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23-405: IPHAN maintains 1,047 sites, which include historic buildings, city centers, and landscapes. It additionally lists a growing number of intangible cultural heritage entities. The presidency of the institute was held by only two individuals over its first forty years. Rodrigo Melo Franco led SPHAN/IPHAN from 1937 until his retirement in 1967; his successor was the architect Renato Soeiro , who led

46-621: A further 28 were listed in 2003 and another 43 in 2005. In part, the original list was seen as a way to correct the imbalance in the World Heritage List, since it excluded many Southern Hemisphere cultures which did not produce monuments or other physical cultural manifestations. It was superseded in 2008 by the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists . According to academic Yi Sun publishing in 2024, " China has played an increasingly dynamic role in energizing"

69-499: A museum, but only experienced through a vehicle giving expression to it. Such cultural vehicles are called "Human Treasures" by the UN . The protection of languages, as the largest and most important intangible cultural heritage, should also be mentioned in this context. According to Karl von Habsburg , President of Blue Shield International, protection of languages is important in the age of identity wars, because language in particular can become

92-399: A performing art that includes drumming and singing, from India. Other dance forms, however, even if they are officially recognized as heritage from their country of origin, are practiced and enjoyed all over the world. For example, flamenco from Spain and tango , from Argentina and Uruguay, have an international dimension. Dance is a complex phenomenon, which involves culture, traditions,

115-464: A priority of UNESCO heritage policies, an increasing number of food-related nominations are being submitted for inscription on the lists of the convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. The Mediterranean diet , the traditional Mexican cuisine and the Japanese dietary culture of washoku are some examples of this. The UNESCO lists of intangible cultural heritage also include

138-439: A sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity. For the purposes of this Convention, consideration will be given solely to such intangible cultural heritage as is compatible with existing international human rights instruments, as well as with the requirements of mutual respect among communities, groups and individuals, and of sustainable development. Intangible cultural heritage

161-582: A target for attack as a symbolic cultural asset. According to the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) – or living heritage – is the mainspring of humanity's cultural diversity and its maintenance a guarantee for continuing creativity. It is defined as follows: Intangible Cultural Heritage means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as

184-449: A variety of dance genres, often associated with singing, music and celebrations, from all over the world. The lists include: celebratory and ritual dances such as Ma'di bowl lyre music and Sebiba dance from Algeria and dance from Uganda and Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan from India, and social dances such as Cuban rumba . Also, some dances are localized and practiced mainly in their country of origin, such as Sankirtana ,

207-486: Is considered by member states of UNESCO in relation to the tangible World Heritage focusing on intangible aspects of culture. In 2001, UNESCO made a survey among states and NGOs to try to agree on a definition, and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage was drafted in 2003 for its protection and promotion. The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage defines

230-557: Is slightly different from the discipline of oral history , the recording, preservation and interpretation of historical information (specifically, oral tradition ), based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker. ICH attempts to preserve cultural heritage 'with' the people or community by protecting the processes that allow traditions and shared knowledge to be passed on while oral history seeks to collect and preserve historical information obtained from individuals and groups. With sustainable development gaining momentum as

253-623: The Philippines, Ukraine , the United States, Thailand, France, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Poland, have since created similar programs. In 2003 UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. This went into effect on 20 April 2006. The Convention recommends that countries and scholars develop inventories of ICH in their territory, as well as work with

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276-468: The Protection of Cultural Properties , was the first to introduce legislation to preserve and promote intangible as well as tangible culture: Important Intangible Cultural Properties are designated and "holders" recognized of these craft and performance traditions, known informally as Living National Treasures . Other countries, including South Korea ( Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea ),

299-610: The Republic. The establishment of SPHAN was led by Education Minister Gustavo Capanema and a team which included the poet Mário de Andrade . The team, together with the lawyer Rodrigo Melo Franco , undertook a project to research and catalog a large number of historic sites across Brazil. Rodrigo Melo Franco would lead the institute from SPHAN was replaced by the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN) in 1970. It again underwent various name changes again in 1979;

322-528: The continuation of this traditional knowledge constitute one of the most interesting aspects of our living heritage. Each member of the community possesses a piece of the shared knowledge. Crucial knowledge is passed on during community activities, frequently without any conscious attention to the process." Prior to the UNESCO Convention, efforts had already been made by a number of states to safeguard their intangible heritage. Japan, with its 1950 Law for

345-463: The groups who maintain these ICH to ensure their continued existences; it also provides for funds to be voluntarily collected among UNESCO members and then disbursed to support the maintenance of recognized ICH. UNESCO has also created other intangible culture programs, such as a list called Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . This list began in 2001 with 19 items and

368-476: The institute from 1967 to 1979. The federal agency dedicated to the preservation of historic sites Brazil was created in 1933 under the name Inspetoria de Monumentos Nacionais (IMN). It was established as a unit linked to the National Historical Museum (NHM). IMN was established by Federal Decree No. 24,735 of July 14, 1934. Its main purpose was to prevent the export of historic objects from Brazil to

391-415: The instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage. This intangible cultural heritage, transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with

414-438: The intangible cultural heritage as the practices, representations, expressions, as well as the knowledge and skills (including instruments, objects, artifacts, cultural spaces ), that communities, groups, and, in some cases, individuals, recognize as part of their cultural heritage. It is sometimes called living cultural heritage, and is manifested in the following domains, among others: Cultural heritage in general consists of

437-549: The international antiquities trade and the demolition of buildings and monuments as part of the rapid urban reforms in Brazil during the early 20th century. The Serviço do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (SPHAN) was established in 1937 and replace to IMN; it was linked to the Ministry of Education and Health. SPHAN was established through Article no. 378 of the "Estado Novo" Constitution of 1937) by Getúlio Vargas , President of

460-654: The name IPHAN was reinstated in 1994. Entities listed by IPHAN are organized under the Livros do Tombo , which includes the: Intangible cultural heritage An intangible cultural heritage ( ICH ) is a practice, representation, expression , knowledge, or skill considered by UNESCO to be part of a place's cultural heritage . Buildings, historic places , monuments , and artifacts are cultural property . Intangible heritage consists of nonphysical intellectual wealth, such as folklore , customs , beliefs , traditions , knowledge, and language . Intangible cultural heritage

483-473: The products and processes of a culture that are preserved and passed on through the generations. Some of that heritage takes the form of cultural property , formed by tangible artefacts such as buildings or works of art. Many parts of culture, however are intangible, including song , music , dance , drama , skills , cuisine, sport, crafts, and festivals. These are forms of culture that can be recorded but cannot be touched or stored in physical form, like in

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506-430: The use of digital media in the service of preserving cultural or natural heritage . Intangible cultural heritage is passed orally within a community, and while there may be individuals who are known tradition bearers, ICH is often broader than one individual's own skills or knowledge. A 2006 report by the government of Newfoundland and Labrador said, regarding oral culture in their area, "The processes involved in

529-435: The use of human bodies, artefacts (such as costumes and props), as well as a specific use of music, space and sometimes light. As a result, a lot of tangible and intangible elements are combined within dance, making it a challenging but interesting type of heritage to safeguard. Digital heritage is a representation of heritage in the digital realm and is a sub-category of Intangible Cultural Heritage. It refers primarily to

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