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47-676: The Fourth Council of the Lateran or Lateran IV was convoked by Pope Innocent III in April 1213 and opened at the Lateran Palace in Rome on 11 November 1215. Due to the great length of time between the council's convocation and its meeting, many bishops had the opportunity to attend this council, which is considered by the Catholic Church to be the twelfth ecumenical council . The council addressed

94-666: A "persecuting society". These measures applied with vigour first to heretics, and then increasingly to other minorities, such as Jews and lepers. In the case of Jews, antisemitism had been rising since the Crusades in different parts of Europe, and the measures of Lateran IV gave the legal means to implement active systemic persecution, such as physical separation of Jews and Christians, enforced through Jews being obliged to wear distinctive badges or clothing. The Council mandated that Jews separate and distinguish themselves, in order to "protect" Christians from their influence. In some provinces

141-559: A ceremony at the start of the academic year to welcome incoming students. A synodical assembly of a church is at times called "Convocation" The Convocations of Canterbury and York were the synodical assemblies of the two Provinces of the Church of England until the Church Assembly was established in 1920. Their origins date back to the end of the seventh century when Theodore of Tarsus (Archbishop of Canterbury, 668-690) reorganized

188-522: A difference in dress distinguishes the Jews or Saracens from the Christians, but in certain others such a confusion has grown up that they cannot be distinguished by any difference. Thus it happens at times that through error Christians have relations with the women of Jews or Saracens, and Jews and Saracens with Christian women. Therefore, that they may not, under pretext of error of this sort, excuse themselves in

235-675: A majority in the lower houses. The Convocation of York was a relatively small part of the Church in England and Wales with only five member dioceses in Henry VIII's reign. In 1462 it decided that all the provincial constitutions of Canterbury which were not repugnant or prejudicial to its own should be allowed in the Northern Province and by 1530 the Archbishop of York rarely attended sessions and

282-432: A number of issues, including the sacraments , the role of the laity , the treatment of Jews and heretics , and the organization of the church . The decree mandating annual confession has been called "pehaps the most important legislative act in the history of the church." In the case of Jews and Muslims , this included compelling them to wear distinctive badges to prevent social contact "through error". The council

329-589: A significant problem by the Papacy. Implementation of the council's reforms was included within the Canons, with instructions that local councils should be held in order to create plans for their adoption. Provinces held councils to instruct Bishops to hold local synods, however the evidence suggests that this mechanism did not result in Bishops holding meetings and organising reforms in the manner intended. Henry of Segusio likened

376-460: Is now housed at the University of Giessen . Dissemination of the Canons themselves was often patchy and incomplete, as it relied on handwritten records kept by local bishops, while it is unclear if the Papacy ever provided official copies. Local adaptations of the Canons could reflect disagreements or differences of priorities, and the incompleteness of the transmission of the canons was recognised as

423-465: Is the name used for the matriculation ceremony that formally welcomes new students at the start of the academic year. At some universities in the UK and other countries, convocation refers to the body of the members of the university that meets to make official decisions. In the University of Oxford , convocation was originally the main governing body of the university, consisting of all doctors and masters of

470-564: Is viewed by medievalists as both opening up many reforms, and as formalising and enforcing intolerance in European society, both to heretics and Jews, and thus playing a role in the development of systemic European antisemitism . Innocent III first mooted organizing an ecumenical council in November 1199. In his letter titled Vineam Domini , dated 19 April 1213, the Pope writes of the urgent need to recover

517-465: The Holy Land and reform the Church. The letter, which also served as a summons to an ecumenical council , was included alongside the Pope's papal bull Quia maior . In preparing for the council, the Pope spearheaded the extensive refurbishment of the old St. Peter's Basilica , which he designated as the "centrepiece for display and decoration" during the council. The lunette of the main door leading to

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564-444: The chancellor of the university, most recently Fiona Hill on 28 November 2022, and receives the annual report of the university. In the University of London , convocation, between its establishment in 1858 and its abolition in 2003, consisted of the university's graduates who were involved in the university's governance. In New Zealand, universities have courts of convocation by which all graduates elect representatives to

611-567: The 1530s and the Dissolution of the Monasteries ), Deans, and Archdeacons, plus one representative of each cathedral chapter and two for the clergy from each diocese. By the fifteenth century, each convocation was divided into an upper house (the Bishops) and a lower house (the remaining members). In 1921, the number of proctors (elected representatives) of the diocesan clergy was increased to make them

658-607: The Church of England and feelings ran high until in 1717 the session was prorogued by Royal Writ to avoid the censuring of Bishop Benjamin Hoadly by the lower house (see the Bangorian controversy ) and with the exception of an abortive session in 1741 the Convocations met only for formal business at the beginning of each parliament until the middle of the nineteenth century when Canterbury (in 1852) and York (in 1861) began to discuss issues of

705-694: The Commonwealth but restored on the accession of Charles II in 1660 and they synodically approved the Book of Common Prayer which was imposed by the Act of Uniformity in 1662. Formal sessions at the start of each parliament continued but no real business was discussed until after the Revolution of 1688 which brought William III and Mary II to the throne when attempts to include some of the Protestant dissenters met such resistance in

752-488: The Convocations were used as a source of clerical opinion but ecclesiastical legislation was secured by statute from Parliament. Later between 1559 and 1641, Elizabeth I, James I and Charles I gave the force of law to decisions of Convocation without recourse to Parliament by letters patent under the great seal notably the Thirty-Nine Articles (1571) and the 141 Canons of 1603. The Convocations were abolished during

799-576: The Latin Emperor of Constantinople, John, King of England , Andrew II of Hungary , Philip II of France , and the kings of Aragon, Cyprus, and Jerusalem. This made it the largest ecumenical council between the Council of Chalcedon and the Second Vatican Council ; Anne J. Duggan writes that "it was the largest, most representative, and most influential council assembled under papal leadership before

846-539: The Pope consecrated the Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere , which had been rebuilt by Callixtus II . Four days later, the anniversary celebration at St. Peter's Basilica brought together such a large gathering that the Pope himself had trouble entering the premises. The second plenary session was held on 20 November; the Pope was scheduled to preach about church reform, but proceedings were disrupted by bishops who opposed

893-678: The Talmud as part of the campaign against heresy, claiming that the Talmud was an invention of the Rabbis, and the Jews should be restricted to using Biblical texts for their faith. This was the first time that the Catholic church had tried to directly regulate the practice of Judaism. Innocent III deliberately chose for the Fourth Council to meet in November, during which there were numerous feast days . A preliminary legal session took place on 4 November, while

940-417: The archbishop could only prorogue (adjourn) a session with the consent of his fellow diocesans. In 1851, Canterbury received a petition, in 1853 it appointed committees and by 1855 Archbishop Sumner was convinced of the value of Convocation and those bishops who had opposed the revival were taking part positively in its debates. Archbishop Musgrave maintained his opposition until his death in 1860—he even locked

987-410: The basis of much Catholic theology, notable of the analogia entis . While the precise application and levels of conformity to Lateran IV were variable, some historians claim that it created a wide range of legal measures with long term repercussions, which were used to persecute minorities and helped usher in a specifically intolerant kind of European society, or as historian R. I. Moore defines it,

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1034-548: The beginning of a new Parliament coincided with the polemical nomination of Dr Hampden to the see of Hereford. The formal address to the Queen was debated for six hours and an amendment carried praying the Crown to revive the active powers of convocation. The driving force behind the campaign to achieve this was the London banker, Henry Hoare , who dedicated himself to the task. The opposition

1081-400: The beginning of the twentieth century, both Convocations together with their respective houses of laity began to meet as a Representative Council which however had no legal authority or position. This was superseded in 1920 by the Church Assembly which was given the right to propose measures to Parliament by the " Enabling Act of 1919 ". The Convocations still exist and their members constitute

1128-407: The confiscation. All of Raymond VI's lands were confiscated, save Provence, which was kept in trust to be restored to Raymond VII. Pierre-Bermond of Sauve's claim to Toulouse was rejected and Toulouse was awarded to de Montfort, while the lordship of Melgueil was separated from Toulouse and entrusted to the bishops of Maguelonne . The next day, in a ceremony attended by many council participants,

1175-454: The convocations varied considerably over the centuries. Until 1664, they (not Parliament) determined the taxes to be paid by the clergy, but their powers in general were severely curtailed by Henry VIII in 1532/4; and from the time of the Reformation till 1965 they were summoned and dissolved at the same time as Parliament. Under Henry VIII and his successor Edward VI between 1534 and 1553

1222-526: The council to the "four great councils of antiquity". Lateran IV is sometimes referred to as the "Great Council of the Lateran" due to the presence of 404 or 412 bishops (including 71 cardinals and archbishops ) and over 800 abbots and priors representing some eighty ecclesiastical provinces , together with 23 Latin-speaking prelates from the Eastern Orthodox Church and representatives of several monarchs , including Frederick II, Otto IV ,

1269-418: The custom that York waited to see what Canterbury had decided and either accepted or rejected it was well established. The Convocation of York was, in practice, taking second place to that of Canterbury so much so that in 1852 the Archbishop of York Thomas Musgrave stated that since the time of Henry VIII the archbishop had only attended personally two sessions (in 1689 and 1708). The legislative powers of

1316-508: The day. The resumption of proper business was brought about by the political changes which had taken place some twenty years earlier. Until the Great Reform Bill of 1832, Parliament had been theoretically an Anglican body, and many churchmen began to argue that neither Parliament nor the bishops in the House of Lords expressed the mind of the Church as a whole In 1847 the routine session at

1363-659: The designation of Frederick II as Holy Roman Emperor. The council concluded on 30 November, Saint Andrew's Day , during which the Pope preached on the Nicene Creed and concluded his remarks by raising up a relic of the True Cross . The archbishop of Mainz attempted to interrupt the speech, although he complied with the Pope's raising of his hand—a command to stay silent. Lateran IV had three objectives: crusading , Church reform, and combating heresy. The seventy-one Lateran canons, which were not debated, were only formally adopted on

1410-567: The end of the fourteenth century." According to F. Donald Logan , "the Fourth Lateran Council was the most important general council of the church in the Middle Ages", whose effects "were felt for centuries." Convoked In academic use, it can refer variously to the formal body of an institutions alumni or to a ceremonial assembly of the university, particularly at a graduation or commencement ceremony but, at some institutions, for

1457-420: The events have been found in various manuscripts by observers of the council. The Chronica Majora by Matthew Paris contains a line drawing of one of the sessions at the council which his abbot William of St Albans had personally attended. An extensive eyewitness account by an anonymous German cleric was copied into a manuscript that was published in 1964, in commemoration of the Second Vatican Council , and

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1504-483: The future for the excesses of such prohibited intercourse, we decree that such Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress. Particularly, since it may be read in the writings of Moses [ Numbers 15:37–41 ], that this very law has been enjoined upon them. While the proceedings were not officially recorded, unlike in previous councils, evidence of

1551-687: The institutions' governing bodies. County of Melgueil The County of Melgueil ( Occitan : Melguelh , modern Mauguio ) was a fief of first the Carolingian Emperor , then the King of France , and finally (1085) the Papacy during the Middle Ages . Counts probably sat at Melgueil from the time of the Visigoths . The counts of Melgueil were also counts of Maguelonne and Substantion from at least

1598-464: The last day of the council; according to Anne J. Duggan, the "scholarly consensus" is that they were drafted by Innocent III himself. They cover a range of themes including Church reform and elections, taxation, matrimony, tithing, simony , and Judaism . After being recorded in the papal registers, the canons were quickly circulated in law schools. Effective application of the decrees varied according to local conditions and customs. The Council condemned

1645-549: The lower house that the government abandoned them and the Convocations resumed their purely formal meetings In 1697 Francis Atterbury published his Letter to a Convocation Man concerning the Rights, Powers and Privileges of that Body which, in essence, claimed that the Convocation was an estate of the realm like Parliament and that the lower clergy were being illegally disfranchised and denied its proper voice in government. Business

1692-563: The opening ceremony of the council was held on St. Martin's Day and began with a private morning Mass. Afterwards, at the start of the first plenary session in the Lateran Palace, the Pope led the singing of " Veni Creator Spiritus " and preached about Jesus' words to his disciples at the Last Supper , quoting from Luke 22 . In his next two sermons, one on the need to recover the Holy Land and

1739-636: The other on dealing with heretics, the Pope was joined on stage by Raoul of Mérencourt and Thedisius of Agde respectively. On 14 November, there were violent scenes between the partisans of Simon de Montfort among the French bishops and those of the Count of Toulouse. Raymond VI of Toulouse , his son (afterwards Raymond VII ), and Raymond-Roger of Foix attended the council to dispute the threatened confiscation of their territories; Bishop Foulques and Guy de Montfort (brother of Simon de Montfort) argued in favour of

1786-491: The room where it was due to meet—and the Northern Convocation remained inactive until his successor took office. The Convocations have always been exclusively clerical assemblies. However, in 1885 the Convocations agreed to the establishment of parallel Houses of Laity elected by the lay members of the diocesan conferences. These were not part of Convocation; they had no constitutional status and were merely advisory. At

1833-463: The structures of the English Church and established a national synod of bishops. With the recognition of York as a separate province in 733, this synod was divided into two. In 1225, representatives of the cathedral and monastic chapters were included for the first time and in 1285 the membership of the Convocation of Canterbury assumed the basic form which it retained till 1921: Bishops, Abbots (till

1880-605: The teaching of the Joachimites , which was a mystical tendency of Franciscans who believed the church was entering a new "era of the Holy Spirit" where the established church would be replaced by (or process into) an egalitarian and utopian monastic rule. As part of this, the Council stated that "between creator and creature there can be noted no similarity so great that a greater dissimilarity cannot be seen between them," which became

1927-439: The time of Peter 's homage to Pope Gregory VII on 27 April 1085. In 1172 Beatriu disinherited her son Bertrand and named her daughter Ermessenda her heiress. Later that year Ermessenda married the future Raymond VI of Toulouse and by her will of 1176 the county was to go to Toulouse. Bertrand refused to recognise his disinheritance and pledged homage as Count of Melgueil to Alfonso II of Aragon in 1172. The county fell to

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1974-512: The tomb of St. Peter had engravings of Old Testament prophets and twenty-four bishops, alongside the messages, "Feed your Sheep" and "This is the Door of the Sheep". The measures against the Jews were the culmination of hostility during Innocent's reign as Pope, itself informed by a background of greater hostility to the Jews generated in part by the Crusades. Innocent for example waged a novel campaign against

2021-621: The two clerical houses of the General Synod but, apart from some residual and formal responsibilities, all legal authority is now vested in the Synod which was established in 1970. At universities, "convocation" can refer (particularly in North America) to a university's graduation ceremony or, more generally, to any formal assembly of the university (similar to congregation in some British universities). At Harvard and Columbia universities it

2068-564: The university, but it now comprises all graduates of the university and its only remaining functions are to elect the chancellor of the university and the Professor of Poetry . (The equivalent body at Cambridge is the senate. ) At Durham University , convocation was established as the assembly of members of the university by the university's fundamental statue in 1835. Women were admitted to convocation from 1913. Durham's degrees were awarded at meetings of convocation until 1938, when this power

2115-480: Was formidable: half the clergy and most of the laity rejected the idea, many politicians were against it and the two archbishops— John Bird Sumner and Thomas Musgrave—had no desire to revive Convocation. The legal basis of the resistance was the claim that convocation could only discuss such business as was expressly specified by the Crown. Over the next eight years it was established that it could debate and act provided it did not try to discuss or frame canons and that

2162-442: Was resumed in 1701 and by the time Queen Anne died in 1714 draft canons and forms of service had been drawn up for royal assent. However, there was an inherent tension between the two houses, the lower house was mainly Tory in its politics and high church in its doctrine while the upper house was mainly Whig and latitudinarian and therefore in favour of toleration for Protestant dissenters and their possible reincorporation into

2209-405: Was transferred to the senate and awards were instead made at congregations of the university. As of 2024, it consists of the chancellor, the vice-chancellor and warden, the deputy vice-chancellor and provost, the pro-vice-chancellors, graduates of the university who have registered as members of convocation, and other officers of the university appointed by the university's council. It appoints

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