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33-464: In the 1970s, there was an intense urban growth and harm of natural habitat in the United States. In response to this phenomenon, formal wildlife rehabilitation organizations began forming across the country. These new programs demonstrated a lack of clear, professional standards of care and support networks primarily using a method based on trial and error. Although the facilities were growing rapidly in

66-461: A continuation of oral tradition in contrast to textual communication in books and other media. Lectures may be considered a type of grey literature . The noun "lecture" dates from 14th century, meaning "action of reading, that which is read," from the Latin lectus , pp. of legere "to read." Its subsequent meaning as "oral discourse on a given subject before an audience for purposes of instruction "

99-433: A decrement in attention during the first 25 minutes. Lloyd (1968) and Scerbo et al. (1992) showed that students take less and less notes as lectures proceed. Bligh shows that after a short break filled by buzz group discussion, attention will recover somewhat. The largest section of Bligh's book is devoted to lecturing technique, particularly the organisation of lectures, how to make a point, the effectiveness of taking notes,

132-450: A proctor who is approved by the IWRC (this may include teachers, clergy members, and more). Topics included in the test include areas such as the use of field guides, habitat assessment, euthanasia, and the prevention of conflicts between humans and wildlife. To receive certification as a CWR, one must answer at least 38 questions correctly, if not, one is awarded a fail and is encouraged to retake

165-540: A teaching assistant), seminars , workshops , observation , practical application, case examples / case study , experiential learning / active learning , computer -based instruction, and tutorials . In schools , the prevalent mode of student-teacher interaction is lessons . The term " parlor lecture" gained currency throughout the British Commonwealth of Nations and the United States of America during

198-467: A wildlife rehabilitator. The IWRC contains a board of 13 directors who oversee all activities and concerns of the IWRC, most of whom hold a specific position within the board, be it president, treasurer, secretary, etc. Many of the members of the Board of Directors have grown up with a concern for wildlife and habitat conservation for many years, and continue this love in their respective homes/areas. Members of

231-419: Is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, for example by a university or college teacher . Lectures are used to convey critical information, history, background, theories, and equations. A politician's speech, a minister's sermon , or even a business person's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture. Usually the lecturer will stand at

264-413: Is an educational lecture designed to be posted online. Lectures are recorded to video, audio or both, then uploaded and made viewable on a designated site . Students may go to a certain designated site to view the lecture online at a time which is convenient for them. The lecture may also be available for live viewing online at the time it is recorded. Traditionally, vocal education is possible only when

297-510: Is as effective, but not more effective, as any other teaching method in transmitting information. Nevertheless, lecturing is not the most effective method for promoting student thought, changing attitudes, or teaching behavioral skills. Bligh summarises research on memory to show the significance of the meaningfulness of material on retention (Marks and Miller 1964) and the importance of immediate rehearsal of information (Bassey 1968). He relates his own research on arousal during lectures to suggest

330-443: Is from the 16th century. The verb "to lecture" is attested from 1590. The noun "lectern" refers to the reading desk used by lecturers. The practice in the medieval university was for the instructor to read from an original source to a class of students who took notes on the lecture. The reading from original sources evolved into the reading of glosses on an original and then more generally to lecture notes. Throughout much of history,

363-411: Is often contrasted to active learning . Lectures delivered by talented speakers can be highly stimulating; at the very least, lectures have survived in academia as a quick, cheap, and efficient way of introducing large numbers of students to a particular field of study. Lectures have a significant role outside the classroom, as well. Academic and scientific awards routinely include a lecture as part of

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396-514: Is through conferences. The first conference was held in 1977 [7] . They continue to hold these conferences annually by offering science and research-based presentations with the addition of practical skill seminars. They finally offer the option of becoming an IWRC member in order to gain ultimate access to conferences, insights, further information, and to meet with colleagues near and far [8] . The International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council offers all these various methods to get informed and train as

429-443: The IWRC, is also involved in work with another group called Le Nichoir, another non-profit organization that focuses on the conservation, care, and public information regarding wild birds [10] . In order to become a CWR (Certified Wildlife Rehabilitator), one must be able to pass a test created by the IWRC to become one of few CWR throughout the world. This test ensures that those who are involved in wildlife rehabilitation throughout

462-512: The United States, they were functioning in an isolated manner. The founders of IWRC wanted to create a professional association. Through this organization, wildlife rehabilitators could access reliable, science-based, and up-to-date information. They also sought to share the necessary resources “to help improve the quality of care provided to injured wild animals” [1] . Their main mission is to provide science-based education and resources to those who are certified as wildlife rehabilitators, as well as,

495-742: The audience with unnecessary and possibly distracting or confusing graphics. A modified lecture format, generally presented in 5 to 15 minute short segments, is now commonly presented as video, for example in massive open online courses (MOOCs) or in programs such as the Khan Academy . Bligh, in What's the Use of Lectures? , argues that lectures "represent a conception of education in which teachers who know give knowledge to students who do not and are therefore supposed to have nothing worth contributing." Based on his review of numerous studies, he concludes that lecturing

528-712: The board not only have university education, but many also hold degrees from Ivy League universities from around the world, also obtaining prestigious jobs working as veterinarians (such as Francisca Astorga) [9] . These not only show the legitimacy of the organization, but the knowledge these individuals bring to the field. The current president of the IWRC is Lynn Miller, a Certified Wildlife Rehabilitator and native New Zealander. Miller attended McGill University in Quebec, ON, and continuing on to achieve her PhD. Her love of knowledge does not only stop there though, as she continues with research through Concordia University. Herself, along with

561-432: The diffusion of knowledge via handwritten lecture notes was an essential element of academic life. Even in the twentieth century, the lecture notes taken by students, or prepared by a scholar for a lecture, have sometimes achieved wide circulation (see, for example, the genesis of Ferdinand de Saussure 's Cours de linguistique générale ). Many lecturers were, and still are, accustomed to simply reading their own notes from

594-417: The encouragement of active learning with phenomena such as social loafing and evaluation apprehension causing audience members to be reluctant to participate. A possible solution to the encouragement of audience involvement in lectures is the use of an audience response system which allows audience members to participate anonymously. Shoufan (2020) argues that with a proper usage of learning technology,

627-449: The front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture's content. Though lectures are much criticised as a teaching method , universities have not yet found practical alternative teaching methods for the large majority of their courses. Critics point out that lecturing is mainly a one-way method of communication that does not involve significant audience participation but relies upon passive learning . Therefore, lecturing

660-459: The help of lectures. Many university courses relying on lectures supplement them with smaller discussion sections, tutorials , or laboratory experiment sessions as a means of further actively involving students. Often these supplemental sections are led by graduate students , tutors , teaching assistants , or teaching fellows rather than senior faculty . Those other forms of academic teaching include discussion ( recitation if conducted by

693-488: The honor, and academic conferences often center on " keynote addresses ", i.e., lectures. The public lecture has a long history in the sciences and in social movements . Union halls , for instance, historically have hosted numerous free and public lectures on a wide variety of matters. Similarly, churches, community centers , libraries , museums , and other organizations have hosted lectures in furtherance of their missions or their constituents' interests. Lectures represent

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726-404: The lack of face-to-face interaction , and the fact that students cannot easily contact their instructors unless a communications link is created. Additionally, attendance for in-class lectures may drop due to recorded lectures. This article relating to education is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lecture A lecture (from Latin : lectura ' reading ' )

759-553: The lectern for exactly that purpose. Nevertheless, modern lectures generally incorporate additional activities, e.g. writing on a chalk-board, exercises, class questions and discussions, or student presentations. The use of multimedia presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint has changed the form of lectures, e.g. video, graphics, websites, or prepared exercises may be included. Most commonly, however, only outlines composed of "bullet points" are presented. Critics such as Edward Tufte contend that this style of lecture bombards

792-495: The lecture can be omitted and completely replaced by learning activities. The effectiveness of traditional lecture is and has been debated. Some advantages of lecturing include: quick exposure to new material, greater teacher control in the classroom, an engaging format, which may complement and clarify course material, and facilitating large-class communication. Lecturing also permits the dissemination of unpublished or not readily available material. Another advantage would be for

825-528: The lecturer to attract students. A vivid personality with a kind and respectful attitude in the classroom may help to recruit prospective Master and PhD students for a lecturer's own academic research. There has been much debate as to whether or not lecturing actually improves student learning in the classroom. Commonly cited disadvantages of lecture include: placing students in a passive (rather than an active) role, encouraging one-way communication, requiring significant out-of-class time for students to engage with

858-471: The material, and requiring the speaker to possess effective speaking skills. The criticisms of lectures are often summarized by a quote generally misattributed to Mark Twain : College is a place where a professor’s lecture notes go straight to the students’ lecture notes, without passing through the brains of either. While lecturing is generally accepted as an effective form of instruction, there have been some prominent educators who have succeeded without

891-820: The public who wishes to become certified. Mainly they seek to promote wildlife conservation and welfare [2] . They provide various educational programs, all of which are science-based, to help the individuals learn more about wildlife rehabilitation or help them to become certified professionals [3] . They offer classes similar to a traditional classroom setting, which was the first of its kind, launched in 1984 [4] . The Basic Wildlife Rehabilitation two-day program includes various classes with lectures and labs. Topics covered include basic anatomy and physiology, handling and physical restraint, thermoregulation, stress, initial care and physical examination, nutrition and associated diseases, standards for housing, zoonoses, euthanasia criteria and release criteria. The content and criteria remains

924-539: The same up to this day and has been delivered to multiple different countries. Classes are held by request about 15-20 times a year in various locations [5] . The IWRC also offers online professional training. The new distance education program emerged in 2005 giving access to online lectures , discussions, and web-examinations [6] . Another way the International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council provides information to rehabilitation scientists

957-437: The teacher and the pupil are together in the same room, where the teacher passes on the information in the same vicinity of the student. The development of the online lecture makes it possible so that the teacher and student no longer have to be in the same vicinity to teach and learn, respectively. There are certain advantages to online lecturing. Students may access online lectures posted on their designated websites anywhere in

990-443: The test [12] . After two years have passed since taking the test, one’s certification is thus expired and one must retake the test to again have their certification. The IWRC prides itself on providing up to date, scientific-based information and guidelines regarding wildlife conservation, and without this two-year period many CWR would not be aware of new research in their field About Us . Online lecture An online lecture

1023-472: The use of handouts, and ways of obtaining feedback. Early editions of the book contained a reply paid evaluation card. This research showed that the section on alternative teaching methods within lectures was the most highly praised. The conception of the lecture as needing to be a didactic event has been challenged by Meltzer and Manivannan (2002) and Sandry (2005) who maintain that lectures can involve active learning. However, Elliot (2005) sees difficulties in

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1056-516: The world have the proper skills and knowledge to properly protect the earth’s environment. One is not required to be a member of the IWRC to become certified, it is merely an addition to ones experience and professionalism that is encouraged. The test itself is taken from a bank of over 12 000, resulting in personalized tests for each individual undergoing certification, which includes 50 questions that may be true/false, multiple choice, and/or matching [11] . The test may be taken online, or in person with

1089-499: The world, at any time they wish, as long as they have an internet connection . They can also be repeated for the sake of note taking . Studies have shown that students improve significantly in courses with online archived lectures. Studies have also noted that students' overall experience of a course has improved with the addition of online lectures. Online lecture may also one of the solutions in equalizing education for students. There are also disadvantages to online lecturing, namely

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