Icaridin , also known as picaridin , is an insect repellent which can be used directly on skin or clothing. It has broad efficacy against various arthropods such as mosquitos, ticks, gnats, flies and fleas, and is almost colorless and odorless. A study performed in 2010 showed that picaridin spray and cream at the 20% concentration provided 12 hours of protection against ticks. Unlike DEET , icaridin does not dissolve plastics, synthetics or sealants, is odorless and non-greasy and presents a lower risk of toxicity when used with sunscreen, as it may reduce skin absorption of both compounds.
41-544: The name picaridin was proposed as an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) to the World Health Organization (WHO), but the official name that has been approved by the WHO is icaridin . The chemical is part of the piperidine family, along with many pharmaceuticals and alkaloids such as piperine , which gives black pepper its spicy taste. Trade names include Bayrepel and Saltidin among others. The compound
82-450: A vector of the Zika virus . It causes infection through biting during blood meal. In the southern U.S., it is the primary vector of St. Louis encephalitis virus. In India and Southeast Asia, it is the primary vector of Wuchereria bancrofti , a nematode that causes lymphatic filariasis . It acts as an intermediate host for the helminth parasite by harbouring the larval stages. In Hawaii , it
123-500: A 20% concentration without the irritation associated with DEET. According to the WHO, icaridin “demonstrates excellent repellent properties comparable to, and often superior to, those of the standard DEET.” Icaridin-based products have been evaluated by Consumer Reports in 2016 as among the most effective insect repellents when used at a 20% concentration. Icaridin was earlier reported to be effective by Consumer Reports (7% solution) and
164-613: A drug's INNs are often cognate across most or all of the languages, with minor spelling or pronunciation differences, for example: paracetamol ( en ) paracetamolum ( la ), paracétamol ( fr ) and парацетамол ( ru ). An established INN is known as a recommended INN ( rINN ), while a name that is still being considered is called a proposed INN ( pINN ). National nonproprietary names such as British Approved Names (BAN), Dénominations Communes Françaises (DCF), Japanese Adopted Names (JAN) and United States Adopted Names (USAN) are nowadays, with rare exceptions, identical to
205-575: A lifetime, with each raft containing 100 to 300 eggs. The exact number varies depending on climatic conditions. The larvae feed on organic material in the water and require between five and eight days to complete their development at 30 °C (86 °F). The larvae pass through four larval instars , and towards the end of the fourth instar, they stop eating and undergo moulting to give rise to pupae . After 36 hours at 27 °C (81 °F), adults emerge. The exact timing of development can vary depending on temperature. In optimum temperature and humidity,
246-449: A pharmaceutical. To avoid confusion, which could jeopardize the safety of patients, trade-marks should neither be derived from INNs nor contain common stems used in INNs. Each drug's INN is unique but may contain a stem that is shared with other drugs of the same class. In this context, a stem is a syllable (or syllables) created to evoke in the name the pharmacological mechanism of action or
287-470: A potential odorant receptor for icaridin (and DEET), CquiOR136•CquiOrco, was suggested for Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. Recent crystal and solution studies showed that icaridin binds to Anopheles gambiae odorant binding protein 1 (AgamOBP1). The crystal structure of AgamOBP1•icaridin complex (PDB: 5EL2 ) revealed that icaridin binds to the DEET-binding site in two distinct orientations and also to
328-556: A predictable spelling system, approximating phonemic orthography , is used, as follows: Many drugs are supplied as salts , with a cation and an anion. The way the INN system handles these is explained by the WHO at its "Guidance on INN" webpage. For example, amfetamine and oxacillin are INNs, whereas various salts of these compounds – e.g., amfetamine sulfate and oxacillin sodium – are modified INNs ( INNM ). Several countries had created their own nonproprietary naming system before
369-532: A second binding site (sIC-binding site) located at the C-terminal region of the AgamOBP1. Research on Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes suggests icaridin does not strongly activate their olfactory receptor neurons, but instead reduces the volatility of the odorants with which it is mixed. By reducing their volatility, icaridin effectively "masks" odorants attractive to mosquitoes on the skin, preventing them from reaching
410-604: A word to which inflectional affixes are added. INN stems employ the first definition, while under the more common alternative they would be described as roots. Pharmacology and pharmacotherapy (like health care generally) are universally relevant around the world, making translingual communication about them an important goal. An interlingual perspective is thus useful in drug nomenclature . The WHO issues INNs in English, Latin, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, and Chinese. A drug's INNs are often cognates across most or all of
451-456: Is an official generic and nonproprietary name given to a pharmaceutical substance or an active ingredient . INNs are intended to make communication more precise by providing a unique standard name for each active ingredient, to avoid prescribing errors. The INN system was initiated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1953. Having unambiguous standard names for each pharmaceutical substance ( standardization of drug nomenclature )
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#1733085777391492-543: Is four times longer than its breadth. The siphon has multiple setae tufts. The saddle is barrel-shaped and located on the ventral side of the abdomen, with four long anal papillae protruding from the posterior end. Mature C. quinquefasciatus females fly at night to nutrient-rich standing water to lay eggs. They breed profusely in dirty water collections, including stagnant drains, cesspools, septic tanks with leaks, burrow pits, and almost all organic polluted water collections. A single female can lay up to five rafts of eggs in
533-588: Is important because a drug may be sold under many different brand names, or a branded medication may contain more than one drug. For example, the branded medications Celexa, Celapram and Citrol all contain the same active ingredient whose INN is citalopram . The antibacterial medication known as co-trimoxazole as well as those under the brand names Bactrim and Septran all contain two active ingredients easily recognisable by their INN: trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole . The WHO publishes INNs in English, Latin , French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic , and Chinese , and
574-480: Is the official scientific name, there are at least five synonymous names for this species. Cx. quinquefasciatus is a member of the Culex pipiens species complex . Smith et al. 2004 develop an assay specifically for this complex and use it to confirm that it does encompass this species. The adult C. quinquefasciatus is a medium-sized mosquito and is brown in colour. The body is about 3.96 to 4.25 mm long. While
615-537: Is the principal vector of avian malaria ( Plasmodium relictum ), to which historic extinctions and significant contemporary population declines in Hawaii's native honeycreeper species are attributed. It is the definitive host for the malarial parasite as it harbours the sexual cycle. In 2013 West Nile Virus positive specimens were collected in Southern California. Now, people have to stop the invasive spread to save
656-422: Is valid for ten years. Icaridin and DEET are the most effective insect repellents available. A 2018 systematic review found no consistent performance difference between icaridin and DEET in field studies and concluded that they are equally preferred mosquito repellents, noting that 50% DEET offers longer protection but is not available in some countries. Icaridin has been reported to be as effective as DEET at
697-503: The Stem Book . Some examples of stems are: The School of INN is a WHO International Nonproprietary Name Programme initiative launched in 2019, which aims to provide information to pharmacy, medical and health students, as well as health professionals and other stakeholders on how an INN is designed and constructed. Users can take self-administered courses on several topics using this free and open source learning platform. For example,
738-455: The Stem in a pill course, in which each topic or course contains information correlating INN and pharmacology for a given stem, including indications , mechanism of action , pharmacokinetics , contraindications , and drug interactions for the drugs sharing the stem. There is also a "How to ..." section about INN Programme services and MedNet INN which enables users to carry out searches in
779-521: The West Nile virus , eastern equine encephalitis and other illnesses. Icaridin can cause mild to moderate eye irritation on contact and is slightly toxic if ingested. A 2018 study found that a commercial repellent product containing 20% icaridin, in what the authors described as "conservative exposure doses", is highly toxic to larval salamanders, a major predator of mosquito larvae. The study observed high larval salamander mortality occurring delayed after
820-413: The southern house mosquito , is a medium-sized mosquito found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti , avian malaria , and arboviruses including St. Louis encephalitis virus , Western equine encephalitis virus , Zika virus and West Nile virus . It is taxonomically regarded as a member of the Culex pipiens species complex . Its genome
861-436: The "same word" principle allows health professionals and patients who do not speak the same language to communicate to some degree and to avoid potentially life-threatening confusions from drug interactions. To facilitate the translation and pronunciation of INN, "f" should be used instead of "ph", "t" instead of "th", "e" instead of "ae" or "oe", and "i" instead of "y"; the use of the letters "h" and "k" should be avoided. Thus
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#1733085777391902-436: The "same word". Although Ибупрофе́н ( ru ) and ibuprofen ( en ) have a transliteration difference, they sound similar, and for Russian speakers who can recognize Latin script or English speakers who can recognize Cyrillic script , they look similar; users can recognize the "same word". Thus, INNs make medicines bought anywhere in the world as easily identifiable as possible to people who do not speak that language. Notably,
943-739: The Australian Army (20% solution). Consumer Reports retests in 2006 gave as result that a 7% solution of icaridin offered little or no protection against Aedes mosquitoes ( vector of dengue fever ) and a protection time of about 2.5 hours against Culex (vector of West Nile virus), while a 15% solution was good for about one hour against Aedes and 4.8 hours against Culex . The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends using repellents based on icaridin, DEET, ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535), or oil of lemon eucalyptus (containing p -menthane-3,8-diol , PMD) for effective protection against mosquitoes that carry
984-583: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, which has evaluated icaridin prior to its approval under the EU Biocidal Product Regulation. The reasons for rejection were the testing of a mixture of undisclosed composition, the use of a non-standard test organism, the lack of analytical verification of actual test concentrations, and the fact that the test solution was never renewed with the 25 days of study duration. In 2014,
1025-558: The INN database to retrieve information on INN, its chemical information and ATC codes amonsgt other things. The School of INN has created pilot sites in collaboration with several Universities around the globe: University of the Western Cape (South Africa), University of Eastern Piedmont (Italy), Université Grenoble Alpes (France) and University Ramon Lull and University of Alcalá in Spain. These pilot sites are involved in disseminating
1066-553: The INN was created, and in many cases, the names created under the old systems continue to be used in those countries. As one example, in English the INN name for a common painkiller is paracetamol ; the table below gives the alternative names for this in different systems: Other naming systems not listed above include France 's Dénomination Commune Française (DCF) and Italy 's Denominazione Comune Italiana (DCIT). Culex quinquefasciatus Culex quinquefasciatus (originally named Culex fatigans ), commonly known as
1107-417: The INN. Mandate The World Health Organization has a constitutional mandate to "develop, establish and promote international standards with respect to biological, pharmaceutical and similar products". The World Health Organization collaborates closely with INN experts and national nomenclature committees to select a single name of worldwide acceptability for each active substance that is to be marketed as
1148-415: The basal side of each tergite . Males can be differentiated from females in having large palps and feathery antennae. The larva has a short and stout head. The mouth brushes have long yellow filaments used for filtering organic materials. The abdomen consists of eight segments, the siphon , and the saddle . Each segment has a unique setae pattern. The siphon is on the dorsal side of the abdomen, and
1189-429: The chemical structure of the substance. Stems are mostly placed word-finally (suffixes), but in some cases word-initial stems (prefixes) are used. For example, the beta blocker drugs propranolol and atenolol share the stem -olol (as a suffix ), and the benzodiazepine drugs lorazepam and diazepam share the stem -azepam (also a suffix) The list of stems in use are collected in a publication informally known as
1230-455: The course An Introduction to Drug Nomenclature and INN provides the user with a general overview of drug nomenclature and how INN are obtained and constructed. The course Learning Clinical Pharmacology (ATC classification, INN system) provides the student with the first steps to learn pharmacology using INN stems . Registered students can take other courses provided by the School of INN, such as
1271-412: The four days of exposure. Because the widely used LC50 test for assessing a chemical's environmental toxicity is based on mortality within four days, the authors suggested that icaridin would be incorrectly deemed as "safe" under the test protocol. However, icaridin was also non-toxic in a 21-day reproduction test on the water flea Daphnia magna and a 32-day early life-stage test in zebrafish. Since only
Icaridin - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-425: The icaridin content of the tested repellent product is known, the observed effects cannot be readily attributed to icaridin. Furthermore, the effects of the repellent product showed no dose-response relationship, i.e., there was neither an increase of the magnitude or severity of the observed effects (mortality, tail deformation), nor did the effects occur at earlier time points. The study has been regarded as invalid by
1353-440: The languages, but they also allow small inflectional , diacritic , and transliterational differences that are usually transparent and trivial for nonspeakers (as is true of most international scientific vocabulary ). For example, although ibuprofenum ( la ) has an inflectional difference from ibuprofen ( en ), and although ibuprofène ( fr ) has a diacritic difference, the differences are trivial; users can easily recognize
1394-673: The lifecycle will be completed in seven days, passing through the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Both male and female adults take sugar meals from plants. After mating, the female seeks a blood meal from a mammal or bird, as ingested blood is necessary for egg development. C. quinquefasciatus shows a preference for the blood of birds, but will also commonly bite humans. Known hosts include birds (Aves), cattle ( Bos taurus) , dogs ( Canis familiaris) , Equus including donkeys ( E. asinus) , cats ( Felis) , mice ( Mus musculus) , house sparrows ( Passer domesticus) , rats ( Rattus) and boars ( Sus scrofa) . "Quinx" are among
1435-475: The main body is brown, the proboscis , thorax , wings , and tarsi are darker than the rest of the body. The head is light brown, with the lightest portion in the center. The antennae and the proboscis are about the same length, but in some cases, the antennae are slightly shorter than the proboscis. The flagellum has 13 segments that may have few or no scales . The scales of the thorax are narrow and curved. The abdomen has pale, narrow, rounded bands on
1476-698: The olfactory receptors to some extent. Icaridin contains two stereocenters : one where the hydroxyethyl chain attaches to the ring, and one where the sec -butyl attaches to the oxygen of the carbamate . The commercial material contains a mixture of all four stereoisomers. Commercial products containing icaridin include Cutter Advanced, Muskol, Repeltec, Skin So Soft Bug Guard Plus, Sawyer Picaridin Insect Repellent, Off! FamilyCare, Autan, Smidge, PiActive and MOK.O. International Nonproprietary Name An International Nonproprietary Name ( INN )
1517-570: The species as "exceedingly numerous and troublesome". It rests in trees and high places. The southern house mosquito is a principal vector of numerous pathogens, transmitting the phlebovirus Rift Valley fever virus, and the two flaviviruses St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus, plus filarial worms and avian malarial parasites. It transmits zoonotic diseases that affect humans and wild and domestic animals, such as lymphatic filariasis , avian malaria , St. Louis encephalitis , Western equine encephalitis , and West Nile fever , and may be
1558-404: The use of INN, teaching based on INN and related research activities. The term stem is not used consistently in linguistics . It has been defined as a form to which affixes (of any type) can be attached. Under a different and apparently more common view, this is the definition of a root , while a stem consists of the root plus optional derivational affixes, meaning that it is the part of
1599-477: The world's most abundant peridomestic mosquitoes, earning the nickname "southern house mosquito". The species' place of origin is uncertain. It may have been native to the lowlands of West Africa, or to Southeast Asia. Cx. quinquefasciatus is now found throughout subtropical and tropical areas worldwide, including the Americas, Australia and New Zealand, except for exceedingly dry or cold regions. Thomas Say described
1640-623: Was developed by the German chemical company Bayer in the 1980s and was given the name Bayrepel . In 2005, Lanxess AG and its subsidiary Saltigo GmbH were spun off from Bayer and the product was renamed Saltidin in 2008. Having been sold in Europe (where it is the best-selling insect repellent) since 1998, on 23 July 2020, icaridin was approved again by the EU Commission for use in repellent products. The approval entered into force on 1 February 2022 and
1681-562: Was sequenced in 2010, and was shown to have 18,883 protein-coding genes. American entomologist Thomas Say described Culex quinquefasciatus , which he collected along the Mississippi River , in 1823. Originally written as "C. 5-fasciatus", the name refers to five ( quinque ) black, broad, transverse bands ("fasciatus" or "fasciae") on the mosquito's dorsal abdomen. The name remains despite later revelations of more than five fasciae, thanks to improved microscopy. Although quinquefasciatus