An abbreviation (from Latin brevis , meaning "short" ) is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction , initialism (which includes acronym) or crasis .
58-497: Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur ( pronunciation ) ( abbr. IIEST Shibpur ) is a public technological university located at Shibpur , Howrah , West Bengal , India . Founded in 1856, it is recognised as an Institute of National Importance under Ministry of Education by the Government of India . It is controlled by the Council of NITSER . It
116-461: A collection of documents, such as patents, standards, technical reports and pamphlets. The library has old and rare books and journals of the nineteenth century. Undergraduate programs to the various engineering disciplines (4-year B. Tech. programs) and architecture (5-year B.Arch. program) are granted via JEE Main , taking 50% students from the home state (West Bengal) and 50% from other states. Students from any discipline other than Architecture, on
174-505: A few examples, there is Aldi , from Theo Albrecht , the name of its founder, followed by discount ; Haribo , from Hans Riegel , the name of its founder, followed by Bonn , the town of its head office; and Adidas , from Adolf "Adi" Dassler , the nickname of its founder followed by his surname. JEE Main ₹ 900 for General- EWS / OBC-NCL (Central List) candidates Joint Entrance Examination – Main ( JEE-Main ), formerly All India Engineering Entrance Examination ( AIEEE ),
232-475: A person's name, such as Migjeni —an abbreviation from his original name ( Millosh Gjergj Nikolla ) a famous Albanian poet and writer—or ASDRENI ( Aleksander Stavre Drenova ), another famous Albanian poet. Other such names which are used commonly in recent decades are GETOAR, composed from Gegeria + Tosks (representing the two main dialects of the Albanian language, Gegë and Toskë), and Arbanon —which
290-555: A plural of an initialization without an apostrophe can also be used for a number, or a letter. Examples: For units of measure, the same form is used for both singular and plural. Examples: When an abbreviation contains more than one period, Hart's Rules recommends putting the s after the final one. Examples: However, the same plurals may be rendered less formally as: According to Hart's Rules , an apostrophe may be used in rare cases where clarity calls for it, for example when letters or symbols are referred to as objects. However,
348-589: A preliminary requisite examination for JEE-Advanced . In 2024, NTA reduced JEE Main syllabus to reduce pressure and stress among students and to meet the same syllabus structure as that of the NCERT revised books. In the latest 2025 Information brochure, the syllabus remained same as of 2024 but NTA reduced the number of question in Section - B of Paper - 1 (B.E/B-Tech) from 5 out 10 questions (to be attempted) to 5 out of 5 questions (compulsory) with negative marking. The exam
406-554: A single letter and was originally spelled with lower case letters then there is no need for capitalization. However, when abbreviating a phrase where only the first letter of each word is taken, then all letters should be capitalized, as in YTD for year-to-date , PCB for printed circuit board and FYI for for your information . However, see the following section regarding abbreviations that have become common vocabulary: these are no longer written with capital letters. A period (a.k.a. full stop)
464-508: A symbol such as "km" for " kilometre ". In the International System of Units (SI) manual the word "symbol" is used consistently to define the shorthand used to represent the various SI units of measure. The manual also defines the way in which units should be written , the principal rules being: A syllabic abbreviation is usually formed from the initial syllables of several words, such as Interpol = International + police . It
522-738: A word to a single letter was common in both Greek and Roman writing. In Roman inscriptions, "Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation". However, "some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context. (For example, ⟨A⟩ can be an abbreviation for many words, such as ager , amicus , annus , as , Aulus , Aurelius , aurum , and avus .)" Many frequent abbreviations consisted of more than one letter: for example COS for consul and COSS for its nominative etc. plural consules . Abbreviations were frequently used in early English . Manuscripts of copies of
580-568: A year (From 2021) applicants applicants registered applicants appeared applicants (From 2021) applicants applicants registered applicants appeared applicants (Before 2021) applicants applicants registered applicants appeared applicants Earlier, counselling for the JEE-Main was conducted through the CSAB; but, now, the authorities have made changes in the counselling procedure. The JAB (Joint Admission Board), representing IITs , and
638-735: A year through online applications. IIEST Shibpur has ranked 401-450 among the top Universities in Asia category by the QS Asia Ranking 2024. In India, IIEST Shibpur was ranked 49th among engineering institutes by the NIRF ( National Institutional Ranking Framework ) rankings in 2024 and 4th in Architecture & Planning. On 2017 Institution has done collaboration with US based University of California, Irvine and signed an MoU to offering dual degree programmes from both universities. On April 2017 an MoU
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#1732863364717696-559: Is a syllabic abbreviation of Commonwealth and (Thomas) Edison . Sections of California are also often colloquially syllabically abbreviated, as in NorCal (Northern California), CenCal (Central California), and SoCal (Southern California). Additionally, in the context of Los Angeles, the syllabic abbreviation SoHo (Southern Hollywood) refers to the southern portion of the Hollywood neighborhood. Partially syllabic abbreviations are preferred by
754-528: Is a variant of the acronym. Syllabic abbreviations are usually written using lower case , sometimes starting with a capital letter , and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter. Syllabic abbreviations should be distinguished from portmanteaus , which combine two words without necessarily taking whole syllables from each. Syllabic abbreviations are not widely used in English. Some UK government agencies such as Ofcom (Office of Communications) and
812-695: Is an Indian standardized computer-based test for admission to various technical undergraduate programs in engineering , architecture , and planning across colleges in India. The exam is conducted by the National Testing Agency for admission to B.Tech , B.Arch , B.Planning etc. programs in premier technical institutes such as the National Institutes of Technology (NITs) , Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs) and Government Funded Technical Institutes (GFTIs) which are based on
870-755: Is an alternative way used to describe all Albanian lands. Syllabic abbreviations were and are common in German ; much like acronyms in English, they have a distinctly modern connotation, although contrary to popular belief, many date back to before 1933 , if not the end of the Great War . Kriminalpolizei , literally criminal police but idiomatically the Criminal Investigation Department of any German police force, begat KriPo (variously capitalised), and likewise Schutzpolizei ( protection police or uniform department ) begat SchuPo . Along
928-418: Is controversy as to which should be used. One generally accepted rule is to be consistent in a body of work. To this end, publishers may express their preferences in a style guide . Some controversies that arise are described below. If the original word was capitalized then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev. for Leviticus . When a word is abbreviated to more than
986-555: Is not fixed this may vary as per difficulty level of paper of jee mains . In 2010, the Ministry of Human Resource Development announced plans to replace JEE with a common entrance test for all government engineering colleges which will be called Indian Science Engineering Eligibility Test (ISEET), by 2013. Accordingly, MHRD proposes to set up National Testing Service, which will be an autonomous and self-sustained agency to conduct this new common entrance test. The JEE-Main also serves as
1044-449: Is not used for such shortened forms. A contraction is an abbreviation formed by replacing letters with an apostrophe. Examples include I'm for I am and li'l for little . An initialism or acronym is an abbreviation consisting of the initial letter of a sequence of words without other punctuation. For example, FBI ( /ˌɛf.biːˈaɪ/ ), USA ( /ˌjuː.ɛsˈeɪ/ ), IBM ( /ˌaɪ.biːˈɛm/ ), BBC ( /ˌbiː.biːˈsiː/ ). When initialism
1102-454: Is offered in thirteen languages, namely English , Assamese , Bengali , Gujarati , Hindi , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , Odia , Punjabi , Tamil , Telugu , and Urdu . Institutes participating in the 2022 centralized seat allocation process included: The number of applicants taking the JEE-Main has varied over the years, with a peak of over 1.35 million in 2014. applicants applicants registered applicants appeared applicants
1160-695: Is sometimes used to signify abbreviation, but opinion is divided as to when and if this convention is best practice. According to Hart's Rules , a word shortened by dropping letters from the end terminates with a period, whereas a word shorted by dropping letters from the middle does not. Fowler's Modern English Usage says a period is used for both of these shortened forms, but recommends against this practice: advising it only for end-shortened words and lower-case initialisms; not for middle-shortened words and upper-case initialisms. Some British style guides, such as for The Guardian and The Economist , disallow periods for all abbreviations. In American English ,
1218-593: Is the fourth oldest engineering institute in India. The University was founded as the Civil Engineering College on 24 November 1856, in Writers' Building , Calcutta (now Kolkata ). The college was established as an independent entity in 1880 as Government College, Howrah, on the premises of Bishop's College in Shibpur, Howrah. In 1921, the name of the college was changed to Bengal Engineering College . B.E. College
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#17328633647171276-584: Is typically US . There are multiple ways to pluralize an abbreviation. Sometimes this accomplished by adding an apostrophe and an s ( 's ), as in "two PC's have broken screens". But, some find this confusing since the notation can indicate possessive case . And, this style is deprecated by many style guides. For instance, Kate Turabian , writing about style in academic writings, allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". For example, "DVDs" and "URLs" and "Ph.D.'s", while
1334-522: Is used as the preferred term, acronym refers more specifically to when the abbreviation is pronounced as a word rather than as separate letters; examples include SWAT and NASA . Initialisms, contractions and crasis share some semantic and phonetic functions, and are connected by the term abbreviation in loose parlance. In early times, abbreviations may have been common due to the effort involved in writing (many inscriptions were carved in stone) or to provide secrecy via obfuscation . Reduction of
1392-582: The Central Seat Allocation Board (CSAB) and the Joint Admission Board of IITs (JAB-IITs) for joint counselling and seat allocation to IITs and the NIT+ system, which consists of 31 NITs , IIEST Shibpur , 26 IIITs , three Schools of Planning and Architecture (SPAs) and 37 GFTIs (Central/State Government Funded Technical Institutions) . In 2011, CBSE postponed the exam by a few hours after
1450-551: The Modern Language Association explicitly says, "do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation". Also, the American Psychological Association specifically says, "without an apostrophe". However, the 1999 style guide for The New York Times states that the addition of an apostrophe is necessary when pluralizing all abbreviations, preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's". Forming
1508-679: The Old English poem Beowulf used many abbreviations, for example the Tironian et ( ⁊ ) or & for and , and y for since , so that "not much space is wasted". The standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included a growth in the use of such abbreviations. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, sequences like ⟨er⟩ were replaced with ⟨ɔ⟩ , as in mastɔ for master and exacɔbate for exacerbate . While this may seem trivial, it
1566-456: The 1990s led to a marked rise in colloquial abbreviation. This was due largely to increasing popularity of textual communication services such as instant and text messaging. The original SMS supported message lengths of 160 characters at most (using the GSM 03.38 character set), for instance. This brevity gave rise to an informal abbreviation scheme sometimes called Textese , with which 10% or more of
1624-652: The 20th century. The contractions in Newspeak are supposed to have a political function by virtue of their abbreviated structure itself: nice sounding and easily pronounceable, their purpose is to mask all ideological content from the speaker. A more recent syllabic abbreviation has emerged with the disease COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (itself frequently abbreviated to SARS-CoV-2 , partly an initialism). In Albanian, syllabic acronyms are sometimes used for composing
1682-662: The CSAB (Central Seat Allocation Board), making agreements on behalf of the NITs (National Institutes of Technology) and other CFTIs (Centrally Funded Technical Institutes) , are now united to conduct counselling (common counselling) for the two exams of the IIT-JEE. The memo for the same was signed on 2 May 2015. These two together are known as the Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA). The ministry of education constituted Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA) consisting of
1740-654: The Govt. of India by suitably amending the National Institutes of Technology and Science Education and Research Act, 2007. The conversion process of BESU to IIEST was mentored by IIT Kanpur . President of India, Pranab Mukherjee inaugurated it as IIEST on 24 August 2014. In June 2014, Govt. of West Bengal appointed IIEST Shibpur as the Mentor Institute for the Indian Institute of Information Technology Kalyani , which
1798-515: The JEE was administered by NTA . The AIEEE was introduced in 2002, since the newly established NITs , IIITs and GFTIs wanted an entrance examination paper of a higher standard than the Common Engineering Test (CET), which was formerly used for admission to all non-IIT engineering colleges and some state government colleges also in few states, including even RECs and IIITs , owing mostly to
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1856-660: The President of India, on 13 July 2005. In November 2003, the Government of India announced that the S K Joshi Committee would guide the selection of the five institutions to be the five new IITs. In October 2010 The union cabinet approved a proposal for the conversion of the Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU) at Shibpur to an Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, it will be an Institution of international standard and will produce quality manpower for
1914-763: The US Navy, as they increase readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to fit into the same acronyms. Hence DESRON 6 is used (in the full capital form) to mean "Destroyer Squadron 6", while COMNAVAIRLANT would be "Commander, Naval Air Force (in the) Atlantic". Syllabic abbreviations are a prominent feature of Newspeak , the fictional language of George Orwell 's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four . The political contractions of Newspeak— Ingsoc (English Socialism), Minitrue (Ministry of Truth), Miniplenty ( Ministry of Plenty )—are described by Orwell as similar to real examples of German ( see below ) and Russian ( see below ) contractions in
1972-455: The apostrophe can be dispensed with if the items are set in italics or quotes: In Latin, and continuing to the derivative forms in European languages as well as English, single-letter abbreviations had the plural being a doubling of the letter for note-taking. Most of these deal with writing and publishing. A few longer abbreviations use this as well. Publications based in the U.S. tend to follow
2030-464: The basis of their performance, are allowed to change their disciplines at the end of the 1st Year (i.e., second semester) and may opt for dual degree (B.Tech.-M.Tech.) courses extending over 10 semesters as per terms and conditions specified by the institute. For PG programs admission is through GATE for M.Tech. courses and Joint Entrance Screening Test for MSc. Students are also admitted in Ph.D programs twice
2088-412: The board of governors of IIEST, which has drawn criticism in academic circles for allegedly trying to saffronise an institution with a rich legacy. Abbreviation An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word with a trailing period. For example: etcetera is usually abbreviated etc. and abbreviation is sometimes abbreviated abbr. , abbrv. , or abbrev. . But sometimes the trailing period
2146-859: The director, in the Senate Standing Committee, the director and the Secretary to the Senate, deans, department heads, and registrar. In September 2023 T Kumar appointed as Chairperson of the Board of Governors of Institution for a period of next three years. Eight schools of excellence in IIEST are: Following are the multi-disciplinary centers located in IIEST Shibpur: The institute's Ramanujan Central Library occupies 3,000 m (32,000 sq ft) and houses 158,000 books, 41,000 bound volumes of journals, and
2204-409: The first one lakh candidates who opted for the same, while the remaining students took the examination in the conventional pen and paper mode. The number of attempts which a candidate can avail at the examination is limited to three in consecutive years. As of 2018 , the top 2,24,000 rankers of JEE-Main will qualify to take the second and final level of examination: JEE-Advanced. this number of 2.24 lakh
2262-428: The former Oftel (Office of Telecommunications) use this style. New York City has various neighborhoods named by syllabic abbreviation, such as Tribeca (Triangle below Canal Street) and SoHo (South of Houston Street). This usage has spread into other American cities, giving SoMa , San Francisco (South of Market) and LoDo, Denver (Lower Downtown), amongst others. Chicago -based electric service provider ComEd
2320-451: The globally popular term OK generally credited as a remnant of its influence. Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. This question is considered below. Widespread use of electronic communication through mobile phones and the Internet during
2378-475: The papers. Paper 1 is mandatory a computer based test (CBT) (called online mode ) from 2018 onwards. Until 2018, there was an option between offline pen and paper mode and online computer mode . The examination was conducted only in offline pen and paper mode till 2010. In 2011, as per the orders of the Ministry of Human Resource Development , CBSE conducted Paper 1 in Computer Based Test (CBT) mode for
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2436-487: The period is usually included regardless of whether or not it is a contraction, e.g. Dr. or Mrs. . In some cases, periods are optional, as in either US or U.S. for United States , EU or E.U. for European Union , and UN or U.N. for United Nations . There are some house styles, however—American ones included—that remove the periods from almost all abbreviations. For example: Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered
2494-500: The rank secured in the JEE-Main. It is usually conducted twice every year: Session 1 and Session 2 (commonly known as January session and April session). It also serves as a preliminary selection and eligibility test for qualifying JEE (Advanced) for admission to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs ). Since mid 2019, the JEE has been conducted fully online as a computerized test . Before Central Board of Secondary Education ,
2552-569: The rising competition and the goal of maintaining the exclusiveness of such institutes of national importance. It was renamed to JEE-Main in 2013. Until 2018, the exam was held both in pen and paper and CBT modes, as well as was held in the first week of April by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). It is conducted by National Testing Agency in CBT mode only from 2018 onwards. The 2020 and 2021 exams were postponed and conducted later in
2610-789: The same lines, the Swiss Federal Railways' Transit Police—the Transportpolizei —are abbreviated as the TraPo . With the National Socialist German Workers' Party gaining power came a frenzy of government reorganisation, and with it a series of entirely new syllabic abbreviations. The single national police force amalgamated from the Schutzpolizeien of the various states became the OrPo ( Ordnungspolizei , "order police");
2668-531: The same organization structure which has the President of India is the ex officio visitor of IIEST Shibpur, at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the Council of NITSER . Under the Council of NITSER is the board of governors of IIEST, Shibpur. The board of governors consists of the chairperson, director, and twelve members, which include government, industry, alumni, and faculty representation. Under
2726-506: The same years, due to the coronavirus pandemic . 2021 was the only year throughout JEE-Main history, when a maximum of 4 attempts were given to students. In general, for the rest of the years, most students took the JEE-Main exam in either 1 or 2 attempts, even though a maximum of 3 attempts is allowed during two consecutive years. The examination consists of only two papers: Paper 1 for B.E. / B.Tech courses and Paper 2 for B.Arch and B.Planning courses. A candidate can opt for any or both
2784-401: The secret police) and VoPo for Volkspolizei . The phrase politisches Büro , which may be rendered literally as "office of politics" or idiomatically as "political party steering committee", became Politbüro . Syllabic abbreviations are not only used in politics, however. Many business names, trademarks, and service marks from across Germany are created on the same pattern: for
2842-540: The state KriPos together formed the "SiPo" ( Sicherheitspolizei , "security police"); and there was also the Gestapo ( Geheime Staatspolizei , "secret state police"). The new order of the German Democratic Republic in the east brought about a conscious denazification , but also a repudiation of earlier turns of phrase in favour of neologisms such as Stasi for Staatssicherheit ("state security",
2900-408: The strategic sector of the country, research laboratories and quality teachers for the institutions of engineering and science education. An amount of ₹ 592.20 crore has been earmarked for the project and it will be completed over a period of five years. In March 2014, the institute was conferred the status of an INI and was renamed Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur by
2958-538: The style guides of The Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press . The U.S. government follows a style guide published by the U.S. Government Printing Office . The National Institute of Standards and Technology sets the style for abbreviations of units. Many British publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation: Writers often use shorthand to denote units of measure. Such shorthand can be an abbreviation, such as "in" for " inch " or can be
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#17328633647173016-509: The vocabulary as generic words are no longer written with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are sonar , radar , lidar , laser , snafu , and scuba . When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, only one period is used: The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. In the past, some initialisms were styled with a period after each letter and a space between each pair. For example, U. S. , but today this
3074-464: The words in a typical SMS message are abbreviated. More recently Twitter, a popular social networking service , began driving abbreviation use with 140 character message limits. In HTML , abbreviations can be annotated using < abbr title = "Meaning of the abbreviation." > abbreviation </ abbr > to reveal its meaning by hovering the cursor . In modern English, there are multiple conventions for abbreviation, and there
3132-604: Was inaugurated in June of the same year. In May 2017, the Government of India sanctioned a grant of ₹11 crore to the Institute for conducting Dr. Bholanath Chakroborty Fundamental Research Laboratory on Homeopathy under the ‘Ayush’ project to undertake focused, evidence-based research on homeopathy formulation and validate their mode of action. In December 2020, Union Govt sanctioned grants for ₹ 130 Cr to buildup 10-story hostel building facility for 1000 students. Just like all NITs follow
3190-536: Was previously affiliated to the University of Calcutta . At that time it contained only civil and mechanical engineering departments. Several other departments were created subsequently over the years, the last among them being that of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics in 2010. On 1 October 2004, the institution was conferred the status of a full-fledged university. It was formally inaugurated as Bengal Engineering and Science University by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam ,
3248-869: Was signed between the Institute and Indian Paint Association for Masters Programme in Coating Sciences & Technology from the academic session 201 also Joint research projects would also be undertaken. On October 2020 MoU signed between The Institute and IBM for collaboration on research development of learning content, software, faculty training. To promote research and innovation particularly in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises sector in state of West Bengal A collaboration MoU has been signed between The institute and state based advocacy group Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry at The Bengal Chamber Premises. A BJP vice-president in Karnataka has been appointed chairperson of
3306-469: Was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time. Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte mydsomɔ. In the Early Modern English period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, the thorn Þ
3364-447: Was used for th , as in Þ ('the'). In modern times, ⟨Þ⟩ was often used (in the form ⟨y⟩ ) for promotional reasons, as in Y Olde Tea Shoppe . During the growth of philological linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. Likewise, a century earlier in Boston , a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with
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