techfort academy, kilombero soccernet,

676-561: Was an exceptionally skilled hunter well known for having the house feeding the chieftain. The Chiefs were suspicious of foreign missionary schools as they thought that a foreign product might prove to have evolved too suddenly in a different world discounting a general view that future constitutional development in Tanzania depended more on the Western educated elite than on the hitherto favoured traditional rulers. ‘Mohammed’ of Islamic inclinations as

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