•Iberian victory (50–51 AD) •Armenian & Parthian victory (52–54 AD)
61-550: Kingdom of Armenia Roman Empire (until 51) Kingdom of Iberia Roman Empire Mithridates † Rhadamistus The war between the kingdoms of Iberia and Armenia (AD 50-54) is known chiefly through its description in Tacitus ' Annals . The war took place as a delicate balance of power between the Roman and Parthian empires was in place in the Caucasus . Rome
122-696: A great influence on the Armenian alphabet. The Armenian alphabet was created by Saint Mesrop Mashtots and Isaac of Armenia (Sahak Partev) in AD 405, primarily for a Bible translation into the Armenian language . Traditionally, the following phrase translated from Solomon 's Book of Proverbs is said to be the first sentence to be written down in Armenian by Mashtots: Ճանաչել զիմաստութիւն եւ զխրատ, իմանալ զբանս հանճարոյ : Čanačʿel zimastutʿiun yev zxrat, imanal zbans hančaroy. To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive
183-534: A monarch. In certain monarchies where voluntary abdication is the norm, such as the Netherlands , a royal family may also include one or more former monarchs. In certain instances, such as in Canada, the royal family is defined by who holds the styles Majesty and Royal Highness . There is often a distinction between persons of the blood royal and those that marry into the royal family. Under most systems, only persons in
244-546: A promise of non-violence, and became King of Armenia. Of this usurpation, Tacitus wrote "Rhadamistus might retain his ill-gotten gains, as long as he was hated and infamous; for this was more to Rome's interest than for him to have succeeded with glory". Faced with this upset of the regional balance and regarding the event as unrightful appropriation, Vologases I of Parthia invaded in 52 AD to proclaim his brother Tiridates king of Armenia. The Iberians did not offer battle and withdrew from some Armenian cities including Artaxata, for
305-426: A royal family perform certain public, social, or ceremonial functions, but refrain from any involvement in electoral politics or the actual governance of the country. The specific composition of royal families varies from country to country, as do the titles and royal and noble styles held by members of the family. The composition of the royal family may be regulated by statute enacted by the legislature (e.g., Spain,
366-583: A royal family vary depending on whether the polity in question is an absolute monarchy , a constitutional monarchy , or somewhere in between. In certain monarchies, such as that found in Saudi Arabia or Kuwait , or in political systems where the monarch actually exercises executive power, such as in Jordan , it is not uncommon for the members of a royal family to hold important government posts or military commands. In most constitutional monarchies, however, members of
427-779: A significant part of the Armenian Highlands was the Kingdom of Urartu , also known as the Kingdom of Van or Ararat and called Biainili in the Urartian language used by its rulers. The kingdom competed with Assyria over supremacy in the highlands of Ararat and the Fertile Crescent . Both kingdoms fell to Iranian invaders from the east (the Medes , followed by the Achaemenid Persians ) in
488-637: A surname or dynastic name (see Royal House ). In a constitutional monarchy, when the monarch dies, there is always a law or tradition of succession to the throne that either specifies a formula for identifying the precise order of succession among family members in line to the throne or specifies a process by which a family member is chosen to inherit the crown. Usually in the former case the exact line of hereditary succession among royal individuals may be identified at any given moment during prior reigns (e.g. United Kingdom , Sark , Nizari Ismailis , Japan , Balobedus , Sweden , Kingdom of Benin ) whereas in
549-591: Is a king or queen, the associated royal families, with the notable exception of the British royal family , are non-notable ordinary citizens who may bear a title but are not involved in public affairs. A royal family typically includes the spouse of the reigning monarch, surviving spouses of a deceased monarch, the children, grandchildren, brothers, sisters, and paternal cousins of the reigning monarch, as well as their spouses. In some cases, royal family membership may extend to great grandchildren and more distant descendants of
610-408: Is also customary in some circles to refer to the extended relations of a deposed monarch and their descendants as a royal family. A dynasty is sometimes referred to as the "House of ...". In July 2013 there were 26 active sovereign dynasties in the world that ruled or reigned over 43 monarchies. As of 2021 , while there are several European countries whose nominal head of state, by long tradition,
671-508: The Arsacid dynasty of Armenia was founded when Tiridates I , a member of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty, was proclaimed King of Armenia in 52. Throughout most of its history during this period, Armenia was heavily contested between Rome and Parthia, and the Armenian nobility was divided among pro-Roman, pro-Parthian or neutral factions. From 114 to 118, Armenia briefly became a province of
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#1732852474650732-744: The Hellenistic kingdoms of the Seleucid Empire . Under the Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC), the Armenian throne was divided in two—Greater Armenia (state) and Sophene —both of which passed to members of the Artaxiad dynasty in 189 BC. During the Roman Republic 's eastern expansion, the Kingdom of Armenia, under Tigranes the Great , reached its peak, from 83 to 69 BC, after it reincorporated Sophene and conquered
793-583: The Kingdom of Greater Armenia or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Armenian: Մեծ Հայք Mets Hayk ; Latin : Armenia Maior ), sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire under Tigranes II , was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD. Its history is divided into the successive reigns of three royal dynasties : Orontid (331 BC–200 BC), Artaxiad (189 BC–12 AD), and Arsacid (52–428). The root of
854-606: The Marzpanate period over Persian Armenia . Those parts of historical Armenia remained firmly under Persian control until the Muslim conquest of Persia , while the Byzantine parts remained until being conquered, also by invading Arabic armies, in the 7th century. In 885, after years of Roman, Persian, and Arab rule, Armenia regained its independence under the Bagratuni dynasty . The army of
915-488: The Netherlands , and Japan since 1947), the sovereign's prerogative and common law tradition (e.g., the United Kingdom), or a private house law (e.g., Liechtenstein , the former ruling houses of Bavaria , Prussia , Hanover , etc.). Public statutes, constitutional provisions, or conventions may also regulate the marriages, names, and personal titles of royal family members. The members of a royal family may or may not have
976-508: The Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan . The Kingdom of Armenia often served as a client state or vassal at the frontier of the two large empires and their successors, the Byzantine and Sassanid empires. In 301, Tiridates III proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of Armenia, making the Armenian kingdom the first state in history to embrace Christianity officially. In 387, Armenia
1037-581: The Seleucid Empire virtually at an end—and ruled peacefully for 17 years. During the zenith of his rule, Tigranes the Great extended Armenia's territory outside of the Armenian Highland over parts of the Caucasus and the area that is now south-eastern Turkey , Iran , Syria and Lebanon , becoming one of the most powerful states in the Roman East. Armenia became a Roman client kingdom in 66 BC, after
1098-488: The Seleucid Empire , he reunited Tmorik. Artaxias I was not able to reunite Lesser Armenia , Corduene , and Sophene , something completed by his grandson Tigranes the Great . At its peak, under Tigranes the Great, it incorporated, besides Armenia Major, Iberia , Albania , Cappadocia , Cilicia , Armenian Mesopotamia , Osroene , Adiabene , Syria , Assyria , Commagene , Sophene , Judea and Atropatene . Parthia and also some Arab tribes were vassals of Tigranes
1159-710: The 3rd century or in the beginning of the 4th century. The Armenian Second Legion had a permanent camp in one of the Northern provinces of the Orient, and built a camp in Satala . The Armenian Second legion is mentioned in the year 360 AD as a part of the garrison of Bezabda (anciently called Phoencia) in upper Tigris. In Bezabde the Armenian Second Legion served together with the Legions Parthica and II Flavia. In 390 AD Bezabde
1220-516: The 6th century BC. Its territory was reorganized into a satrapy called Armenia . The Orontid dynasty ruled as satraps of the Achaemenid Empire for three centuries until the empire was defeated by Alexander the Great 's Macedonian Empire at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, a Macedonian general named Neoptolemus obtained Armenia until he died in 321 BC and
1281-508: The Armenian throne for himself. The Iberians invaded with a large army, with him surrounding and starting a siege against Mithridates at the fortress of Gorneas ( Garni ), which was garrisoned by the Romans under the command of Caelius Pollio, a prefect, and Casperius, a centurion. Rhadamistus took the fortress by assault. Mithridates left the fortress in order to make peace with Rhadamistus. Rhadamistus then executed Mithridates and his sons, despite
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#17328524746501342-666: The Great was brought to power by the Roman armies. After Gregory the Illuminator 's spreading of Christianity in Armenia, Tiridates accepted Christianity and made it his kingdom's official religion. The date of Armenia's conversion to Christianity is traditionally held to be 301, preceding the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great 's conversion and the Edict of Milan by a dozen years.In 387,
1403-572: The Great. Traditionally, Greater Armenia was divided into 15 provinces. These provinces all existed at some point, but they never existed all at the same time. In reality, Greater Armenia comprised nearly 200 districts of varying sizes and types. The 15 provinces were as follows: Other Armenian regions: Royal family Philosophers Works A royal family is the immediate family of kings / queens , emirs/emiras , sultans / sultanas , or raja / rani and sometimes their extended family. The term imperial family appropriately describes
1464-452: The Kingdom of Armenia reached its peak under the reign of Tigranes the Great . According to the author of Judith , his army included chariots and 12,000 cavalrymen, most likely heavy cavalry or cataphracts , a unit also commonly used by Seleucids and Parthians. His army consisted mainly of 120,000 infantrymen and 12,000 mounted archers , also an important feature of the Parthian army . Like
1525-629: The Kingdom of Armenia was split between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sassanid Empire. Western Armenia first became a province of the Roman Empire under the name of Armenia Minor , and later Byzantine Armenia ; Eastern Armenia remained a kingdom within Persia until, in 428, the local nobility overthrew the king, and the Sassanids installed a marzban ( governor ) in his place, beginning
1586-483: The Kingdom of Armenia was the Kur River, which was also the border between Caucasian Albania and Kingdom of Armenia. After 331 BC, Armenia was divided into Lesser Armenia (a region of the Kingdom of Pontus ), the Kingdom of Armenia (corresponding to Armenia Major) and the Kingdom of Sophene . In 189 BC when Artashes I 's reign began, many neighboring countries ( Media , Caucasian Iberia , Seleucid Empire ) exploiting
1647-582: The Macedonian Empire, the last Orontid king, Orontes IV , was overthrown in 201/200 BC and the kingdom was taken over by a commander of the Seleucid Empire , Artaxias (Artashes) I , who is presumed to have been related to the Orontid dynasty himself. The Seleucid Empire 's influence over Armenia had weakened after it was defeated by the Romans in the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. A Hellenistic Armenian state
1708-532: The Orontids returned, not as satraps, but as kings. Orontes III and the ruler of Lesser Armenia , Mithridates, recognized themselves independent, thus elevating the former Armenian satrapy into a kingdom, giving birth to the kingdoms of Armenia and Lesser Armenia. Orontes III also defeated the Thessalian commander Menon , who wanted to capture Sper 's gold mines. Weakened by the Seleucid Empire which succeeded
1769-682: The Parthians to capture them without resistance. The conflict lasted for two years, until winter, plague and shortage of supplies forced Tiridates to retire from Armenia, which allowed Rhadamistus to return with his army strengthened and reassert rule. However, he would eventually be deposed due to being oppressive and punishing the populace for what he perceived was treason, when they allowed the Parthians to enter their towns unopposed. The Armenian nobility finally revolted in 55 AD and attempted to apprehend Rhadamistus in his palace, but he managed to escape togheter with his spouse Zenobia . When Tiridates returned
1830-515: The Romans. After gaining Armenia in 60, then losing it in 62, the Romans sent the Legio XV Apollinaris from Pannonia to Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo , legatus of Syria . In 63, strengthened further by the legions III Gallica , V Macedonica , X Fretensis and XXII , General Corbulo entered into the territories of Vologases I of Parthia , who then returned the Armenian kingdom to Tiridates , king Vologases I's brother. An agreement
1891-503: The Seleucids, the bulk of Tigranes' army were foot soldiers. The Jewish historian Josephus talks of 500,000 men in total, including camp followers. These followers consisted of camels, donkeys, and mules used for baggage, sheep, cattle, and goats for food, said to be stocked in abundance for each man, and hoards of gold and silver. As a result, the marching Armenian army was listed as "a huge, irregular force, too many to count, like locusts or
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1952-712: The adoption of Christianity in the early 4th century, Zoroastrianism's influence in the kingdom gradually started to decline. Little is known about pre-Christian Armenian literature. Many literature pieces known to us were saved and then presented to us by Moses of Chorene . This is a pagan Armenian song, telling about the birth of Vahagn : Armenian version Երկնէր երկին, երկնէր երկիր, Երկնէր եւ ծովն ծիրանի, Երկն ի ծովուն ունէր և զկարմրիկն եղեգնիկ։ Ընդ եղեգան փող ծուխ ելանէր, Ընդ եղեգան փող բոց ելանէր, Եւ ի բոցոյն վազէր խարտեաշ պատանեկիկ։ Նա հուր հեր ունէր, Բոց ունէր մօրուս, Եւ աչքունքն էին արեգակունք։ Translation In travail were heaven and earth, In travail, too,
2013-556: The beauty of their horses and armor". Horses in Armenia, since ancient times were considered as the most important part and pride of the warrior. Since antiquity, Kingdom of Armenia had a cavalary called "Azatavrear", which consisted mainly of elite Armenians. "Azatavrear" cavalry made up the main part of the king's court. In medieval times, the cavalry were collected from nobles (usually the youngest sons of Armenian lords), and were known as Ayrudzi, or "horsemen." During times of peace, Armenian cavalry were divided into small groups which took
2074-643: The building of Artaxata. The new city was laid on a strategic position at the juncture of trade routes that connected the Ancient Greek world with Bactria , India and the Black Sea which permitted the Armenians to prosper. Tigranes the Great saw an opportunity for expansion in the constant civil strife to the south. In 83 BC, at the invitation of one of the factions in the interminable civil wars, he entered Syria, and soon established himself as ruler of Syria—putting
2135-548: The capital. Sohaemus , a Roman citizen of Armenian heritage, was installed as the new client king . But during an epidemic within the Roman forces, Parthians retook most of their lost territory in 166. Sohaemus retreated to Syria, and the Arsacid dynasty was restored to power in Armenia. After the fall of the Arsacid dynasty in Persia, the succeeding Sassanid Empire aspired to reestablish Persian control. The Sassanid Persians occupied Armenia in 252. However, in 287, Tiridates III
2196-427: The dust of the earth", not unlike many other enormous Eastern armies of the time. The smaller Cappadocian , Graeco-Phoenician, and Nabataean armies were generally no match for the sheer number of soldiers, with the organized Roman army with its legions eventually posing a much greater challenge to the Armenians. Note that the numbers given by Israelite historians of the time were probably exaggerated, considering
2257-413: The efforts of the apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus . After persecutions by kings Sanatruk , Axidares , Khosrov I , and Tiridates III , Christianity was adopted as the state religion by Tiridates III after he was converted by Gregory the Illuminator . Armenia's adoption of Christianity as the state religion (the first country to do so) distinguished it from Parthian and Mazdaen influence. Until
2318-522: The fact that the Hasmonean Jews lost the war against Tigranes. Plutarch wrote that the Armenian archers could kill from 200 meters with their deadly-accurate arrows. The Romans admired and respected the bravery and the warrior spirit of the Armenian Cavalry – the core of Tigran's Army. The Roman historian Sallustius Crispus wrote that the Armenian [Ayrudzi – lit. horsemen] Cavalry was "remarkable by
2379-519: The family of an emperor or empress , and the term papal family describes the family of a pope , while the terms baronial family , comital family , ducal family , archducal family , grand ducal family , or princely family are more appropriate to describe, respectively, the relatives of a reigning baron , count / earl , duke , archduke , grand duke , or prince . However, in common parlance members of any family which reigns by hereditary right are often referred to as royalty or "royals". It
2440-758: The final defeat of Armenia's ally, Mithridates VI of Pontus by Pompey at the Battle of the Lycus . Mark Antony invaded and defeated the kingdom in 34 BC, but the Romans lost hegemony during the Final War of the Roman Republic in 32–30 BC. In 20 BC, Augustus negotiated a truce with the Parthians , making Armenia a buffer zone between the two major powers. Augustus installed Tigranes V as king of Armenia in AD 6, but ruled with Erato of Armenia . The Romans then installed Mithridates of Armenia as client king. Mithridates
2501-529: The first category are dynasts, that is, potential successors to the throne (unless the member of the latter category is also in line to the throne in their own right, a frequent occurrence in royal families which frequently intermarry). This is not always observed; some monarchies have operated by the principle of jure uxoris . In addition, certain relatives of the monarch (by blood or marriage) possess special privileges and are subject to certain statutes, conventions, or special common law. The precise functions of
Iberian–Armenian War - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-511: The ill-fated Persian campaign of the emperor Julianus Apostata in 363. "Legio Armeniaca" translates from Latin as "Armenian Legion " and "Secunda" as "Second". Like the First legion, the Armenian Second Legion was one of the later-period Roman imperial legions. This legion is also mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum. The Armenian Second Legion was thought to have been created around the end of
2623-544: The kingdom lies in one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia called Armenia ( Satrapy of Armenia ), which was formed from the territory of the Kingdom of Ararat (860 BC–590 BC) after it was conquered by the Median Empire in 590 BC. The satrapy became a kingdom in 321 BC during the reign of the Orontid dynasty after the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great , which was then incorporated as one of
2684-480: The late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land. With the advent of Christianity, both paganism and Zoroastrianism gradually started to diminish. The founder of the Arsacid branch in Armenia , Tiridates I , was a Zoroastrian priest or magus. A noted episode which illustrates the observance by the Armenian Arsacids is the famous journey of Tiridates I to Rome in A.D. 65–66. With
2745-449: The latter case the next sovereign may be selected (or changed) only during the reign or shortly after the demise of the immediately preceding monarch (e.g. Cambodia , KwaZulu Natal , Buganda , Saudi Arabia , Swaziland , Yorubaland , The Kingitanga ). Some monarchies employ a mix of these selection processes ( Malaysia , Monaco , Tonga , Jordan , Morocco ), providing for both an identifiable line of succession as well as authority for
2806-425: The medieval period. During times of war, the number of Armenian cavalry would rise, with estimates ranging from 10,000 to at least 20,000 horsemen. Besides heavy cavalry, there was also light cavalry, which primarily consisted of mounted archers. "Legio Armeniaca" translates from Latin as "Armenian Legion" and "prima" as "first". The Armenian First Legion was one of the later-period Roman imperial legions. This Legion
2867-451: The monarch, dynasty or other institution to alter the line in specific instances without changing the general law of succession. Some countries have abolished royalty altogether, as in post-revolutionary France (1870), post-revolutionary Russia (1917), Portugal (1910), post-war Germany (1918), post-war Italy (1946) and many ex European colonies. Whilst mediatization occurred in other countries such as France , Italy and Russia , only
2928-467: The purple sea, The travail held in the sea the small red reed. Through the hollow of the stalk came forth smoke, Through the hollow of the stalk came forth flame, And out of the flame a youth ran․ Fiery hair had he, Ay, too, he had flaming beard, And his eyes, they were as suns. Before the Armenian alphabet was created, Armenians used the Aramaic and Greek alphabets , the last of which had
2989-460: The remaining territories of the falling Seleucid Empire, effectively ending its existence and raising Armenia into an empire for a brief period, until it was itself conquered by Rome in 69 BC. The remaining Artaxiad kings ruled as clients of Rome until they were overthrown in 12 AD due to their possible allegiance to Rome's main rival in the region, Parthia . During the Roman–Parthian Wars ,
3050-456: The roles of guarding the King and other Armenian lords, as well as their families. Some part of the Armenian cavalry force was always patrolling Armenian borders, under the command of an Armenian general ( sparapet ). The group of Armenian cavalry whose main mission was the protection of the Armenian king and his family consisted of 6000 heavily armored horsemen in the ancient period, and 3000 horsemen in
3111-686: The same year, he was declared king of Armenia instead. However Parthian control over Armenia was unacceptable to Rome and soon after, the dispute escalated into the Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 . Tacitus . Annals . Book XII, Chapters 44-51 . Retrieved December 15, 2023 . Toumanoff, Cyril (1969), Chronology of the early Kings of Iberia, Vol. 25 Grousset, R. (1947). Histoire de l'Arménie des Origines à 1071 [ History of Armenia from its origins to 1071 ] (in French). Paris: Payot. Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity) Armenia , also
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#17328524746503172-490: The weakened state of the kingdom, conquered its remote regions. Strabo says that Artaxias I campaigned in the east and reunited Caspiane and Paytakaran , then campaigned in the north, defeated the Iberians , reuniting Gugark ( Strabo also notes that Iberia recognized themselves as vassals of the Kingdom of Armenia at this time), to the west, reuniting Karin , Ekeghik and Derjan and to the south, where, after many battles with
3233-432: The words of understanding. By the 2nd century BC, according to Strabo , the inhabitants of Greater Armenia spoke the Armenian language , implying that modern Armenians descended from that population. The Kingdom of Armenia was bordered by Caucasian Albania in the east, Iberia in the north, the Roman Empire in the west, and Parthia, later succeeded by Sassanian Empire, in the south. The border between Iberia and
3294-557: Was arrested by Caligula , but later restored by Claudius . Subsequently, Armenia was often a focus of contention between Rome and Parthia, with both major powers supporting opposing sovereigns and usurpers . The Parthians forced Armenia into submission in AD 37, but in AD 47 the Romans retook control of the kingdom. In AD 51 Armenia fell to an Iberian invasion sponsored by Parthia, led by Rhadamistus . Tigranes VI of Armenia ruled from AD 58, again installed by Roman support. The period of turmoil ends in AD 66, when Tiridates I of Armenia
3355-488: Was crowned king of Armenia by Nero . For the remaining duration of the Armenian kingdom, Rome still considered it a client kingdom de jure , but the ruling dynasty was of Parthian extraction, and contemporary Roman writers thought that Nero had de facto yielded Armenia to the Parthians. Under Nero , the Romans fought a campaign (55–63) against the Parthian Empire , which had invaded the Kingdom of Armenia, allied with
3416-475: Was mentioned in the late-antique text known as Notitia Dignitatum . It is most likely that the Armenian First Legion was formed in the 2nd or 3rd century AD, in the western part of the Kingdom, with the mission to protect the lands of Armenia from intrusion. It might first have been the garrison of Armenian lands which had been under the control of the Roman Empire . The Armenian First Legion took part in
3477-498: Was partitioned into Byzantine Armenia and Persian Armenia . The last Arsacid king of Armenia was deposed in 428, ending independent Armenian statehood until the emergence of Bagratid Armenia in the 9th century. Prior to the 9th century BC, the geographic region known as the Armenian Highlands was inhabited by Proto-Armenian and other tribes which did not yet constitute a unitary state or nation. The first state to rule over
3538-519: Was reached at the Treaty of Rhandeia in 63, according to which members of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty would rule Armenia as client kings of Rome. Another campaign was led by Emperor Lucius Verus in 162–165, after Vologases IV of Parthia had invaded Armenia and installed his chief general on its throne. To counter the Parthian threat, Verus set out for the east. His army won significant victories and retook
3599-556: Was taken by the Persian army, and a terrible bloodbath ensued against the inhabitants and garrison. The legion seemed to have survived this battle, because it appears in Notitia Dignitatum, which was written in the 5th century. Later on, the Armenian Second legion became a part of the Byzantine army. The pre-Christian Armenian pantheon included: During the 1st century AD, Christianity spread through Armenia due to (according to legend)
3660-617: Was then ruled by Claudius , Parthia by Vologases I . Two Iberian brothers then ruled the Caucasian kingdoms, Pharasmanes I in Iberia, Mithridates in Armenia. They were both dependent on Roman support, which had installed Mithridates on the Armenian throne in 35 AD. However, 15 years later, trust between the brothers had deteriorated, which Tacitus blames on the intrigues of Pharasmanes' son Rhadamistus . Fearing usurpation by Rhadamistus, his father convinced him to make war upon his uncle and claim
3721-524: Was thus founded in the same year by Artaxias I alongside the Armenian kingdom of Sophene led by Zariadres . Artaxias seized Yervandashat , united the Armenian Highlands at the expense of neighboring tribes and founded the new royal capital of Artaxata near the Araxes River . According to Strabo and Plutarch , Hannibal received hospitality at the Armenian court of Artaxias I. The authors add an apocryphal story of how Hannibal planned and supervised
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