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32-474: An icebox is a compact non-mechanical refrigerator which was a common kitchen appliance before the development of safe powered refrigeration devices. Ice Box may also refer to: Icebox The first recorded use of refrigeration technology dates back to 1775 BC in the Sumerian city of Terqa . It was there that the region's King, Zimri-lim , began the construction of an elaborate ice house fitted with

64-490: A 1907 survey of expenditures of New York City inhabitants, 81% of the families surveyed were found to possess "refrigerators" either in the form of ice stored in a tub or iceboxes. The industry's value in the United States rose from $ 4.5 million in 1889 to $ 26 million in 1919. The icebox was invented by an American farmer and cabinetmaker named Thomas Moore in 1802. Moore used the icebox to transport butter from his home to

96-679: A bore finding huge seams on this land outside Kurri Kurri, and in January 1890 they sank a new shaft, "the Scholey shaft". However the following year only 2500 tons was produced, the industry suffering a severe depression. In 1897 the company sold a lease of the operations to J & A Brown and Abermain Seaham Collieries, for £39,500 and Brown's changed the name from Richmond Vale to Richmond Main Colliery , although oddly continued to name their rail link

128-842: A continual correspondence with his family in Yorkshire, notably his first cousin, Stephen Scholey, a professor of music also born in Holbeck, who resided in Hunslet, and who outlived John. In a full report of John Scholey's funeral the names of many of the most prominent attendees are given and it is stated that over 200 telegrams of condolence were received. He was buried in the Church of England division of Sandgate Cemetery . In his Will (proved 8 October 1908) he bequeathed his entire estate to his wife, by whom he had seven daughters, six of whom survived him. His daughter Clara married Robert, son of Charles Upfold ,

160-485: A garden suburb of Newcastle. According to Australian Town & Country Journal of 11 July 1887, "he carried on business so successfully that he was able to acquire a considerable share of landed property in the Newcastle and Maitland Districts." On his daughter Agnes's birth certificate (1888) he is described as "Landowner". He eventually bought up much of the Newcastle district known as North Waratah, subdividing it as

192-413: A global industry. During the latter half of the 19th century, natural ice became the second most important US export by value, after cotton. As the techniques for food preservation steadily improved, prices decreased and food became more readily available. As more households adopted the icebox, the overall quality and freshness of this food was also improved. Iceboxes meant that people were able to go to

224-436: A new innovative idea in cooling came about: air circulation. The idea for air circulation in refrigeration systems stems back to John Schooley , who wrote about his process in the 1856 Scientific American , a popular science magazine. Schooley described the process as "Combining an ice receptacle with the interior of a refrigerator … a continuous circulation of air shall be kept up through the ice in said receptacle and through

256-434: A sophisticated drainage system and shallow pools to freeze water in the night. Using ice for cooling and preservation was not new at that time; the ice house was an introductory model for the modern icebox. The traditional kitchen icebox dates back to the days of ice harvesting , which was commonly used from the mid-19th century until the introduction of the refrigerator for home use in the 1930s. Most municipally consumed ice

288-420: Is held in a tray or compartment near the top of the box. Cold air circulates down and around storage compartments in the lower section. Some finer models have spigots for draining ice water from a catch pan or holding tank. In cheaper models, a drip pan is placed under the box and has to be emptied at least daily. The user has to replenish the melted ice, normally by obtaining new ice from an iceman . The design of

320-607: The Kurri Kurri and Cessnock districts of the South Maitland coalfields , he also became involved in the coal-mining industry. In 1887 he employed Mr. T. W. Edgeworth David to assess his lands for coal seams, and the following year he formed a syndicate including a Melbourne partner and established the Richmond Vale Coal Company. Scholey's investment in the new company was his land. In October that year they sunk

352-518: The Richmond Vale railway line . As time progressed this colliery produced the largest daily tonnage in the State, as well as providing, from 1912, all the electricity requirements for nearby Kurri Kurri and other townships. In 1904 he was also a Director of Aberdare Collieries Co. Ltd. Scholey was one of the earliest directors of the Newcastle and County Building Company, and one of the prime movers in

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384-627: The Baldwin Refrigerator Company and the Ranney Refrigerator Company, and later Sears , started making home iceboxes commercially. D. Eddy & Son of Boston is considered to be the first company to produce iceboxes in mass numbers. As many Americans desired large iceboxes, some companies, such as the Boston Scientific Refrigerator Company, introduced ones which could hold up to 50 lbs. of ice. In

416-492: The De La Vergne Refrigerating Machine Company) of New York, New York could produce up to 220 tons of ice in a single day from a single machine. With widespread electrification and safer refrigerants, mechanical refrigeration in the home became possible. With the development of the chlorofluorocarbons (along with the succeeding hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons ), that came to replace

448-536: The Georgetown markets, which allowed him to sell firm, brick butter instead of soft, melted tubs like his fellow vendors at the time. His first design consisted of an oval cedar tub with a tin container fitted inside with ice between them, all wrapped in rabbit fur to insulate the device. Later versions would include hollow walls that were lined with tin or zinc and packed with various insulating materials such as cork , sawdust, straw, or seaweed. A large block of ice

480-561: The city environs grew, and renaming it Mayfield after Ada May , one of his daughters. Other streets in the suburb still bear his surname, his wife's maiden name of Greaves, and some of his daughter's Christian names: Clara, Ada, Dora, etc. He sold at a handsome profit the land at Mayfield, some of it bordering the Hunter River , upon which just before World War I was built the new BHP Newcastle Steelworks (now demolished), and other huge heavy industries. Owning much coal-bearing land on

512-620: The colony. The Earl of Carnarvon and Lord Carrington were present along with a host of other well-known dignitaries. A practising Christian, he was lay representative for Waratah to the 122nd Church of England Synod held at Newcastle in May 1900; he was Diocesan Warden for Newcastle's Christ Church Cathedral, a member of the Newcastle Diocesan Council, and also a member of the Diocesan Church Property Committee. He

544-488: The early 1930s, mechanical ice machines gradually began to rise over the ice harvesting industry thanks to its ability to produce clean, sanitary ice independently and year-round. Over time, as the mechanical ice machines became smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, they easily replaced the hassle of getting ice from a source. For example, the De La Vergne Machine Company  [ de ] (originally called

576-711: The establishment of the Waratah Municipal Gasworks which went on to become the principal gas suppliers to the City of Newcastle. John Scholey, as Alderman (elected 1882) and thrice Mayor of the Municipality of Waratah, New South Wales , received an official invitation to the New South Wales Government's State Banquet held in Sydney on Thursday, 26 January 1888, to commemorate the first 100 years of settlement in

608-949: The family removed to the vicinity of Leeds . John was the son of a Leeds businessman, Stephen Scholey (1815–1878) who entered the service of the Colonial Office in New South Wales , and was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for East Maitland . John's mother was Anne Spink John appears in the 1851 Census Return at 27 Trafalgar Street, Leeds , aged 11, with his parents and his sister Mary Ann. In October 1852 John Scholey arrived at Melbourne, Australia on board "Julia", together with his father. His mother and young sister joined them in Melbourne in December 1854 on board "Constance". They returned to England on

640-461: The icebox allowed perishable foods to be stored longer than before and without the need for lengthier preservation processes such as smoking , drying , or canning . Refrigerating perishables also had the added benefit of not altering the taste of what it is preserving. Underground pits with the constant underground temperature of 12 °C (54 °F) had been used since Roman times to help preserve ice collected during winter. The temperature of

672-418: The interior of the refrigerator … so that the circulation air shall deposit its moisture on the ice every time it passes through it, and be dried and cooled." This idea of air circulation and cold led to the eventual invention of the mechanical, gas-driven refrigerators . As these early mechanical refrigerators became available, they were installed at large industrial plants producing ice for home delivery. By

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704-507: The managing director of the Sydney Soap and Candle Company, "the largest such concern in Australasia". His youngest daughter, Agnes, died a spinster in 1972. John Scholey was described in directories and upon his death certificate, as a "gentleman". His splendid sandstone mansion Mayfield House , "an impressive residence", is now a shadow of its former glory. It is currently leased as

736-403: The market less and could more safely store leftovers. All of this contributed to the improvement of the population's health by increasing the fresh food readily able to be consumed and the overall safety of that food. However, with metropolitan growth, many sources of natural ice became contaminated from industrial pollution or sewer runoff. Thanks to the icebox manufacturing industry's efforts,

768-458: The perishable items within. Early examples used straw and sawdust compacted along the sides of ice to provide further insulation and to slow the ice melting process. By 1781, personal ice pits were becoming more advanced. The Robert Morris Ice House , located in Philadelphia, brought new refrigeration technologies to the forefront. This pit contained a drainage system for water runoff as well as

800-704: The ship Speedy which left Sydney on 1 November 1857, arriving in London on 1 March 1858. He arrived back in Leeds the following day. On 18 January 1860 he again set out for Australia, travelling from Leeds, via Halifax for Liverpool , the following day taking up his cabin on board the ship Red Jacket berthed at the Queen's Dock, declaring the accommodation "splendid and superior to any ship I have been in before." He landed at Melbourne on 26 April. He made valuable contacts in Melbourne, but in 1862 commenced business in Newcastle. and at

832-478: The soil is held relatively constant year-round when taken below the frost line, located 0.9 to 1.5 m (3 to 5 ft) below the surface, and varies from about 7 and 21 °C (45 and 70 °F) depending on the region. Prior to the convenience of having refrigeration inside the home, cold storage systems would often be located underground in the form of a pit. These pits would be deep enough to provide thorough insulation and also to deter animals from intruding on

864-473: The time of his marriage to Anne, née Greaves (1845–1931), on 16 January 1865, at Christ Church Anglican Cathedral, Newcastle, the register states that he was now resident in that parish. His father was a witness at the ceremony. John was listed at that time: "Scholey, John, Hunter Street, Newcastle ". On his daughter Jessie's birth certificate in February 1883, John Scholey stated that he now resided at Hamilton ,

896-466: The use of brick and mortar for its insulation. The octagon-shaped pit, approximately 4 meters in diameter located 5.5 meters underground was capable of storing ice that was obtained during the winter months to the next October or November. Ice blocks collected during winter months could later be distributed to customers. As the icebox began to make its way into homes during the early to mid 19th century, ice collection and distribution expanded and soon became

928-505: The use of toxic ammonia gas, the refrigerator replaced the icebox, though icebox is still sometimes used to refer to mechanical refrigerators. John Scholey John Scholey (15 September 1840 in Holbeck , Leeds , – 14 April 1908 in Mayfield, New South Wales ) was an extensive landed proprietor, prominent businessman, colliery owner, Director of Aberdare Collieries, and a Mayor . He

960-649: Was a Justice of the Peace and member of the Newcastle Land Board, a division of the New South Wales Justice Department. The Scholey family are to be found with various spellings in ancient manuscripts but often as de Scolay or Scoley. They were long resident at Gawber Hall, outside Barnsley , near the village of Barugh, in South Yorkshire . By 1848 the mansion and its farms had been let and

992-429: Was harvested in winter from snow-packed areas or frozen lakes, stored in ice houses, and delivered domestically. In 1827 the commercial ice cutter was invented, increasing the ease and efficiency of harvesting natural ice. This invention reduced the cost of ice usage, thereby rendering it more common. Up until then, iceboxes for domestic use were not mass manufactured . By the 1840s, however, various companies, including

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1024-826: Was the sole surviving Executor of the Will of his father-in-law, William Greaves, another Newcastle businessman, when he signed the declaration that all affairs to do with that estate were now complete, 18 May 1907. When the Foundation stone of the Waratah School of Arts was laid by Henry Parkes , John Scholey became a guarantor for the building. He was also Patron of the Northern District Bowling Association from its formation, President of Waratah Bowling Club, and churchwarden (Lay Representative) of St. Andrew's Church of England, Mayfield. Until his death he maintained

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