65-462: TI Media Ltd. (formerly International Publishing Company , IPC Magazines Ltd , IPC Media and Time Inc. UK ) was a consumer magazine and digital publisher in the United Kingdom , with a portfolio selling over 350 million copies each year. Most of its titles now belong to Future plc . The British magazine publishing industry in the mid-1950s was dominated by a handful of companies, principally
130-553: A professional association . Professional magazines may derive revenue from advertisement placements or advertorials by companies selling products and services to a specific professional audience. Examples include Advertising Age , Automotive News , Broadcast , The Bookseller , and The Stage . Being on the cover of certain magazines is considered an honor or distinction. Examples include Time , Rolling Stone , Vogue and Sports Illustrated . See, for example: See also cover art . The magazine cover indicator
195-487: A 3:1 ratio. Focusing more narrowly, MediaFinder.com found that 93 new magazines were launched during the first six months of 2014, while only 30 closed in that time frame. The category which produced the most new publications was "Regional interest", of which six new magazines were launched, including 12th & Broad and Craft Beer & Brewing . However, two magazines had to change their print schedules. Johnson Publishing 's Jet stopped printing regular issues, making
260-615: A drapers business in Bath. In 1876, the Trevarno business was converted into a limited company (The Bath Paper Mills Co. Ltd.), in which Thomas Owen and Samuel Evans were the major shareholders while Albert Reed, his brother William and their father were more modest shareholders. Albert continued to manage the Trevarno works until 1877, when he took over management of the Ely Paper Works in Cardiff, which
325-450: A female audience, emphasizing the traditional gender roles of the 19th century. Harper's Bazaar was the first to focus exclusively on couture fashion , fashion accessories and textiles. The inclusion of didactic content about housekeeping may have increased the appeal of the magazine for a broader audience of women and men concerned about the frivolity of a fashion magazine. In the 1920s, new magazines appealed to young German women with
390-453: A forum for public arguments by scholars and critical observers. The early periodical predecessors to magazines started to evolve to modern definition in the late 1800s. Works slowly became more specialized and the general discussion or cultural periodicals were forced to adapt to a consumer market which yearned for more localization of issues and events. Mass-circulation magazines became much more common after 1900, some with circulations in
455-441: A long tradition. One of the earliest satirical magazines was Diyojen which was launched in 1869. There are around 20 satirical magazines; the leading ones are Penguen (70,000 weekly circulation), LeMan (50,000) and Uykusuz . Historical examples include Oğuz Aral 's magazine Gırgır (which reached a circulation of 500,000 in the 1970s) and Marko Paşa (launched 1946). Others include L-Manyak and Lombak . Publishing
520-528: A management development department in 1965, to rationalise its holdings, so that its various subsidiaries would no longer be in competition with each other for the same markets. This led to a reorganisation of the Group, in 1968, into six divisions: All the divisions were headed by chairmen who originated in Mirror Group, except for Hamlyn, Quick and McIntosh. The turmoil at IPC in 1969 led to major consolidations in
585-499: A member of the trade (and likelihood of buying, for example, likelihood of having corporate purchasing authority, as determined from job title). This allows a high level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertiser's target audience, and it avoids wasted printing and distribution expenses. This latter model was widely used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in
650-485: A monthly record of current events along with entertaining stories, poems, and pictures. The first periodicals to branch out from news were Harper's and The Atlantic , which focused on fostering the arts. Both Harper's and The Atlantic persist to this day, with Harper's being a cultural magazine and The Atlantic focusing mainly on world events. Early publications of Harper's even held famous works such as early publications of Moby Dick or famous events such as
715-621: A new understanding of church-state relationships and the source of political authority. The Moniteur Ottoman was a gazette written in French and first published in 1831 on the order of Mahmud II . It was the first official gazette of the Ottoman Empire , edited by Alexandre Blacque at the expense of the Sublime Porte . Its name perhaps referred to the French newspaper Le Moniteur Universel . It
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#1733092467083780-429: A publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense; The Wall Street Journal is actually a newspaper . The word "magazine" derives from Arabic makhāzin ( مخازن ), the broken plural of makhzan ( مخزن ) meaning "depot, storehouse" (originally military storehouse); that comes to English via Middle French magasin and Italian magazzino . In its original sense,
845-529: A sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase. The glossy pages of Die Dame and Das Blatt der Hausfrau displayed the "Neue Frauen", "New Girl" – what Americans called the flapper. This ideal young woman was chic, financially independent, and an eager consumer of the latest fashions. Magazines kept her up to date on fashion, arts, sports, and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones. The first women's magazine targeted toward wives and mothers
910-669: A single Time Inc. brand in both the US and UK. In April 2012, IPC Media won an award for Best Production Team of the Year at the Professional Publishers Association Production and Environment Awards 2012. On 26 February 2018, Meredith Corporation , who had completed its purchase of Time Inc. almost a month earlier, announced it was selling Time Inc. UK to a fund associated with British private equity firm Epiris . The transaction closed on 19 March of that year. In June 2018,
975-683: Is The Scots Magazine , which was first published in 1739, though multiple changes in ownership and gaps in publication totalling over 90 years weaken that claim. Lloyd's List was founded in Edward Lloyd's England coffee shop in 1734; and though its online platform is still updated daily it has not been published as a magazine since 2013 after 274 years. Under the Ancien Régime , the most prominent magazines were Mercure de France , Journal des sçavans , founded in 1665 for scientists, and Gazette de France , founded in 1631. Jean Loret
1040-774: Is a London, United Kingdom-headquartered- multinational corporation , that includes businesses that provide scientific, legal, technical, and medical information and analytics among other services and has operations in 40 countries. RELX employed about 33,000 in 2019. Reed, who was born in Devonshire, Cullompton married Emma, who was born in Somerset, Langford. They lived at Devonshire House on Pelham Road. They had three daughters —Rosaline Emma (b.1877), Florence Beatrice (b.1879), and Dora Gertrude (b.1883), and twin sons Albert Ralph and Edward Percy born in 1885. Reed died in Woking in 1920. Reed
1105-624: Is a not-too-serious economic indicator that is sometimes taken seriously by technical analysts. Albert Edwin Reed Albert Edwin Reed (1846–1920) was the founder of Reed Elsevier , formerly Reed International, one the United Kingdom 's largest professional publishing businesses. Reed was also a Wesleyan local preacher. His twin sons Albert Ralph Reed —Sir Albert Ralph Reed—and Edward Percy Reed , born in 1884, inherited A.E. Reed and Co in 1920 when their father died. Albert Edwin Reed
1170-843: The Associated Newspapers (founded by Lord Harmsworth in 1890), Odhams Press Ltd , Newnes / Pearson , and the Hulton Press , which fought each other for market share in a highly competitive marketplace. In 1958 Cecil Harmsworth King , chairman of the newspaper group, The Daily Mirror Newspapers Limited which included the Daily Mirror and the Sunday Pictorial (now the Sunday Mirror ), together with provincial chain West of England Newspapers, made an offer for Amalgamated Press . The offer
1235-707: The Bank of Montreal , and owner of the Reid Newfoundland Company and the Newfoundland Railway and the government of Newfoundland to obtain the rights to hydroelectric power on the Exploits River in Bishop's Falls. He also negotiated with the holder of timber rights in the Bishop's Falls area. The Bishop's Fall's mill was constructed in 1907 and the dam was completed in 1908. By 2011, ground wood pulp produced from
1300-634: The Daily Mirror Newspapers and the Sunday Pictorial Newspapers' pulp and paper mills to Reed Paper Group, thereby obtaining voting control over Reed. King named himself as chairman of Reed, and Don Ryder—one of his senior managers—as Reed's managing director. In the 1960s, King was Chairman of Daily Mirror , Sunday Pictorial , the International Publishing Corporation , and a Bank of England director. In
1365-696: The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle . The Pennsylvania Magazine , edited by Thomas Paine , ran only for a short time but was a very influential publication during the Revolutionary War . The final issue containing the text of the Declaration of Independence was published in 1776. In the mid-19th century, monthly magazines gained popularity. They were general interest to begin, containing some news, vignettes, poems, history, political events, and social discussion. Unlike newspapers, they were more of
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#17330924670831430-410: The mail , through sales by newsstands , bookstores , or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. Electronic distribution methods can include social media , email , news aggregators , and visibility of a publication's website and search engine results. The traditional subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories: In this model,
1495-473: The 1950s Reed Group acquired Thompson and Norris Manufacturing Co, Holoplast Ltd on Reed's Aylesford site. Albert Edwin Reed's son, Sir (Albert) Ralph Reed (1884-1958) worked at Reed Paper Group until his retirement in 1954. With his retirement from the company, it ended the era of Reed family control. In 1960, the Reed Paper Group's "largest shareholder" Cecil King (1901 – 1987) transferred all of
1560-429: The 1960s Reed Group formed a joint venture partnership with Aerlan and acquired L&P Plastics, Spicers, Wall Paper Manufacturers. In 1970, Reed Group purchased International Publishing Corporation and changed its name to Reed International. In the 1970s, as Reed International PLC, the company "reorganised its portfolio in order to concentrate on its publishing and information businesses." In 1980, Reed Paper Ltd.
1625-533: The Bishop Fall's mill, which employed 500 men, was exported to England. He died in 1920, leaving the management of the business to his twin sons. The year 1894, is considered to be the beginning of what would become the Albert E. Reed & Company Ltd. (incorporated in 1903), Reed Paper Group (1950s), Reed International (1970), Reed Paper Ltd. (Reed Inc) (1980s), Reed Elvisier (1993), and currently, RELX . By 1952,
1690-531: The Bourbon kings, but all eight ultimately urged support for the new government, putting their appeals in terms of preserving civil order. They often discussed the relationship between church and state. Generally, they urged priests to focus on spiritual matters and not engage in politics. Historian M. Patricia Dougherty says this process created a distance between the Church and the new monarch and enabled Catholics to develop
1755-514: The Reed group included the Albert E. Reed and Co, Medway Corrugated Paper Co, Brookgate Industries, Reed Flong, Powell, Lane Manufacturing Co, London Paper Mills Co, Medway Paper, Sacks, National Corrugated Paper Co, Reed Paper Sales, and E. R. Freeman and Wescott. By 1953, Reed Paper Group consisted of London Paper Mills Co, Medway Corrugated Paper Co, Empire Paper Mills, Medway Paper Sacks, National Corrugated Paper Co, Brookgate Industries, Powell, Lane Manufacturing Co, E. R. Freeman and Wescott. In
1820-615: The United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing , and in finance, Waters Magazine . For the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International . The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen , a literary and philosophy magazine, which was launched in 1663 in Germany. The Gentleman's Magazine , first published in 1741 in London
1885-494: The United States. In 2019, People Magazine ranked second behind ESPN Magazine in total reach with a reported reach of 98.51 million. Professional magazines, also called trade magazines , or business-to-business magazines are targeted to readers employed in particular industries. These magazines typically cover industry trends and news of interest to professionals in the industry. Subscriptions often come with membership in
1950-754: The business expanded rapidly securing an order to supply newsprint for the Daily Mirror in 1904. By 1904, Reed had five paper mills in Britain and was supplying "super calendared newsprint" that contributed to the success of the Harmsworth brothers'— Harold and Alfred Harmsworth —illustrated Daily Mirror . Reed also owned an "interest in a pulp mill on the Miramichi River in New Brunswick, Canada. By 1905, Reed's company, A.E. Reed and Co owned "five paper mills in Britain." In 1905, Reed began to investigate
2015-562: The combined business interests of Fleetway, Odhams, and Newnes. All of the companies involved had been acquired without any significant change in management, save for the appointment of Mirror Group directors as chairmen. In 1963 all the companies were combined by the creation of a parent (or "holding") company called the International Publishing Company (known informally as IPC ). All of the existing companies would continue to exist, but as IPC subsidiaries. IPC then set up
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2080-438: The company was renamed TI Media. In September 2018, TI Media sold its library of pre-1970 IPC Comics titles to Rebellion Developments. In 2019, TI Media sold its music magazines to BandLab Technologies. TI Media was acquired by Future plc on 21 April 2020 following shareholder and Competition and Markets Authority approval. Future subsequently divested Amateur Photographer , Trusted Reviews , and World Soccer and absorbed
2145-431: The early 1990s IPC launched Loaded , which began a wave of " lad's mags ". In 1992, following a merger with Dutch science publisher Elsevier NV , Reed International underwent a further name change, becoming Reed Elsevier (now RELX Group ). In 1987, part of the comics holdings of IPC Magazines Ltd (comprising those comics and characters created after 1 January 1970, plus 26 specified characters from Buster , which
2210-924: The hundreds of thousands of subscribers. Some passed the million-mark in the 1920s. It was an age of mass media . Because of the rapid expansion of national advertising, the cover price fell sharply to about 10 cents. One cause was the heavy coverage of corruption in politics, local government and big business, especially by Muckrakers. They were journalists who wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. They relied on their own investigative journalism reporting; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption . Muckraking magazines–notably McClure's –took on corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and social issues such as child labor . The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, corruption, and scandal operated at
2275-503: The joint comics publishing divisions, IPC Magazines Ltd., which was under the responsibility of Jack Legrand, formerly the Managing Editor of Fleetway's juvenile publications. Odhams' Power Comics line of titles were cancelled, as was Hulton Press 's long-running adventure comic Eagle (merging with Fleetway's Lion from 2 May 1969). The humour comic Giggle , aimed at the slightly younger market dominated by Fleetway's Buster ,
2340-399: The laying of the world's first transatlantic telegraph cable ; however, the majority of early content was trickle down from British events. The development of the magazines stimulated an increase in literary criticism and political debate, moving towards more opinionated pieces from the objective newspapers. The increased time between prints and the greater amount of space to write provided
2405-473: The magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a per-issue basis or by subscription, where an annual fee or monthly price is paid and issues are sent by post to readers. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics. This means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations,
2470-506: The major competitors, and made a bid for Odhams on behalf of Fleetway that was too attractive to ignore. Fleetway took over Odhams in the month of March 1961. In consequence, King controlled publishing interests which included two national daily and two national Sunday newspapers (the newspaper interests being informally tagged The Mirror Group ), along with almost one hundred consumer magazines, more than two hundred trade and technical periodicals, and interests in book publishing. This included
2535-537: The middle and working classes. Periodicals were censored by the central government in Paris . They were not totally quiescent politically—often they criticized Church abuses and bureaucratic ineptitude. They supported the monarchy and they played at most a small role in stimulating the revolution. During the Revolution, new periodicals played central roles as propaganda organs for various factions. Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793)
2600-514: The other comics characters and titles, i.e. those created before 1970 (except the 26 characters from Buster ), including Sexton Blake , The Steel Claw , and Battler Britton . One character, Dan Dare , was sold separately and is currently owned by the Dan Dare Corporation. In 2016 and 2018, Egmont sold its remaining library of IPC/Fleetway to Rebellion Developments , who had previously acquired 2000 AD in 2000. In 1998, IPC Magazines Ltd
2665-538: The possibility of establishing a pulp and paper mill in Bishop's Falls, Newfoundland , Canada . out of concerns about the price of woodpulp. Newfoundland's "national policy" under then Premier Robert Bond was to develop a pulp and paper industry following the construction of the railway in the late nineteenth century. Reed negotiated with Robert Gillespie Reid , director of the Canadian Pacific Railway , and
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2730-502: The publishing interests of Reed International were separated into IPC Magazines Ltd (comprising the magazine and comics holdings) and Mirror Group Newspapers (comprising the newspaper holdings). The latter was sold to Pergamon Holdings Ltd, a private company owned by Robert Maxwell , in 1984. In 1988, IPC acquired Family Circle from the International Thomson Organization . In 1989, IPC acquired TVTimes . In
2795-405: The rest of TI Media into Future Publishing. TI Media divisions up until Future plc acquisition including: Magazine A magazine is a periodical publication , generally published on a regular schedule (often weekly or monthly), containing a variety of content . They are generally financed by advertising , purchase price , prepaid subscriptions , or by a combination of the three. In
2860-417: The state and local level, like Ray Stannard Baker , George Creel , and Brand Whitlock . Others, including Lincoln Steffens , exposed political corruption in many large cities; Ida Tarbell went after John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Company . Samuel Hopkins Adams in 1905 showed the fraud involved in many patent medicines, Upton Sinclair 's 1906 novel The Jungle gave a horrid portrayal of how meat
2925-568: The statistics only entail the number of issues distributed, and not who reads them. This is the model used by many trade magazines (industry-based periodicals) distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. Because of costs (e.g., printing and postage) associated with the medium of print, publishers may not distribute free copies to everyone who requests one (unqualified leads); instead, they operate under controlled circulation, deciding who may receive free subscriptions based on each person's qualification as
2990-577: The technical sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Thus, Bloomberg Businessweek , which starts each issue anew with page one, is a magazine, but the Journal of Business Communication , which continues the same sequence of pagination throughout the coterminous year, is a journal. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed , for example the Journal of Accountancy . Non-peer-reviewed academic or professional publications are generally professional magazines . That
3055-847: The transition to digital format, though still printing an annual print edition. Ladies' Home Journal stopped their monthly schedule and home delivery for subscribers to become a quarterly newsstand-only special interest publication. According to statistics from the end of 2013, subscription levels for 22 of the top 25 magazines declined from 2012 to 2013, with just Time , Glamour and ESPN The Magazine gaining numbers. However, by 2024, some titles, notably outdoors magazines, appeared to be growing in popularity. The "seven sisters" of American women's magazines are Ladies' Home Journal , Good Housekeeping , McCall's , Woman's Day , Redbook , Family Circle and Better Homes and Gardens . Some magazines, among them Godey's Lady's Book and Harper's Bazaar , were intended exclusively for
3120-457: The views of their readership and thereby were major elements in the changing political culture. For example, there were eight Catholic periodicals in 1830 in Paris. None were officially owned or sponsored by the Church and they reflected a range of opinion among educated Catholics about current issues, such as the 1830 July Revolution that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy. Several were strong supporters of
3185-451: The word "magazine" referred to a storage space or device. In the case of written publication, it refers to a collection of written articles . This explains why magazine publications share the term with storage units for military equipment such as gunpowder , artillery and firearm magazines , and in French and Russian (adopted from French as магазин ), retailers such as department stores . Print magazines can be distributed through
3250-531: Was a very expensive industry in colonial times. Paper and printer's ink were taxed imported goods and their quality was inconsistent. Interstate tariffs and a poor road system hindered distribution, even on a regional scale. Many magazines were launched, most failing within a few editions, but publishers kept trying. Benjamin Franklin is said to have envisioned one of the first magazines of the American colonies in 1741,
3315-536: Was accepted, and in January 1959 he was appointed its chairman. Within a few months he changed its name to Fleetway Publications, Ltd. after the name of its headquarters, Fleetway House in London's Farringdon Street. Shortly thereafter, Odhams Press absorbed both George Newnes and the Hulton Press. King saw an opportunity in this to rationalise the overcrowded women's magazine market, in which Fleetway and Newnes were
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#17330924670833380-411: Was also dropped, being merged into Buster in the spring of 1969. Buster , like Odhams' Smash! , also now became a publication of IPC Magazines Ltd. (IPC Magazines also took over another UK publisher, City Magazines , around this time.) In May 1968, a boardroom coup had replaced Cecil King with his deputy chairman, Hugh Cudlipp , a former newspaper editor. Cudlipp had no interest in management, and
3445-584: Was born on 13 January 1846 in Cullompton, Devon. He was the third of nine children of Edward Reed, an officer of the Inland Revenue, and his wife Eliza Saunders. Entering the paper industry as a boy, Albert Reed bought the Trevarno Paper Mill at Bathford in 1873, receiving substantial backing from Thomas Owen (1840-1898) and Samuel Evans (c.1817-1885). They were prominent Wesleyan Methodists who operated
3510-451: Was issued weekly. Takvim-i vekayi was published a few months later, intended as a translation of the Moniteur into Ottoman Turkish . After having been edited by former Consul for Denmark " M. Franceschi ", and later on by " Hassuna de Ghiez ", it was lastly edited by Lucien Rouet. However, facing the hostility of embassies, it was closed in the 1840s. Satirical magazines of Turkey have
3575-465: Was one of France's first journalists. He disseminated the weekly news of music, dance and Parisian society from 1650 until 1665 in verse, in what he called a gazette burlesque , assembled in three volumes of La Muse historique (1650, 1660, 1665). The French press lagged a generation behind the British, for they catered to the needs of the aristocracy, while the newer British counterparts were oriented toward
3640-448: Was owned by Evans and Owen. Having managed and/or part-owned paper businesses up to 1894, in that year he acquired a fire-damaged building, Upper Tovil Mill , near Maidstone in Kent . He established a newsprint manufacturing company in this mill, specializing in the production of paper suitable for halftone blocks for which there was considerable demand at the time. Under his leadership
3705-599: Was packed, and, also in 1906, David Graham Phillips unleashed a blistering indictment of the U.S. Senate. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained that they were not being helpful by raking up all the muck. According to the Research Department of Statista , closures of magazines outnumbered launches in North America during 2009. Although both figures declined during 2010–2015, launches outnumbered closures in each of those years, sometimes by
3770-589: Was privatized and its name was changed to Reed Inc. in 1981. In 1993 it merged to become Reed Elsivier. By 1988 the Reed Group had sold off all of its "manufacturing operations". In 1993, Reed International PLC and Elsevier NV merged to form Reed Elsevier . Reed Elsevier operates the Reed Elsevier Group plc —its publishing and information businesses, and Elsevier Reed Finance BV —the financing arm. The company once known as Reed Elsevier, now known as RELX
3835-613: Was published in 1852. Through the use of advice columns, advertisements , and various publications related to parenting , women's magazines have influenced views of motherhood and child-rearing. Mass-marketed women's magazines have shaped and transformed cultural values related to parenting practices. As such, magazines targeting women and parenthood have exerted power and influence over ideas about motherhood and child-rearing. Religious groups have used magazines for spreading and communicating religious doctrine for over 100 years. Jehovah's Witnesses ' primary magazine, The Watchtower ,
3900-450: Was started by Charles Taze Russell in July 1879 under the title Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence . The public edition of the magazine is one of the most widely distributed magazines in the world, with an average printing of approximately 36 million per issue. Magazines publishing stories and photos of high-profile individuals and celebrities have long been a popular format in
3965-507: Was subject to a management buyout financed by Cinven , a venture capital group, and the company was renamed IPC Media. Cinven then sold the company to Time Inc. , then the magazine publishing subsidiary of Time Warner (now Warner Bros. Discovery ), in 2001. In January 2009, Evelyn Webster became the company's chief executive, replacing Sylvia Auton who had run it since 2001 IPC Media formally became Time Inc. UK in September 2014, creating
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#17330924670834030-456: Was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave , who edited The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use the term "magazine", on the analogy of a military storehouse, the quote being: "a monthly collection, to treasure up as in a magazine". Founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated weekly news magazine. The oldest consumer magazine still in print
4095-493: Was the most prominent editor. His L'Ami du peuple advocated vigorously for the rights of the lower classes against the enemies of the people Marat hated; it closed when he was assassinated. After 1800 Napoleon reimposed strict censorship. Magazines flourished after Napoleon left in 1815. Most were based in Paris and most emphasized literature, poetry and stories. They served religious, cultural and political communities. In times of political crisis they expressed and helped shape
4160-555: Was then still being published) were placed in a separate company, Fleetway Publications , which was sold to Pergamon Holdings. In 1991, Egmont UK purchased Fleetway from Pergamon, merging it with their own comics publishing operation, London Editions, to form Fleetway Editions . The latter was absorbed into the main Egmont brand by 2000, having sold off the continuing titles (such as 2000 AD ), and continued with only reprint and licensed titles (e.g. Sonic The Comic ). IPC had retained
4225-480: Was uneasy both with his new role and with IPC's diversification into computerised publication and other new technology. In 1969, Cudlipp proposed to former Mirror Group director Don Ryder — who was then chairman of the Reed Group, in which IPC had a 30% shareholding — to mount a reverse takeover of IPC by Reed. IPC-Mirror Group was thus itself taken over in 1970, by the paper-making company Albert E Reed , which then renamed itself Reed International . In 1974, part of
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