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36-433: While most iced teas get their flavor from tea leaves ( Camellia sinensis ), herbal teas are sometimes served cold and referred under the same categorical name. Sun tea is made by a particularly long steeping of tea leaves at a lower temperature (one hour in the sun, versus five minutes at 80 to 100 °C (176 to 212 °F). In Canada "iced tea" commonly refers to a presweetened tea drink similar to " sweet tea " in

72-584: A Camellia but a Thea ). Robert Sweet shifted all formerly Thea species to the genus Camellia in 1818. The name sinensis means "from China" in Latin . Four varieties of C. sinensis are recognized. Of these, C. sinensis var. sinensis and C. s. var. assamica (JW Masters) Kitamura are most commonly used for tea, and C. s. var. pubilimba Hung T. Chang and C. s. var. dehungensis (Hung T. Chang & BH Chen) TL Ming are sometimes used locally. The Cambodia type tea ( C. assamica subsp. lasiocaly )

108-423: A height of some 3 m (9.8 ft). It is native to southeast China. The first tea plant variety to be discovered, recorded, and used to produce tea dates back 3,000 years ago; it yields some of the most popular teas. C. s. var. waldenae was considered a different species, C. waldenae by SY Hu, but it was later identified as a variety of C. sinensis . This variety is commonly called Waldenae Camellia. It

144-538: A large amount of ice in a small amount of strong hot tea or by putting hot tea in a fridge for some time. Common types of iced tea are black, green, and oolong (烏龍茶), as well as many herbal varieties. Iced herbal teas are especially popular in the hot summers, where "yin"（陰）or cooling herbs are used to make tea such as chrysanthemum and kuding tea (苦丁茶). Cooled (but still warm) tea was popular throughout ancient times. The introduction of limited capitalism and free-market reforms starting in 1978 made refrigeration available to

180-718: A strong taproot . The flowers are yellow-white, 2.5–4 cm (0.98–1.57 in) in diameter, with seven or eight petals. The seeds of C. sinensis and C. oleifera can be pressed to yield tea oil , a sweetish seasoning and cooking oil that should not be confused with tea tree oil , an essential oil that is used for medical and cosmetic purposes, and originates from the leaves of a different plant. The leaves are 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in) long and 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) broad. Fresh leaves contain about 4% caffeine , as well as related compounds including theobromine . The young, light-green leaves are preferably harvested for tea production when they have short, white hairs on

216-576: Is credited with popularizing iced tea . Blechynden promoted iced tea at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, after which the drink attained nationwide recognition in the United States. Blechyden was born in British India , the son of Charles Edward Blechynden and Anne Margaret Pratt. He was a merchant and tea plantation owner who served in various marketing roles to promote Indian teas on behalf of

252-462: Is especially popular at Thai restaurants in the country. A heavily sweetened variety known as sweet tea is popular in southern states. In New England states, it is usually more moderately sweetened, and often includes mint. Mate tea , which is traditionally consumed hot in Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil and Paraguay, is usually consumed iced in the center-west and southeast of Brazil. Iced mate

288-477: Is especially popular in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and the northern part of Paraná. As early as 1823, Marguerite Countess of Blessington wrote of sipping iced tea in Naples . The oldest printed recipes for iced tea date back to the 1870s. In her 1871 cook book, Amelie Goldthorp and Megan Breiner wrote of iced tea: ...it should be well iced . Two of the earliest cookbooks with iced tea recipes are

324-653: Is estimated to have diverged from Assam tea around 22,000 years ago; this divergence would correspond to the last glacial maximum , while Chinese Assam tea and Indian Assam tea diverged 2,800 years ago. Chinese small leaf type tea was introduced into India in 1836 by the British and some Indian Assam type tea (e.g. Darjeeling tea ) appear to be genetic hybrids of Chinese small leaf type tea, native Indian Assam, and possibly also closely related wild tea species. Hundreds, if not thousands of cultivars of C. sinensis are known. Some Japanese cultivars include: Camellia sinensis

360-514: Is mainly cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates, in areas with at least 127 cm (50 in) of rainfall a year. Tea plants prefer a rich and moist growing location in full to part sun, and can be grown in hardiness zones 7–9. However, the clonal one is commercially cultivated from the equator to as far north as Cornwall and Scotland on the UK mainland. Many high quality teas are grown at high elevations, up to 2,200 m (7,200 ft), as

396-424: Is never heated high enough to kill any bacteria, leaving the water potentially unsafe to drink. The tea should be discarded if it appears thick, syrupy, or has rope-like strands in it, though it may be hazardous even without such indicators. Because of this danger an alternative called "refrigerator tea" has been suggested where the tea is brewed in the refrigerator overnight. This has the dual advantage of preventing

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432-525: Is not as widely consumed in the United Kingdom as in other European countries, the drink became more popular in the 2000s. In the 1990s Lipton sold a carbonated iced tea, similar to the one sold in Belgium. In recent years, Lipton has returned to the general sale of non-carbonated tea, quickly followed by Nestea and Twinings . In the United States, iced tea makes up about 85% of all tea consumed. Iced milk tea

468-576: Is regulated by several enzymes. The biosynthetic pathway in C. sinensis is similar to other caffeine-producing plants such as coffee or guayusa . Analysis of the pathway was carried out by harvesting young leaves and using reverse transcription PCR to analyze the genes encoding the major enzymes involved in synthesizing caffeine. The gene TCS1 encodes caffeine synthase . Younger leaves feature high concentrations of TCS1 transcripts, allowing more caffeine to be synthesized during this time. Dephosphorylation of xanthosine-5'-monophosphate into xanthosine

504-658: Is seen on Sunset Peak and Tai Mo Shan in Hong Kong . It is also distributed in the Guangxi province. Three main kinds of tea are produced in India: Tea leaves are eaten by some herbivores , such as the caterpillars of the willow beauty ( Peribatodes rhomboidaria ), a geometer moth . Although health benefits have been assumed throughout the history of using tea as a common beverage, no high-quality evidence shows that tea confers significant benefits. In clinical research over

540-448: Is the committed step for the xanthosines entering the beginning of the most common pathway. A sequence of reactions turns xanthosine (9β- D -ribofuranosylxanthine) into 7-methylxanthosine , then 7-methylxanthine , then theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), and finally into caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine). Richard Blechynden Richard Blechynden (5 May 1857 – 26 July 1940) was a British tea merchant and government official who

576-583: The Buckeye Cookbook by Estelle Woods Wilcox, first published in 1876, and Housekeeping in Old Virginia by Marion Cabell Tyree, copyright 1878. Iced tea started to appear in the United States during the 1860s. Seen as a novelty at first, during the 1870s it became quite widespread. Recipes appeared in print, iced tea was offered on hotel menus, and it was on sale at railroad stations. Its popularity rapidly increased after Richard Blechynden introduced it at

612-646: The Western Cape . Ruedi Bärlocher and Martin Sprenger, two employees of the Swiss Bischofszell beverage company, had tried the famous American iced tea and first suggested to produce ready-made iced tea in bottles. In 1983 Bischofszell Food Ltd. became the first producer in the world of bottled ice tea on an industrial scale. In a traditionally tea-drinking country such as Turkey, with its own tea and tea culture , iced tea became popular when Lipton introduced it in

648-427: The 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis. Iced tea can be brewed by placing tea (bags or loose-leaf) in a large glass container with water and leaving the container in the sun for hours. This often results in a smoother flavor. An advantage is that sun tea does not require using electricity or burning fuel, thus saving energy. Sun tea is sometimes served with syrup or lemon. The temperature of the tea brewed in this manner

684-559: The 2000s. Iced teas are a popular alternative to soft drinks. Lipton and Nestea were the two major brands until 2012 when the contract between Coca-Cola İçecek A.Ş. and Nestea expired. Coca-Cola replaced Nestea with its Fuze Beverage brand , but due to the word füze meaning "missile" in Turkish , the name used for the Turkish market is Fuse Tea. The national tea company Çaykur is in the market with its iced tea brand 'Didi'. Although iced tea

720-412: The cola companies' tea concentrate that is dispensed using the same method as fountain drinks , pumped from a bag-in-box . In many cases, the cola companies provided a fountain dispenser for the tea concentrate that looked similar to the containers that were previously used to dispense fresh-brewed tea. There has been a growing popularity in the United States of a mixed drink called "half-and-half" since

756-441: The early 21st century, tea has been studied extensively for its potential to lower the risk of human diseases , but none of this research is conclusive as of 2017. Caffeine , a molecule produced in C. sinensis , functions as a secondary metabolite and acts as a natural pesticide : it can paralyze and kill herbivorous insects feeding on the plant. Caffeine is a purine alkaloid and its biosynthesis occurs in young tea leaves and

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792-539: The general population for the first time. China's refrigerator-ownership increased from just 7% of urban families in 1977 to 95% in 2009. Iced tea has become increasingly popular in South Africa and is now widely available in cafes and retail outlets countrywide. Nestea , Lipton , Manhattan and Fuze Tea are the most popular brands, in addition to the South African brand BOS , which uses rooibos sourced locally from

828-583: The government and trade associations. One type of beverage, iced tea, had long been customary in the American South but was not widely known in other parts of the United States. The drink gradually grew in popularity in the late 19th-century, with one of the first recipes for iced tea being published in Virginia in 1878. In 1904, Blechynden reportedly decided that a cool tea drink would be more profitable than hot tea during that year's World's Fair . The fair

864-627: The growth of harmful bacteria and the tea already being cold without the addition of ice. In 1996, the City of Cincinnati's Health Department discovered high levels of coliform bacteria (due to inadequate daily cleansing) in the spigots of dispensers filled by automatic fresh brewed iced tea machines in several area restaurants. Approximately the same time, the Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola companies began aggressive targeted marketing campaigns aimed at replacing fresh brewed iced tea in foodservice establishments with

900-542: The late 1960s when golf great Arnold Palmer ordered one in Palm Beach, Florida. Half-and-half is a mix of iced tea and lemonade, giving the drink a much sweeter taste. Often called an " Arnold Palmer " (although Palmer himself preferred a ratio of two parts iced tea to one part lemonade), the drink was eventually marketed by Snapple, Nantucket Nectars , and AriZona Iced Tea ; AriZona has licensed Arnold Palmer's name and image for its versions. In 2012 an ESPN short documentary

936-532: The most oxidized and white being the least. Kukicha ( twig tea) is also harvested from C. sinensis , but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves. Camellia sinensis is native to East Asia , the Indian Subcontinent , and Southeast Asia , but it is today cultivated all around the world in tropical and subtropical regions. It is an evergreen shrub or small tree that is usually trimmed to below 2 m (6.6 ft) when cultivated for its leaves. It has

972-430: The plants grow more slowly and acquire more flavor. Tea plants will grow into a tree if left undisturbed, but cultivated plants are pruned to waist height for ease of plucking. Two principal varieties are used, the small-leaved Chinese variety plant ( C. s. sinensis ) and the large-leaved Assamese plant ( C. s. assamica ), used mainly for black tea. The Chinese plant is a small-leafed bush with multiple stems that reaches

1008-674: The precise location of its origin is speculative. Given their genetic differences forming distinct clades , Chinese Assam type tea ( C. s. var. assamica ) may have two different parentages – one being found in southern Yunnan ( Xishuangbanna , Pu'er City ) and the other in western Yunnan ( Lincang , Baoshan ). Many types of Southern Yunnan Assam tea have been hybridized with the closely related species Camellia taliensis . Unlike Southern Yunnan Assam tea, Western Yunnan Assam tea shares many genetic similarities with Indian Assam type tea (also C. s. var. assamica ). Thus, Western Yunnan Assam tea and Indian Assam tea both may have originated from

1044-462: The same parent plant in the area where southwestern China, Indo-Burma, and Tibet meet. However, as the Indian Assam tea shares no haplotypes with Western Yunnan Assam tea, Indian Assam tea is likely to have originated from an independent domestication. Some Indian Assam tea appears to have hybridized with the species Camellia pubicosta . Assuming a generation of 12 years, Chinese small leaf tea

1080-411: The source of tea tree oil , or the genus Leptospermum commonly called tea tree). White tea , yellow tea , green tea , oolong , dark tea (which includes pu-erh tea ) and black tea are all harvested from one of two major varieties grown today, C. sinensis var. sinensis and C. s. var. assamica , but are processed differently to attain varying levels of oxidation with black tea being

1116-542: The southern United States. The variety most broadly available is sweetened with lemon juice. Because of a large Chinese and especially Hong Kong diaspora , Hong Kong style "lemon tea"(香港凍檸茶) is commonly also available as well as milk tea and Yuenyeung (鴛鴦) Although it is not a traditional way to serve tea, iced tea gained widespread popularity during the late 1980s, even in rural areas. Many varieties of tea, including green tea, are available canned or bottled and are sold in stores. Many families make iced tea either by putting

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1152-416: The underside. Older leaves are deeper green. Different leaf ages produce differing tea qualities, since their chemical compositions are different. Usually, the tip (bud) and the first two to three leaves are harvested for processing. This hand picking is repeated every one to two weeks. In 2017, Chinese scientists sequenced the genome of C. s. var. assamica. It contains about three billion base pairs, which

1188-442: Was held in St. Louis that year during a particularly hot period, driving up sales of Blechynden's iced tea. The beverage sold so well that it gain national popularity after the event. Another telling of Blechynden's story holds that his marketing of iced tea was an act of "desperation". In this telling of iced tea's origin, Blechynden had originally been selling hot tea, but found that fairgoers weren't interested in near-boiling tea in

1224-563: Was larger than most plants previously sequenced. The generic name Camellia is taken from the Latinized name of Rev. Georg Kamel , SJ (1661–1706), a Moravian -born Jesuit lay brother, pharmacist, and missionary to the Philippines . Carl Linnaeus chose his name in 1753 for the genus to honor Kamel's contributions to botany (although Kamel did not discover or name this plant, or any Camellia , and Linnaeus did not consider this plant

1260-456: Was originally considered a type of assam tea. However, later genetic work showed that it is a hybrid between Chinese small leaf tea and assam type tea. Tea plants are native to East Asia, and probably originated in the borderlands of north Burma and southwestern China. Chinese (small leaf) tea may have originated in southern China possibly with hybridization of unknown wild tea relatives. However, since no wild populations of this tea are known,

1296-477: Was produced on the drink, featuring Palmer, beverage experts, a group of PGA golfers and comedian Will Arnett discussing the drink's history and popularity. Camellia sinensis Camellia sinensis is a species of evergreen shrub or small tree in the flowering plant family Theaceae . Its leaves, leaf buds, and stems can be used to produce tea . Common names include tea plant , tea shrub , and tea tree (unrelated to Melaleuca alternifolia ,

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