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77-509: Like many other writers, Hemingway worked as a journalist before becoming a novelist. After graduating from high school he went to work as a cub reporter for The Kansas City Star , where he quickly learned that truth often lurks below the surface of a story. He learned about corruption in city politics, and that in hospital emergency rooms and police stations a mask of cynicism was worn "like armour to shield whatever vulnerabilities remained". In his pieces he wrote about relevant events, excluding

154-465: A "badly scarred and nervous young man". In "Indian Camp," Hemingway begins the events that shape the Adams persona. Young considers this single Hemingway story to hold the "master key" to "what its author was up to for some thirty-five years of his writing career". Critic Howard Hannum agrees. He believes the trauma of birth and suicide Hemingway paints in "Indian Camp" rendered a leitmotif that gave Hemingway

231-717: A 29-page untitled manuscript that Hemingway cut to seven pages; at first he called the story "One Night Last Summer". In 1924, the seven-page story titled "Indian Camp" was published by the Transatlantic Review in the "Works in Progress" section, along with a piece from James Joyce's manuscript Finnegans Wake . A year later on October 5, 1925, "Indian Camp" was republished by Boni & Liveright in New York, in an expanded American edition of Hemingway's first collection of short stories titled In Our Time , (with capitals) with

308-482: A baby. That was what made it good." Hemingway biographer Carlos Baker writes that Hemingway learned from his short stories how to "get the most from the least, how to prune language, how to multiply intensities, and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth." The style has is considered exemplary of the iceberg theory , because, as Baker describes it, in Hemingway's writing

385-440: A boy ... coming home from the war ... So the war, all mention of the war, anything about the war, is omitted." Hemingway intentionally left out something in "Indian Camp" and "Big Two-Hearted River"—two stories he considered to be good. Baker explains that Hemingway's stories about sports are often about the athletes themselves and that the sport is incidental to the story. Moreover, the story " A Clean, Well-Lighted Place " which on

462-590: A glacier waterfall, infused with movement by his multi-focal aesthetic". Furthermore, she believes that Hemingway's iceberg theory "demanded that the reader feel the whole story" and that the reader is meant to "fill the gaps left by his omissions with their feelings". Hemingway scholar Jackson Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical details to work as framing devices to write about life in general—not only about his life. For example, Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experiences and drew them out further with "what if" scenarios: "what if I were wounded in such

539-575: A half because of ill health. At the time there were three daily competitors – the Evening Mail ; The Kansas City Times ; and the Kansas City Journal . Competitor Times editor Eugene Field wrote this about the new newspaper: Nelson's business strategy called for cheap advance subscriptions and an intention to be "absolutely independent in politics, aiming to deal by all men and all parties with impartiality and fearlessness.". He purchased

616-567: A print-run of 1335 copies. "Indian Camp" was later included in Hemingway's collection The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories published in October 1938. Two collections of short stories published after Hemingway's death included "Indian Camp": The Nick Adams Stories (1972) and The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: The Finca Vigía Edition (1987). The Nick Adams Stories (1972), edited by Philip Young, included

693-593: A remarkable achievement. Hemingway scholars, such as Benson, rank "Indian Camp" as one of Hemingway's "greatest short stories," a story that is described as "best known," "violent" and "dramatic." In 1992, Frederick Busch wrote in The New York Times that Hemingway had gone out of fashion. While his antisemitism, racism, violence, and attitudes toward women and homosexuals made him objectionable by current standards, he turned violence into art unlike any other American writer of his time by showing that "the making of art

770-609: A six-part series in which the paper promised to deeply examine past coverage by the paper and its former sister paper the Kansas City Times , in coverage he described as routinely sickening the reporters who worked on the story. The newspaper has won eight Pulitzer Prizes : The newspaper has been a finalist for Pulitzers on three occasions: In 2018, the paper received two awards at the Scripps Howard Foundation 's National Journalism Awards . The paper itself won in

847-566: A unified framework for the Nick Adams stories. "Indian Camp" is also about the fear of death. The section cut from the story highlights Nick's fear; the published version underscores it in a less obvious manner. In the cut section, later published as "Three Shots," the night before being taken to the Indian camp Nick is left alone in the forest, where he is "overwhelmed by thoughts of death." Critic Paul Strong speculates that Hemingway may have intended

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924-467: A way that I could not sleep at night? What if I were wounded and made crazy, what would happen if I were sent back to the front?" By separating himself from the characters he created, Hemingway strengthens the drama. The means of achieving a strong drama is to minimize, or omit, the feelings that produced the fiction he wrote. Hemingway's iceberg theory highlights the symbolic implications of art. He makes use of physical action to provide an interpretation of

1001-412: A writer of short stories Hemingway learned "how to get the most from the least, how to prune language and avoid waste motion, how to multiply intensities, and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth." Baker also notes that the writing style of the "iceberg theory" suggests that a story's narrative and nuanced complexities, complete with symbolism, operate under

1078-499: A young writer in Paris, he explains: "I omitted the real end [of "Out of Season"] which was that the old man hanged himself. This was omitted on my new theory that you could omit anything... and the omitted part would strengthen the story." In chapter sixteen of Death in the Afternoon he compares his theory about writing to an iceberg. Hemingway's biographer Carlos Baker believed that as

1155-464: Is all right, but plain bread is better. ... I tried to make a real old man, a real boy, a real sea, a real fish and real sharks. But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things. The hardest thing is to make something really true and sometimes truer than true. The Kansas City Star The Kansas City Star is a newspaper based in Kansas City, Missouri . Published since 1880,

1232-409: Is clear about his method: "A few things I have found to be true. If you leave out important things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless. The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you, not your editors, omit." A writer explained how it brings a story gravitas : Hemingway said that only

1309-425: Is constructed in three parts: the first places Nick and his father on a dark lake; the second takes place in the squalid and cramped cabin amid terrifying action; and the third shows Nick and his father back on the lake—bathed in sunlight. Hemingway's use of counterpoint is evident when, for example, at the end, Nick trails his hand in lake water that "felt warm in the sharp chill of the morning." Paul Strong believes

1386-479: Is delivered, Nick's father turns to the woman's husband on the top bunk and finds that he fatally slit his throat with a straight razor from ear to ear during the operation. Nick is sent out of the cabin, and his uncle leaves with two Natives, not to return. The story ends with only Nick and his father on the lake, rowing away from the camp. Nick asks his father questions about birth and death, and thinks to himself that he will never die, as he watches his father row. In

1463-494: Is obvious when he turns away from the butchery. The story reaches a climax when Nick's "heightened awareness" of evil causes him to turn away from the experience. Although Nick may not want to watch the caesarian, his father insists he watch - he does not want his son to be initiated into an adult world without toughness, writes Thomas Strychacz. Inside on a wooden bunk lay a young Indian woman. She had been trying to have her baby for two days ... She screamed just as Nick and

1540-428: Is repeatedly associated with words such as "the blanket" and "the bunk" in a series of objective correlatives , a technique Hemingway learned from T.S. Eliot . Tetlow believes in this early story Hemingway ignored character development; he simply places a character in a setting, and adds descriptive detail such as a screaming woman, men smoking tobacco, and an infected wound, which give a sense of truth. "Indian Camp"

1617-677: The Kansas City Evening Mail (and its Associated Press evening franchise) in 1882. The paper name was changed to The Kansas City Star in 1885. Nelson started the Weekly Kansas City Star in 1890 and the Sunday Kansas City Star in 1894. In 1901 Nelson also bought the morning paper The Kansas City Times (and its morning Associated Press franchise). Nelson announced the arrival of the "24 Hour Star ." In August 1902, future president Harry S. Truman worked in

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1694-794: The Star reported, "Printing of The Star will move up Interstate 35 to the Des Moines Register ". On December 21, 2020, the paper issued an apology for a history of racism in its news coverage. A column by Mike Fannin, president and editor, said "For 140 years, it has been one of the most influential forces in shaping Kansas City and the region. And yet for much of its early history—through sins of both commission and omission—it disenfranchised, ignored and scorned generations of Black Kansas Citians. It reinforced Jim Crow laws and redlining. Decade after early decade it robbed an entire community of opportunity, dignity, justice and recognition." His column launched

1771-597: The Times and Star ended in 1977 with their purchase by Capital Cities . In 1990, the Star became a morning newspaper taking the place of what was then the larger Kansas City Times which ceased publication. The Walt Disney Company acquired Capital Cities/ABC in January 1996. Disney sold the paper to Knight Ridder in May 1997 as Disney moved to concentrate on broadcast rather than newspaper investments. Under Capital Cities ownership,

1848-870: The First Amendment category for its 2017 feature "Why so secret, Kansas?," on the topic of official state agency resistance to the release of public records, while columnist Melinda Henneberger won in the Opinion category. Indian Camp " Indian Camp " is a short story written by Ernest Hemingway . The story was first published in 1924 in Ford Madox Ford 's literary magazine Transatlantic Review in Paris and republished by Boni & Liveright in Hemingway's first American volume of short stories In Our Time in 1925. Hemingway's semi-autobiographical character Nick Adams —a child in this story—makes his first appearance in "Indian Camp", told from his point of view. In

1925-477: The Indian camp; and the white doctor "has cut into the woman, like the early settlers leaving a gash in the tree." According to Hemingway scholar Thomas Strychacz, in the story Hemingway presents a re-enactment of the arrival of Europeans in the New World and the subsequent doctrine of manifest destiny . The white men in the story arrive on the water and are met at a beach by natives. The native husband and father of

2002-505: The Sea he explains: "In writing you are limited to by what has already been done satisfactorily. So I have tried to do something else. First I have tried to eliminate everything unnecessary to conveying experience to the reader so that after he has read something it will become part of his experience and seem actually to have happened." Paul Smith, author of Hemingway's Early Manuscript: The Theory and Practice of Omission , believes Hemingway applied

2079-524: The Sea , and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style." A few days after the announcement, Hemingway spoke with a Time magazine correspondent while on his boat fishing off the coast of Cuba. When asked about the use of symbolism in his work, and particularly in the most recently published Old Man and the Sea , he explained: No good book has ever been written that has in it symbols arrived at beforehand and stuck in ... That kind of symbol sticks out like raisins in raisin bread. Raisin bread

2156-460: The Short Story": "You could omit anything if you knew that you omitted and the omitted part would strengthen the story and make people feel something more than they understood." By making invisible the structure of the story, he believed the author strengthened the piece of fiction and that the "quality of a piece could be judged by the quality of the material the author eliminated." His style added to

2233-449: The Truman administration in its closing days filed antitrust charges against the Star over its ownership of WDAF-TV . The Star launched radio station WDAF on May 16, 1922, and television outlet WDAF-TV on October 19, 1949. The Star lost its case and had to sign a consent decree in 1957 that led to the sale of the broadcast stations. With the influence of the Star in Truman's hometown,

2310-443: The aesthetic: using "declarative sentences and direct representations of the visible world" with simple and plain language, Hemingway became "the most influential prose stylist in the twentieth century" according to biographer Meyers. In her paper "Hemingway's Camera Eye", Zoe Trodd explains that Hemingway uses repetition in prose to build a collage of snapshots to create an entire picture. Of his iceberg theory, she claims, it "is also

2387-408: The baby loses everything, causing him to kill himself: his home is overtaken, and his wife ripped apart. The white doctor tells his son to ignore the woman's screams: "her screams are not important. I don't hear them because they are not important." The doctor's victory is to control nature by delivering a baby, diminished by the father's suicide who through his death symbolically takes back control from

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2464-620: The background. As foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star , while living in Paris in the early 1920s, he covered the Greco-Turkish War in more than a dozen articles. As his biographer Jeffrey Meyers explains, "he objectively reported only the immediate events in order to achieve a concentration and intensity of focus—a spotlight rather than a stage". From the Greco-Turkish War he gained valuable writing experience that he translated to

2541-471: The birth, and he became "beside himself with fear ... about the extent of her suffering and swamped by a sense of helplessness at the realization that he would probably arrive too late to be of assistance to her." Hemingway wrote "Indian Camp" a few months after John Hemingway was born in Toronto on October 10, 1923. While they were in Toronto, Hemingway's first book, Three Stories and Ten Poems ,

2618-401: The camp, they find the woman in a cabin lying on a bottom bunkbed; her husband lies above her with an injured foot. Nick's father is forced to perform a caesarian operation on the woman with a jack-knife because the baby is breeched ; he asks Nick to assist by holding a basin. The woman screams throughout the operation, and when Nick's uncle tries to hold her down, she bites him. After the baby

2695-505: The character in his or her surroundings. However, in "Indian Camp" the use of descriptive detail such as a screaming woman, men smoking tobacco, and an infected wound build a sense of veracity. In other words, a story can communicate by subtext ; for instance, Hemingway's " Hills Like White Elephants " does not mention the name of the procedure, although in the story the male character seems to be attempting to convince his girlfriend to do it. "Big Two-Hearted River", Hemingway explains, "is about

2772-620: The child's father, writing that in the story remains the "never-resolved implication of the paternity of the Indian child." During the surgery the mother bites Uncle George, the Indians laugh at him, and he leaves when the father is found dead. Jackson Benson writes in "Ernest Hemingway: The Life as Fiction and the Fiction as Life" that critics should refrain from finding connections between Hemingway's life and fiction and instead focus on how he uses biographical events to transform life into art. He believes

2849-520: The company was then distributed among other employees. Virtually all proceeds from the sale and remains of Nelson's $ 6 million personal fortune were donated to create the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art on the site of Nelson's home, Oak Hall. Both papers were purchased by the employees in 1926 following the death of Nelson's daughter. The Star enjoyed a pivotal role in American politics beginning in

2926-574: The conflict between fathers and sons. Young thinks there is an unavoidable focus on the fact that the two people the principal characters are based on—the father, Clarence Hemingway, and the boy, Ernest Hemingway—end up committing suicide. Kenneth Lynn writes that the irony to modern readers is that both characters in "that boat on the lake would one day do away with themselves." Hemingway shot himself on July 2, 1961; his father had shot himself on December 6, 1928. In his essay "Hemingway's Primitivism and 'Indian camp ' " Jeffrey Meyers writes that Hemingway

3003-584: The crux of the story. Hemingway scholar Jackson Benson further believes that the omission Hemingway applies functions as a sort of buffer between himself as the creator of a character and the character. He explains that as an author creates a "distance" between himself and the character he "becomes more practiced, it would seem." Benson says in Hemingway's fiction the distance is necessary, and successful in early fiction such as in The Sun Also Rises , but if "the author does not deliberately create such distance

3080-442: The deleted section may have provided context and additional counterpoint to the plot, with Nick's aloneness in the "stillness of the night" juxtaposed against the middle scene, crowded with people. Paul Smith writes that by cutting the piece, Hemingway focuses on the story's central point: the life and death initiation rituals, familiar to the residents of the Indian camp but alien to young Nick. Unable to express his feelings fully, in

3157-432: The early 1920s, Hemingway and his wife Hadley lived in Paris where he was foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star . When Hadley became pregnant they returned to Toronto. Hemingway biographer Kenneth Lynn suggests that Hadley's childbirth became the inspiration for the story. She went into labor while Hemingway was on a train, returning from New York. Lynn believes Hemingway likely was terrified Hadley would not survive

Iceberg theory - Misplaced Pages Continue

3234-425: The end, Nick trails his hand in the water and "felt quite sure that he would never die." Hemingway's writing style attracted attention when in our time (without capitals) was published in Paris in 1924—in a small-print run from Ezra Pound's modernist series through Three Mountains Press . Edmund Wilson described the writing as "of the first distinction," enough to bring attention to Hemingway. When "Indian Camp"

3311-479: The events in a writer's life have only a vague relationship to the fiction, like a dream from which a drama emerges. Of Hemingway's earliest stories, Benson claims "his early fiction, his best, has often been compared to a compulsive nightmare." In his essay "On Writing," Hemingway wrote that "Indian Camp" was a story in which imaginary events were made to seem real: "Everything good he'd ever written he'd made up . ... Of course he'd never seen an Indian woman having

3388-465: The father's head tilted back." Critics have questioned why the woman's husband kills himself. Strong finds the arguments that the husband is driven to suicide by the wife's screaming to be problematic because the suicide occurs at the moment the screams are silenced. He points to Hemingway's statement in Death in the Afternoon , "if two people love each other there can be no happy end to it," as evidence that

3465-502: The fiction fails," as in the later works such as Across the River and into the Trees . Baker calls Hemingway's Across the River and into the Trees a "lyric-poetical novel" in which each scene has an underlying truth presented via symbolism . According to Meyers an example of omission is that Renata, like other heroines in Hemingway's fiction, suffers a major "shock"—the murder of her father and

3542-721: The first edition of the Star came out from the new presses with a major redesign in the sections and the logo. The new paper design involved shrinking its broadsheet width from 15 to 12 inches and shrinking the length from 22 3 ⁄ 4 to 21 1 ⁄ 2  inches. Other broadsheet newspapers across the country, including the Wall Street Journal , are moving to the smaller standard size. The McClatchy Company bought Knight Ridder in June 2006. In February 2020, McClatchy filed for bankruptcy and Chatham Asset Management LLC bought it at auction. On November 10, 2020,

3619-432: The hard facts float above water while the supporting structure, including the symbolism, operates out of sight. Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical details as framing devices to write about life in general—not only his life. The concept of the iceberg theory is sometimes referred to as the "theory of omission." Hemingway believed the writer could describe one thing though an entirely different thing occurs below

3696-458: The husband may have killed himself because he is "driven frantic by his wife's pain, and perhaps his own." The story also shows the innocence of childhood; Nick Adams believes he will live forever and be a child forever; he is a character who sees his life "stretching ahead." At the end of the story, in the boat with his father, Nick denies death when he says he will never die. "Indian Camp" shows Hemingway's early fascination with suicide and with

3773-611: The late 1920s when Iowa-native Herbert Hoover was nominated at the 1928 Republican convention in Kansas City and continuing through 1960 at the conclusion of the presidency of Kansas favorite Dwight D. Eisenhower . Editor Roy A. Roberts (1887–1967) was to make the newspaper a major force in Kansas politics. Roberts joined the paper in 1909 and was picked by Nelson for the Washington bureau in 1915. Roberts became managing editor in 1928. He

3850-606: The mailroom for two weeks, making $ 7.00 the first week and $ 5.40 the second. In 1950, then-president Truman half joked in an unmailed letter to Star editor Roy Roberts, "If the Star is at all mentioned in history, it will be because the President of the U.S. worked there for a few weeks in 1901 [ sic ]." The paper was first printed on the second story of a three-story building at 407–409 Delaware. In 1881, it moved 14 W. 5th Street. In 1882, it moved to 115 W. 6th. In 1889, it moved to 804–806 Wyandotte. Sometime between 1896 and 1907, it

3927-402: The narrative to be structured so that Nick's father chose to take his fearful son to the Indian camp where Nick faced the grisly reality of death, which can have done "little to assuage Nick's fears." Hannum believes Hemingway is intentionally vague about the details of the birth but not the death; he speculates that Nick would have likely "blocked out much of the caesarian but he had clearly seen

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4004-414: The nature of man's existence. It can be convincingly proved that, "while representing human life through fictional forms, he has consistently set man against the background of his world and universe to examine the human situation from various points of view." Wendolyn Tetlow believes that Hemingway's early fiction such as " Indian Camp " shows his lack of concern for character development by simply placing

4081-580: The newspaper and Roberts were the subject of an April 12, 1948, cover issue of Time magazine. In 1954, Topeka correspondent Alvin McCoy won a Pulitzer Prize for a series of articles questioning the business dealings of the Republican national chairman. Roberts reported the Pulitzer Prize in a four-paragraph item. Roberts semi-retired in 1963, officially retired in 1965, and died in 1967. Local ownership of

4158-494: The newspaper won three Pulitzer Prizes ( 1982 , 1982 , 1992 ). Knight Ridder's legacy is a massive $ 199 million, two-block long, glass-enclosed printing and distribution plant on the northeast side of the Star' s landmark red brick headquarters at 1729 Grand Avenue. The plant began printing in June 2006. It took nearly four years to build and is considered a major part of the effort to revitalize downtown Kansas City. The plant contains four 60-foot-high presses. On June 4, 2006,

4235-616: The paper bought the Flambeau Paper Mill in Park Falls, Wisconsin to provide newsprint. The mill was to be cited for pollution problems and have labor problems, and the Star was to eventually divest itself of the mill in 1971. Roberts was elevated to president of the Star in 1947. The Star was not particularly kind to hometown Democrat Harry Truman , who had been backed by famed big city Democratic Machine boss Tom Pendergast . In 1953,

4312-436: The paper is the recipient of eight Pulitzer Prizes . The Star is most notable for its influence on the career of President Harry S. Truman and as the newspaper where a young Ernest Hemingway honed his writing style. The paper is the major newspaper of the Kansas City metropolitan area and has widespread circulation in western Missouri and eastern Kansas . The paper, originally called The Kansas City Evening Star ,

4389-604: The paper's famous and often used style guide : Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative. Nelson's wife died in 1921; his daughter Laura Kirkwood died in a Baltimore hotel room in 1926 at the age of 43. Laura's husband Irwin Kirkwood, who was editor of the paper, led the employee purchase. Kirkwood in turn died of a heart attack in 1927 in Saratoga Springs , New York , where he had gone to sell thoroughbred horses. Stock in

4466-585: The story Nick Adams' father, a country doctor, has been summoned to a Native American or "Indian" camp to deliver a baby. At the camp, the father is forced to perform an emergency caesarean section using a jack-knife, with Nick as his assistant. Afterward, the woman's husband is discovered dead, having slit his throat during the operation. The story shows the emergence of Hemingway's understated style and his use of counterpoint. An initiation story, "Indian Camp" includes themes such as childbirth and fear of death which permeate much of Hemingway's subsequent work. When

4543-452: The story fragment titled "Three Shots" that Hemingway originally cut from "Indian Camp." "Indian Camp" is an initiation story. Nick's father (Dr. Adams) exposes his young son to childbirth and, unintentionally, to violent death—an experience that causes Nick to equate childbirth with death. Hemingway critic Wendolyn Tetlow maintains that in "Indian Camp," sexuality culminates in "butchery-style" birth and bloody death, and that Nick's anxiety

4620-418: The story was published, the quality of writing was noted and praised, and scholars consider "Indian Camp" an important story in the Hemingway canon . The story begins in the pre-dawn hours as the young Nick Adams , his father, his uncle and their Indian guides row across a lake to a nearby Indian camp. Nick's father, a doctor, has been called out to deliver a baby for a woman who has been in labor for days. At

4697-437: The subsequent loss of her home—to which Hemingway alludes only briefly. Hemingway's pared down narrative forces the reader to solve connections. As Stoltzfus remarks: "Hemingway walks the reader to the bridge that he must cross alone without the narrator's help." Hemingway believed that if context or background had been written about by another, and written about well, then it could be left out of his writing. Of The Old Man and

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4774-405: The surface is about nothing more than men drinking in a cafe late at night, is in fact about that which brings the men to the cafe to drink, and the reasons they seek light in the night—none of which is available in the surface of the plot, but lurks in the iceberg below. Hemingway's story "Big Two-Hearted River" is ostensibly about nothing, as is "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place", but within nothing lies

4851-402: The surface of the story itself. For example, Hemingway believed a writer could describe an action, such as Nick Adams fishing in " Big Two-Hearted River ," while conveying a different message about the action itself—Nick Adams concentrating on fishing to the extent that he does not have to think about the unpleasantness of his war experience. In his essay "The Art of the Short Story", Hemingway

4928-529: The surface. Hemingway learned from Ezra Pound how to achieve a stripped-down style and how to incorporate the concepts of imagism in his prose. He said Pound "had taught him more 'about how to write and how not to write' than any son of a bitch alive"; and his friend James Joyce told him "to pare down his work to the essentials." The prose is spare and lacks a clear symbolism . Instead of more conventional literary allusions , Hemingway relied on repetitive metaphors or metonymy to build images. The caesarian

5005-566: The theory of omission in an effort to "strengthen [the] iceberg". In October 1954, Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature . He jokingly told the press he believed Carl Sandburg and Isak Dinesen deserved the prize more than him, but the prize money would be welcome. The prize was awarded to Hemingway "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and

5082-438: The tip of the iceberg showed in fiction—your reader will see only what is above the water—but the knowledge that you have about your character that never makes it into the story acts as the bulk of the iceberg. And that is what gives your story weight and gravitas. From reading Rudyard Kipling , Hemingway absorbed the practice of shortening prose as much as it could take. Of the concept of omission, Hemingway wrote in "The Art of

5159-443: The two Indians followed his father and Uncle George into the shanty . ... In the upper bunk was her husband. He had cut his foot very badly with an axe three days before . ... The room smelled very bad. Hemingway biographer Philip Young writes that Hemingway's emphasis in "Indian Camp" was not primarily on the woman who gives birth or the father who kills himself, but on young Nick Adams, who witnesses these events and becomes

5236-425: The white doctor whose skill is necessary, but who brings with him destruction. In her paper "Screaming Through Silence: The Violence of Race in 'Indian Camp,'" Amy Strong writes "Indian Camp" is about domination; the husband kills himself at the moment his wife is cut open by a white doctor. She thinks the theme of domination exists on more than one level: Nick is dominated by his father; the white outsiders dominate in

5313-420: The white doctor. Meyers claims the story is not autobiographical though it is an early example of Hemingway's ability to tell stories "true to life." In the story, Nick Adams' father, who is portrayed as "professionally cool," is based on Hemingway's own father, Clarence Hemingway. Hemingway's paternal uncle, George, appears in the story, and is treated unsympathetically. Hannum suggests George may have been

5390-423: The writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing. In 1923, Hemingway conceived of the idea of a new theory of writing after finishing his short story " Out of Season ". In A Moveable Feast (1964), his posthumously published memoirs about his years as

5467-405: The writing of fiction . He believed fiction could be based on reality, but that if an experience were to be distilled, as he explained, then "what he made up was truer than what he remembered". If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though

5544-513: Was founded September 18, 1880, by William Rockhill Nelson and Samuel E. Morss . The two moved to Missouri after selling the newspaper that became the Fort Wayne News Sentinel (and earlier owned by Nelson's father) in Nelson's Indiana hometown, where Nelson was campaign manager in the unsuccessful presidential run of Samuel Tilden . Morss quit the newspaper business within a year and

5621-448: Was instrumental in pushing Kansas Governor Alf Landon for the Republican nomination in 1936; Landon was defeated in the general election by Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1942, the Journal , the last daily competitor, ceased publication. The Journal had offered unwavering support of Tom Pendergast 's political machine; once Pendergast had fallen from power, the paper suffered. In 1945,

5698-554: Was located at 1025–1031 Grand. In 1911, it moved into its Jarvis Hunt -designed building at 18th and Grand. Nelson died in 1915. Nelson provided in his will that his newspaper was to support his wife and daughter and then be sold. Ernest Hemingway was a reporter for the Star from October 1917 to April 1918. Hemingway credited Star editor C.G. "Pete" Wellington with changing a wordy high-schooler's writing style into clear, provocative English. Throughout his lifetime, Hemingway referred to this admonition from The Star Copy Style ,

5775-714: Was published in Paris, followed months later by a second volume, in our time (without capitals), which included 18 short vignettes presented as untitled chapters. Hemingway, Hadley, and their son (nicknamed Bumby) returned to Paris in January ;1924, moving into a new apartment on the Rue Notre Dame des Champs. With Ezra Pound , Hemingway helped Ford Madox Ford edit his newly launched literary magazine, Transatlantic Review . which published pieces by modernists such as Pound, John Dos Passos , James Joyce , Gertrude Stein , as well as Hemingway. "Indian Camp" began as

5852-528: Was published, it received considerable praise. Ford Madox Ford regarded "Indian Camp" as an important early story by a young writer. Critics in the United States claimed Hemingway reinvigorated the short story by his use of declarative sentences and his crisp style. Hemingway said In Our Time had "pretty good unity" and generally critics agree. In the 1970s Carlos Baker wrote of the stories from In Our Time, and specifically "Indian Camp," that they were

5929-450: Was very clear about the husband's role, because in this story he was writing about a familiar subject—the experiences of his boyhood in Michigan. The young father's role is to "deflate the doctor," who finds victory in slicing open the woman's belly to deliver the infant, and to provide a counterpoint to the mother's strength and resilience. The father's suicide serves as a symbolic rejection of

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