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92-595: Development of the IS-4 started in November 1943 with the purpose of improving upon the IS-2 and incorporating captured enemy technology. This created a blend of IS-2 features and unique features not found in other Soviet tanks. The IS-2's stepped front plate was judged to be a weak point and made into a single glacis with additional armor for the driver. This was in order to accomplish the IS-4's design parameters which included protection from

184-576: A 60 Minutes interview with Steve Kroft , Sergio Marchionne responded "just to rectify the record I paid back the loans at 19.7% Interest. I don't think I committed to do to a commercial on top of that" and characterized the Republican reaction as "unnecessary and out of place". In 2014, Chrysler started using a new slogan, "America's Import" in ads introducing their all-new 2015 Chrysler 200 , targeting foreign automakers from Germany to Japan with such ads (German performance and Japanese quality), and at

276-401: A $ 50 million stock offering. $ 180 million was to come from concessions from dealers and suppliers. Also in 1978, Iacocca offloaded the ailing European operation to PSA Peugeot Citroën for a nominal $ 1, taking with it the group's substantial losses and debts which had been dragging the rest of the business down. After a period of plant closures and salary cuts agreed to by both management and

368-460: A 19.9% stake. The economic collapse during the Financial crisis of 2007–2008 pushed the company to the brink. On April 30, 2009, the automaker filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection to be able to operate as a going concern, while renegotiating its debt structure and other obligations, which resulted in the corporation defaulting on over $ 4 billion in secured debts. The U.S. government described

460-585: A March 27 mediation to try to settle the lawsuit over the clothing company's use of "Imported from Detroit" slogan. Pure Detroit stated that Chrysler has made false claims about the origins of three vehicles - Chrysler 200, Chrysler 300 and Chrysler Town & Country - none of which are built in Detroit. Pure Detroit also said that Chrysler's Imported From Detroit merchandise is not being made in Detroit. In 2012 Chrysler and Pure Detroit came to an undisclosed settlement. Chrysler's Jefferson North Assembly , which makes

552-583: A bailout from the U.S. government through the Troubled Asset Relief Program . On June 10, 2009, Chrysler emerged from the bankruptcy proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat S.p.A. , and the U.S. and Canadian governments as principal owners. The bankruptcy resulted in Chrysler defaulting on over $ 4 billion in debts. In May 2011, Chrysler finished repaying its obligations to

644-509: A hatch; however, the absence of leaf, coil or volute springs often left a large expanse of the side of the hull clear to include a side-escape hatch, and it was rare for a tank to be flipped over in such a way that all top-side hatches were unable to open, which is the purpose of ventral hatches. Many contemporary main battle tanks use torsion bar suspension, including the American M1 Abrams, German Leopard 2, and Chinese MBT-3000, though

736-456: A new FCA logo were announced. The most challenging launch for this new company came immediately in January 2014 with a completely redesigned Chrysler 200 . The vehicle's creation is from the completely integrated company, FCA, executing from a global compact-wide platform. On December 16, 2014, Chrysler Group LLC announced a name change to FCA US LLC. On January 12, 2017, FCA shares traded at

828-459: A nominal $ 1. The company struggled to adapt to changing markets, increased U.S. import competition, and safety and environmental regulation in the 1970s. It began an engineering partnership with Mitsubishi Motors , and began selling Mitsubishi vehicles branded as Dodge and Plymouth in North America. On the verge of bankruptcy in the late 1970s, it was saved by $ 1.5 billion in loan guarantees from

920-458: A pivot. Deflection of the suspension arm caused both halves of the double torsion bar to twist. A disadvantage of the torsion bar suspension used in Tiger and Panther tanks (and many other WWII-era tanks and other AFVs ) was the inability to incorporate an escape hatch through the bottom of the hull, a common feature of WWII-era tanks, as the torsion bar arrangement would have blocked crew access to such

1012-401: A strong likelihood of winning its case. Therefore, Pure Detroit's owner, Detroit retailer Moda Group LLC, can continue selling its "Imported from Detroit" products. Tarnow also noted that Chrysler does not have a trademark on "Imported from Detroit" and rejected the automaker's argument that trademark law is not applicable to the case. In March 2012, Chrysler Group LLC and Pure Detroit agreed to

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1104-574: A subsidiary of Stellantis , the company formed from the 2021 merger of FCA and PSA Group (Peugeot Société Anonyme). After founding the company, Walter Chrysler used the General Motors brand diversification and hierarchy strategy that he had become familiar with when he worked in the Buick division at General Motors. He then acquired Fargo Trucks and the Dodge Brothers Company , and created

1196-411: A sudden stop. A gun stabilizer must be used to compensate for the rocking motion. Due to the massive weight of a main battle tank, compared to an automobile, there is a much greater risk of breaking a torsion bar on sudden bumps or maneuvers, and if it is not replaced in short order the reduced suspension can affect the maneuverability of the vehicle, and in extreme cases risk immobilizing the vehicle as

1288-425: A torsion bar in an American car was by Hudson Motor Car Company of Detroit who had introduced the innovative front axle flex suspension in 1934 Hudson and Terraplane cars and realized for 1935 that a transverse torsion bar linked to the rear axle was needed as an anti-roll bar to stabilize the cars. The single torsion bar was mounted through the frame sides behind the rear axle and then attached by arms and links to

1380-509: Is attached firmly to the vehicle chassis; the opposite end terminates in a lever, the torsion key, mounted perpendicular to the bar, that is attached to a suspension arm, a spindle, or the axle. Vertical motion of the wheel causes the bar to twist around its axis and is resisted by the bar's torsion resistance. The effective spring rate of the bar is determined by its length, cross section, shape, material, and manufacturing process. Torsion bar suspensions are used on combat vehicles and tanks like

1472-526: Is maintained by cross-linking front and rear suspension spheres using hydraulic connecting pipes. (The two previous sentences refer to two different oleo-pneumatic suspension systems and are best ignored in the context of torsion bars. The principle of wheel change by suspension height adjustments has already been explained earlier in the paragraph). The first vehicle to use torsion bars was Leyland Eight designed by J. G. Parry-Thomas and produced from 1920 to 1923, however its rear suspension, patented in 1919,

1564-415: Is non-transferable. After Chrysler's restructuring, the warranty program was replaced by five-year/100,000 mile transferable warranty for 2010 or later vehicles. In 2008, as a response to customer feedback citing the prospect of rising gas prices as a top concern, Chrysler launched the "Let's Refuel America" incentive campaign, which guaranteed new-car buyers a gasoline price of $ 2.99 for three years. With

1656-783: Is one of the " Big Three " automobile manufacturers in the United States, headquartered in Auburn Hills, Michigan . It is the American subsidiary of the multinational automotive company Stellantis . Stellantis North America sells vehicles worldwide under the Chrysler , Dodge , Jeep , and Ram Trucks nameplates. It also includes Mopar , its automotive parts and accessories division, and SRT , its performance automobile division. The division also distributes Alfa Romeo , Fiat , and Maserati vehicles in North America. The original Chrysler Corporation

1748-500: Is the smallest of the "Big Three" U.S. automakers (Stellantis North America, Ford Motor Company , and General Motors ). In 2020, FCA US sold just over 1.8 million vehicles. Chrysler was the world's 11th largest vehicle manufacturer as ranked by OICA in 2012. Total Chrysler vehicle production was about 2.37 million that year. The company has since become a wholly-owned subsidiary and no longer reports global sales. In 2007, Chrysler began to offer vehicle lifetime powertrain warranty for

1840-412: Is usually an easy task. Longitudinal torsion bars extend under the passenger compartment, cutting into interior space by raising the floor, while in transverse systems, torsion bar length is limited by vehicle width. Some vehicles use torsion bars to provide automatic leveling , using a motor to pre-stress the bars to provide greater resistance to load and, in some cases (depending on the speed with which

1932-515: The Chrysler Voyager in Austria for European markets in 1992. In 1998, Chrysler and its subsidiaries entered into a partnership dubbed a "merger of equals" with German-based Daimler-Benz AG, creating the combined entity DaimlerChrysler AG . To the surprise of many stockholders, Daimler acquired Chrysler in a stock swap before Chrysler CEO Bob Eaton retired. Under DaimlerChrysler, the company

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2024-567: The Jeep/Eagle division as a "specialty" arm to market products distinctly different from the K-car-based products with the Eagle cars targeting import buyers. Former AMC dealers sold Jeep vehicles and various new Eagle models, as well as Chrysler products, strengthening the automaker's retail distribution system. Eurostar , a joint venture between Chrysler and Steyr-Daimler-Puch , began producing

2116-599: The K-car . A reengineered torsion bar suspension, introduced with the 1976 Dodge Aspen , introduced transverse-mounted torsion bars (possibly based on the Volkswagen Type 3 passenger car) until production ended in 1989 (with Chrysler's M platform). Some generations of the Dodge Dakota and Durango used torsion bars on the front suspension. General Motors first used torsion bars on their light-duty pickup trucks in 1960 until it

2208-487: The Plymouth and DeSoto brands in 1928. Facing postwar declines in market share, productivity, and profitability, as GM and Ford were growing, Chrysler borrowed $ 250 million in 1954 from Prudential Insurance to pay for expansion and updated car designs. Chrysler expanded into Europe by taking control of French, British, and Spanish auto companies in the 1960s; Chrysler Europe was sold in 1978 to PSA Peugeot Citroën for

2300-502: The Super Bowl . Its two-minute February 5, 2012 Super Bowl XLVI advertisement was titled "Halftime in America". The ad drew criticism from several leading U.S. conservatives , who suggested that its messaging implied that President Barack Obama deserved a second term and, as such, was political payback for Obama's support for the federal bailout of the company. Asked about the criticism in

2392-543: The T-72 , Leopard 1 , Leopard 2 , M26 Pershing , M18 Hellcat , M48 Patton , M60 Patton and the M1 Abrams (many tanks from World War II used this suspension), and on modern trucks and SUVs from Ford , Chrysler , GM , Mitsubishi , Mazda , Nissan , Isuzu , LuAZ , and Toyota . Class 8 truck manufacturer Kenworth also offered a torsion bar suspension for its K100C and W900A models, up to about 1981. Manufacturers change

2484-708: The Wolseley -badged upmarket variants of the latter two models. The designer of these cars, Alec Issigonis , was inspired by the Traction Avant's suspension, although the Morris cars were rear-wheel drive and used conventional leaf springs for their rear axles. The Minor used lever arm dampers with its torsion bars while the Oxford and the Six used innovative telescopic dampers . The Minor remained in production largely unchanged until 1972 and

2576-547: The coaxial machine gun . The IS-4 may have had an intercom system on the back of the turret to allow mounted infantry to talk with the tank crew. Production started in 1946, too late for World War II . It was found to be overweight, and its original purpose (to fight against the Germans) was not needed anymore. Furthermore, the IS-3 was already in production, and for these reasons less than 250 were built. Most of them were transferred to

2668-757: The 47% ownership of AMC that was held by Renault . The remaining outstanding shares of AMC were bought on the NYSE by August 5, 1987, making the deal valued somewhere between US$ 1.7 billion and US$ 2 billion, depending on how costs were counted. Chrysler CEO Lee Iacocca wanted the Jeep brand, particularly the Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ) that was under development, the new world-class manufacturing plant in Bramalea, Ontario , and AMC's engineering and management talent that became critical for Chrysler's future success. Chrysler established

2760-572: The Big 3 US automakers, Chrysler lacked the financial resources to meet all of these challenges. In 1976, with the demise of the reliable Dart/Valiant, quality control declined. Their replacements, the Dodge Aspen and Plymouth Volare , were comfortable and had good roadability, but owners soon experienced major reliability problems which crept into other models as well. Engines failed and/or did not run well, and premature rust plagued bodies. In 1978, Lee Iacocca

2852-573: The Chalmers automobile was ended. In January 1924, Walter Chrysler launched the well-received Chrysler automobile. The Chrysler Six was designed to provide customers with an advanced, well-engineered car, at an affordable price. Elements of this car are traceable to a prototype which had been under development at Willys during Chrysler's tenure The original 1924 Chrysler included a carburetor air filter, high compression engine, full pressure lubrication, and an oil filter, features absent from most autos at

IS-4 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2944-665: The Chrysler Corporation began dividing its vehicle offerings by price class and function. The Plymouth brand was introduced at the low-priced end of the market (created essentially by once again reworking and rebadging the Chrysler Series 50 four-cylinder model). At the same time, the DeSoto brand was introduced in the medium-price field. Also in 1928, Chrysler bought the Dodge Brothers automobile and truck company and continued

3036-476: The Chrysler Corporation. The company was headquartered in the Detroit enclave of Highland Park , where it remained until completing the move to its present Auburn Hills location in 1996. Chrysler had arrived at the ailing Maxwell- Chalmers company in the early 1920s, hired to overhaul the company's troubled operations (after a similar rescue job at the Willys -Overland car company). In late 1923, production of

3128-485: The Chrysler brand as an upscale brand. In October 2009, Dodge's car and truck lines were separated, with the name "Dodge" being used for cars, minivans, and crossovers and "Ram" for light- and medium-duty trucks and other commercial-use vehicles. In 2011, Chrysler unveiled their "Imported From Detroit" campaign with ads featuring Detroit rapper Eminem , one of which aired during the Super Bowl. The campaign highlighted

3220-470: The French Simca , British Rootes , and Spanish Barreiros companies, merging them into Chrysler Europe in 1967. In the 1970s, an engineering partnership was established with Mitsubishi Motors , and Chrysler began selling Mitsubishi vehicles branded as Dodge and Plymouth in North America. Chrysler struggled to adapt to the changing environment of the 1970s. When consumer tastes shifted to smaller cars in

3312-500: The German 8.8 cm Pak 43 anti-tank gun. The side hull of the IS-4 is a simple angular step instead of angling out like the IS-3. The right side of the tank was fitted with clamp rings to carry an unditching log. The driver's position was described as cramped, though the writer of the review was taller than what was typical for tankers of the time. The IS-4 track system is based on the IS-2 with an additional set of cast road wheels bringing

3404-578: The Jeep Grand Cherokee and Dodge Durango, is the only car manufacturing plant of any company remaining entirely in Detroit (General Motors operates a plant that is partly in Detroit and partly in Hamtramck). In 2011, Eminem settled a lawsuit against Audi alleging the defendant had ripped off the Chrysler 300 Super Bowl commercial in the Audi A6 Avant ad. Again in 2012, Chrysler advertised during

3496-641: The Marshall Mathers Foundation. In March 2011, Chrysler Group LLC filed a lawsuit against Moda Group LLC (owner of Pure Detroit clothing retailer) for copying and selling merchandise with the "Imported from Detroit" slogan. Chrysler claimed it had notified defendant of its pending trademark application February 14, but the defendant argued Chrysler had not secured a trademark for the "Imported From Detroit" phrase. On June 18, 2011, U.S. District Judge Arthur Tarnow ruled that Chrysler's request did not show that it would suffer irreparable harm or that it had

3588-562: The New York Stock Exchange lost value after the EPA accused FCA US of using emissions cheating software to evade diesel-emissions tests, however the company countered the accusations, and the chairman and CEO Sergio Marchionne sternly rejected them. The following day, shares rose as investors played down the effect of the accusations. Analysts gave estimates of potential fines from several hundred million dollars to $ 4 billion, although

3680-676: The Rambler ran fine in warm weather, but suffered hard starting in cooler temperatures and AMC decided not to use this EFI system on its 1957 Rambler Rebel production cars that were sold to the public. Chrysler also used the Bendix "Electrojector" fuel injection system and only around 35 vehicles were built with this option, on its 1958 production-built car models. Owners of EFI Chryslers were so dissatisfied that all but one were retrofitted with carburetors (while that one has been completely restored, with original EFI electronic problems resolved). The Valiant

3772-510: The Russian Far East. Later in the 1950s, a side skirt was added. In the early 1960s they were retired from service, with some serving on the Chinese border as pillboxes. Torsion bar suspension A torsion bar suspension , also known as a torsion spring suspension , is any vehicle suspension that uses a torsion bar as its main weight-bearing spring. One end of a long metal bar

IS-4 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3864-482: The U.S. government five years early, although the cost to the American taxpayer was $ 1.3 billion. Over the next few years, Fiat S.p.A. gradually acquired the other parties' shares. In January 2014, Fiat acquired the rest of Chrysler from the United Auto Workers retiree health trust, making Chrysler Group a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A. In May 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles was established by merging Fiat S.p.A. into

3956-541: The U.S. government. New CEO Lee Iacocca was credited with returning the company to profitability in the 1980s. In 1985, Diamond-Star Motors was created, further expanding the Chrysler-Mitsubishi relationship. In 1987, Chrysler acquired American Motors Corporation (AMC), which brought the profitable Jeep , as well as the newly formed Eagle , brands under the Chrysler umbrella. In 1998, Chrysler merged with German automaker Daimler-Benz to form DaimlerChrysler AG ;

4048-481: The U.S. purchase of eligible Chrysler, Jeep, and Dodge vehicles, customers could enroll in the program and receive a gas card that immediately lowers their gas price to $ 2.99 a gallon, and keeps it there for the three years. Chrysler plans for Lancia to codevelop products, with some vehicles being shared. Olivier Francois, Lancia's CEO, was appointed to the Chrysler division in October 2009. Francois plans to reestablish

4140-499: The United States and Canadian governments. The US Treasury, through the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), invested $ 12.5 billion in Chrysler and recovered $ 11.2 billion when the company shares were sold in May 2011, resulting in a $ 1.3 billion loss. On July 21, 2011, Fiat bought the Chrysler shares held by the US Treasury. The purchase made Chrysler foreign-owned again, this time as

4232-460: The V2 and fitted with a newly designed transmission and steering system capable of neutral steering. The IS-4 has two circular radiator fans externally identical to German World War II tanks, though internally different. It had two internal fuel tanks; the left 295 liters and the right 115 liters. The turret resembles that of the IS-2 but also features components from the IS-3, a large access port to remove

4324-684: The auto unions, the loans were repaid with interest in 1983. In November 1983, the Dodge Caravan/Plymouth Voyager was introduced, establishing the minivan as a major category, and initiating Chrysler's return to stability. In 1985, Diamond-Star Motors was created, further expanding the Chrysler-Mitsubishi relationship. In 1985, Chrysler entered an agreement with American Motors Corporation to produce Chrysler M platform rear-drive, as well as Dodge Omnis front wheel drive cars, in AMC's Kenosha, Wisconsin , plant. In 1987, Chrysler acquired

4416-489: The axle beam provided wheel location features like a twist beam axle. Also in the 1930s, Porsche's prototypes of the first Volkswagen Beetle incorporated torsion bars—especially their transverse mounting style. Czechoslovakian Tatra's 1948 T600 Tatraplan employed rear torsion bar suspension, the only Tatra to do so. The system first saw military use in the Swedish Stridsvagn L-60 tank of 1934. Its suspension

4508-438: The cannon and a similar hatch layout. The commander was originally intended to have a rotating cupola similar to a late model M4 Sherman but this seems to have not been implemented. Unlike the IS-3, the IS-4 featured a dedicated bustle rack for ammunition in the rear of the turret. The IS-4 turret, with powered traverse, was noted by Nicholas Moran to be larger and roomier than the IS-3 turret, allowing for more ammunition for

4600-787: The company's action as a "prepackaged surgical bankruptcy". On June 10, 2009, substantially all of Chrysler's assets were sold to "New Chrysler", organized as Chrysler Group LLC. The federal government provided support for the deal with US$ 8 billion in financing at nearly 21%. Under CEO Sergio Marchionne , "World Class Manufacturing" or WCM, a system of thorough manufacturing quality, was introduced and several products were re-launched with quality and luxury. The Ram, Jeep, Dodge, SRT, and Chrysler divisions were separated to focus on their own identity and brand, and 11 major model refreshes occurred in 21 months. The PT Cruiser , Nitro , Liberty and Caliber models (created during DCX) were discontinued. On May 24, 2011, Chrysler repaid its $ 7.6 billion loans to

4692-527: The company's traditional four-make lineup to five (in order of price from bottom to top): Plymouth, Dodge, DeSoto, Chrysler, and the now-separate Imperial. In 1954, Chrysler was the exclusive provider of its Hemi engine in the Facel Vega , a Paris coachbuilder that offered their own line of hand-built luxury performance cars, with the PowerFlite and TorqueFlite transmissions offered. The Facel Vega Excellence

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4784-591: The company. Chrysler Group LLC remained a subsidiary until December 15, 2014, when it was renamed FCA US LLC, to reflect the Fiat-Chrysler merger. As a result of the merger between FCA and PSA , on 17 January 2021 it became a subsidiary of the Stellantis Group . The Chrysler company was founded by Walter Chrysler on June 6, 1925, when the Maxwell Motor Company (est. 1904) was re-organized into

4876-457: The early 1970s, particularly after the 1973 oil crisis , Chrysler could not meet the demand, although their compact models on the "A" body platform, the Dodge Dart and Plymouth Valiant , had proven economy and reliability and sold very well. Additional burdens came from increased US import competition, and tougher government regulation of car safety, fuel economy, and emissions. As the smallest of

4968-455: The ending of selected ads, the advertisement will say, "We Built This", indicating being built in America, instead of overseas. First introduced as MyGig, Chrysler Uconnect is a system that brings interactive ability to the in-car radio and telemetric-like controls to car settings. As of mid-2015, it was installed in hundreds of thousands of Fiat Chrysler vehicles. It connects to the Internet via

5060-528: The fall of 1955 at its Sandusky Ohio plant. On September 28, 1957, Chrysler announced the first production electronic fuel injection (EFI), as an option on some of its new 1958 car models (Chrysler 300D, Dodge D500, DeSoto Adventurer, Plymouth Fury). The first attempt to use this system was by American Motors on the 1957 Rambler Rebel . Bendix Corporation 's Electrojector used a transistor computer brain modulator box, but teething problems on pre-production cars meant very few cars were made. The EFI system in

5152-474: The first registered owner or retail lessee. The deal covered owner or lessee in U.S., Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, for 2009 model year vehicles, and 2006, 2007, and 2008 model year vehicles purchased on or after July 26, 2007. Covered vehicles excluded SRT models, Diesel vehicles, Sprinter models, Ram Chassis Cab, Hybrid System components (including transmission), and certain fleet vehicles. The warranty

5244-566: The front and rear systems to improve ride quality. Morris Minor and Oxford from the late 1940s onwards used a front torsion bar system very similar to the Citroën, as did the Riley RM models. The revolutionary Jaguar E-Type introduced in 1961 had a torsion bar front suspension very similar to the Citroën and Morris Minor, and an independent coil spring rear suspension using four shock absorbers with concentric springs ( coilover ). An early application of

5336-419: The front side of the spring U-bolt plates. Axle flex was discontinued for the 1936 model year. Gladeon M. Barnes and Warren E. Preston filed a US patent application for a torsion bar suspension in 1934, which was approved two years later. The original feature of the patent was what is now called tube-over-bar (TOB) design which only saw limited use in the 1960s (for example, on LVTP-7 ). Even though Barnes

5428-416: The frontal structure of the car. A disadvantage is that torsion bars, unlike coil springs, usually cannot provide a progressive spring rate. In most torsion bar systems, ride height (and therefore many handling features) may be changed by simply adjusting bolts that connect the torsion bars to the frame cross member. In most cars with this type of suspension, swapping torsion bars for a different spring rate

5520-455: The introduction of the 964. They are also used in the front suspension of the 914 as well as the rear suspension of the 924 , 944 , and 968 . Honda also used front torsion bars on the third generation Civic and other variants built on the same platform including the Ballade and first generation CRX . The German World War II Panther tank had double torsion bars. Needing bars longer than

5612-518: The inventor's death in a car crash in 1927 prevented its further development. Therefore the invention is often credited to the Porsche GmbH , which patented it in 1931 and later used in a lot of designs. The front wheel drive Citroën Traction Avant from 1934 was the first to implement the idea in a serially produced car, featuring independent front torsion bar suspension and a flexible trailing dead axle, also sprung by torsion bars. The flexibility of

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5704-610: The likelihood of a hefty fine was low. Senior United States Senator Bill Nelson urged the FTC to look into possible deceptive marketing of the company's diesel-powered SUVs. Shares dropped 2.2% after the announcement. FCA US would in 2022, plead guilty to a criminal charge of conspiring to defraud the US, to wire fraud, and to violate the Clean Air Act. On July 21, 2018, Sergio Marchionne stepped down as chairman and CEO for health reasons, and

5796-478: The luxury division. The Chrysler 300 was badged Lancia Thema in some European markets (with additional engine options), giving Lancia a much-needed replacement for its flagship. On January 21, 2014, Fiat bought the remaining shares of Chrysler owned by the VEBA worth $ 3.65 billion. Several days later, the intended reorganization of Fiat and Chrysler under a new holding company, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles , together with

5888-445: The merger proved contentious with investors. As a result, Chrysler was sold to Cerberus Capital Management and renamed Chrysler LLC in 2007. Like the other Big Three automobile manufacturers, Chrysler was impacted by the automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 . The company remained in business through a combination of negotiations with creditors, filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization on April 30, 2009, and participating in

5980-473: The middle of the 20th century at the same time that unitary construction was being adopted. At a time when the mechanics of stress and metal fatigue in unitary body frames was poorly understood, torsion bars were very attractive to vehicle designers as the bars could be mounted to reinforced parts of the central structure, typically the bulkhead . Using MacPherson struts to achieve independent front suspension with coil springs meant providing strong turrets in

6072-408: The mobile network of AT&T , providing the car with its own IP address. Internet connectivity using any Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep or Ram vehicle, via a Wi-Fi "hot-spot", is also available via Uconnect Web . According to Chrysler LLC, the hotspot range extends approximately 100 feet (30 m) from the vehicle in all directions, and combines both Wi-Fi and Sprint's 3G cellular connectivity. Uconnect

6164-480: The motors can act), to respond to changes in road conditions. Height adjustable suspension has been used to implement a wheel-change mode where the vehicle is raised on three wheels so that the remaining wheel is lifted off the ground without the aid of a jack. This example is of a vehicle that uses oleopneumatic suspension where a high pressure pump primes a pressure reservoir that feeds terminating spheres with hydraulic oil (LHM) to achieve suspension. The ride height

6256-463: The newest generation of tanks such as the Russian T-14 Armata utilize an adjustable hydraulic suspension. Due to their small size, tremendous load capacity, and relative ease of service, torsion bar suspension has been ideal for tanks, though it is not without disadvantage. The large travel and high elasticity of the torsion bars results in a "rocking" motion when the tank is moving or coming to

6348-399: The rear, each fender was able to hold two external 90-liter fuel tanks side by side. The rear also could hold an "MDH" ("Small Naval Generator") smoke generator which was equipped with a quick detach under the control of the driver who could activate it from inside the tank. The IS-4 had a rear transmission system and a rear gun travel lock. The engine was a V12 which was an improvement over

6440-747: The reduced capacity of the suspension causes additional torsion bars to break. Torsion bars were sometimes used instead of conventional coil valve springs in some older motorcycles, such as the Honda CB450 , and also on the Panhard Dyna X and Panhard Dyna Z cars of the 1950s. They were also used in the door mechanism of the DMC DeLorean automobile and trunk lids of some Toyota Corolla (E30) models. Chrysler FCA US, LLC , doing business as Stellantis North America and known historically as Chrysler ( / ˈ k r aɪ s l ər / KRY -slər ),

6532-620: The rejuvenation of the entire product lineup, which included the new, redesigned, and repackaged 2011 model year 200 sedans and 200 convertibles, the Chrysler 300 sedan, and the Chrysler Town & Country minivan. As part of the campaign, Chrysler sold a line of clothing items featuring the Monument to Joe Louis , with proceeds being funneled to Detroit-area charities, including the Boys and Girls Clubs of Southeast Michigan, Habitat for Humanity Detroit and

6624-493: The successful Dodge line of automobiles and Fargo range of trucks. By the mid-1930s, the DeSoto and Dodge divisions would trade places in the corporate hierarchy. The Imperial name had been used since 1926 but was never a separate make, just the top-of-the-line Chrysler. However, in 1955, the company decided to offer it as its own make/brand and division to better compete with its rivals, Lincoln and Cadillac . This addition changed

6716-403: The time. Among the innovations in its early years were the first practical mass-produced four-wheel hydraulic brakes, a system nearly completely engineered by Chrysler with patents assigned to Lockheed , and rubber engine mounts, called " Floating Power " to reduce vibration. Chrysler also developed a wheel with a ridged rim , designed to keep a deflated tire from flying off the wheel. This wheel

6808-438: The torsion bar or key to adjust the ride height, usually to compensate for engine weight. The main advantages of a torsion bar suspension are soft ride due to elasticity of the bar, durability, easy adjustability of ride height, and small profile along the width of the vehicle. It takes up less of the vehicle's interior volume than coil springs . Torsion bars reached the height of their popularity on mass-production road cars in

6900-464: The torsion bar, was the Chrysler system used beginning with all Chrysler products starting with the 1957 model year in cars such as the Imperial Crown series, Chrysler Windsor , DeSoto Firedome , Dodge Coronet and Plymouth Belevedere although Chrysler's "Torsion-Air" suspension was only for the front axle; the same basic system (longitudinal mounting) was maintained until the 1981 introduction of

6992-450: The total to 7 pairs on a torsion bar suspension system . The IS-4 has bump stops similar to other torsion bar systems but notably does not have shock absorbers to stop rocking, relying instead on mass. The track is similar to others in the IS series, except it has a center guide on every track link instead of alternating ones. Each track is held in place by a single pin with a clip and washers. In

7084-405: The width of the tank to get the required spring rate and maximum elastic bend angle from available steel alloys, designer Ernst Lehr created a suspension that effectively folded the bars in half. For each wheel, one rod was attached to the suspension arm, while another was mounted to a nearby point on the frame. On the opposite side of the tank, the two rods were attached to each other and fitted into

7176-419: Was retrospectively named "torsion bar assisted" by Leyland in a 1966 publication because the bars only complemented the leaf springs. Less than two dozen cars (including racing variants) were produced, and the suspension was only ever used again on Marlborough-Thomas racing cars few years later. In 1923 Parry-Thomas patented an updated design featuring a true torsion bar design with no leaf springs, however

7268-488: Was a four-door hardtop with rear-hinged coach doors that listed for US$ 12,800 ($ 135,175 in 2023 dollars ). On April 28, 1955, Chrysler and Philco announced the development and production of the World's First All-Transistor car radio. The all-transistor car radio, Mopar model 914HR, developed and produced by Chrysler and Philco, was a $ 150 option on the 1956 Imperial automobile models. Philco began manufacturing this radio in

7360-624: Was again fined for the 2017 model year for not meeting the minimum domestic passenger car standard. FCA described the $ 79 million civil penalty as "not expected to have a material impact on its business." As part of a January 2019 settlement, Fiat Chrysler was to recall and repair approximately 100,000 automobiles equipped with a 3.0-liter V6 EcoDiesel engine having a prohibited defeat device , pay $ 311 million in total civil penalties to US regulators and CARB , pay $ 72.5 million for state civil penalties, implement corporate governance reforms, and pay $ 33.5 million to mitigate excess pollution. The company

7452-521: Was also introduced for the 1960 model year as a distinct brand. In the U.S. market, Valiant was made a model in the Plymouth line for 1961 and the DeSoto make was discontinued in 1961. With those exceptions per applicable year and market, Chrysler's range from lowest to highest price from the 1940s through the 1970s was Valiant, Plymouth, Dodge, DeSoto, Chrysler, and Imperial. From 1963 through 1969, Chrysler increased its existing stakes to take full control of

7544-547: Was also to pay affected consumers up to $ 280 million and offer extended warranties on such vehicles worth $ 105 million. The total value of the settlement was about $ 800 million, though FCA did not admit liability, and it did not resolve an ongoing criminal investigation. In February 2024, Chrysler unveiled a concept for its first electric vehicle, the Chrysler Halcyon , a battery-electric sedan. As of 2022 , management positions of Stellantis North America include: Chrysler

7636-582: Was brought in to turn the company around, and in 1979 Iacocca sought US government help. Congress later passed the Loan Guarantee Act providing $ 1.5 billion in loan guarantees. The Loan Guarantee Act required that Chrysler also obtain $ 2 billion in concessions or aid from sources outside the federal government, which included interest rate reductions for $ 650 million of the savings, asset sales of $ 300 million, local and state tax concessions of $ 250 million, and wage reductions of about $ 590 million along with

7728-462: Was developed by German engineers, including Porsche employee Karl Rabe who also held patents on torsion bar suspensions personally. It was used extensively in European cars like Renault , Citroën and Porsche/Volkswagen, by less known producers like Mathis and Röhr in the 1930s, as well as by American Packard in the 1950s. The Packard used torsion bars at both front and rear, and interconnected

7820-603: Was employed by the US Army Ordnance Department , torsion bars were not used in American armor designs until the T70 GMC in 1943, which suspension was derived from Pz. III by GM engineer Robert Schilling. Post-war the use of torsion bar front suspension was a defining feature of British Morris cars, starting with the Morris Minor of 1948, its larger Morris Oxford MO counterpart and the upmarket Morris Six MS , plus

7912-423: Was eventually adopted by the auto industry worldwide. The Maxwell brand was dropped after the 1925 model year, with the new, lower-priced four-cylinder Chryslers introduced for the 1926 year being badge-engineered Maxwells. The advanced engineering and testing that went into Chrysler Corporation cars helped to push the company to the second-place position in U.S. sales by 1936, which it held until 1949. In 1928,

8004-426: Was founded in 1925 by Walter Chrysler from the remains of the Maxwell Motor Company . In 1998, it merged with Daimler-Benz , which renamed itself DaimlerChrysler but in 2007 sold off its Chrysler stake. The company operated as Chrysler LLC through 2009, then as Chrysler Group LLC. In 2014, it was acquired by Fiat S.p.A. ; it subsequently operated as a subsidiary of the new Fiat Chrysler Automobiles ("FCA"), then as

8096-493: Was named DaimlerChrysler Motors Company LLC, with its U.S. operations generally called "DCX". The Eagle brand was retired soon after Chrysler's merger with Daimler-Benz in 1998 Jeep became a stand-alone division, and efforts were made to merge the Chrysler and Jeep brands as one sales unit. In 2001, the Plymouth brand was also discontinued. Eurostar also built the Chrysler PT Cruiser in 2001 and 2002. The Austrian venture

8188-527: Was phased out in 1963 where traditional coil springs are used up front for their 2WD trucks. Its first use in a passenger car was in 1966, starting with the E-platform vehicles ( Oldsmobile Toronado , Cadillac Eldorado ), 4WD S-10 pickups and Astro vans with optional AWD, and since 1988, full size trucks and SUVs with 4WD (GMT400, GMT800, and GMT900 series). Porsche used four-wheel torsion bar suspension for their 356 and 911 series from 1948 until 1989 with

8280-526: Was replaced by John Elkann and Michael Manley, respectively. As a result of ending domestic production of more fuel-efficient passenger automobiles such as the Dodge Dart and Chrysler 200 sedans, FCA US elected to pay $ 77 million in fines for violating the anti-backsliding provision of fuel economy standards set under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 for its model year 2016 fleet. It

8372-588: Was replaced by the Morris Marina which also used the torsion bar-lever arm damper system for its front suspension—one of the last new cars worldwide to be introduced with the system and which remained in production until 1984. The Oxford/Six platform was developed through several revised series which used Issigonis' torsion bar system until 1959 when the new Farina Oxford was introduced using front suspension with coil springs, lower wishbones and lever arm dampers. The most famous American passenger car application of

8464-487: Was sold to Magna International in 2002 and became Magna Steyr . The Voyager continued in production until 2007, whereas the Chrysler 300C , Jeep Grand Cherokee , and Jeep Commander were also built at the plant from 2005 until 2010. On May 14, 2007, DaimlerChrysler announced the sale of 80.1% of Chrysler Group to American private equity firm Cerberus Capital Management , L.P., thereafter known as Chrysler LLC, although Daimler (renamed as Daimler AG ) continued to hold

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