97-595: IFAR may refer to one of the following Ifar Gunung in Papua International Fanconi Anemia Registry International Forum for Aviation Research International Foundation for Art Research In-Flight Aspect Ratio in Fusion Science Research Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
194-705: A Duyfken expedition led by the commander Wiliam Jansen from Holland landed in Papua. This expedition consisted of 3 ships, where they sailed from the north coast of Java and stopped at the Kei Islands , at the southwestern coast of Papua. With the increasing Dutch grip in the region, the Spanish left New Guinea in 1663. In 1660, the Dutch recognized the Sultan of Tidore's sovereignty over New Guinea. New Guinea thus became notionally Dutch as
291-549: A GDP per capita of Rp 56.1 million (US$ 3,970), placing it 11th among Indonesian provinces. Efforts to improve the province’s Human Development Index, currently at 0.604, are ongoing, with significant investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure. For example, the Trans-Papua Highway project is creating new opportunities for connectivity, trade, and tourism. Additionally, the government's focus on empowering indigenous communities and promoting sustainable development
388-573: A United States diplomat proposed a scheme for using a "a special United Nations trusteeship over the territory for a limited number of years, at the end of which time sovereignty would be turned over to Indonesia"; and in March 1961 the U.S. Embassy in Jakarta asserted "the Indos once contended that UN trusteeship would be anathema under any circumstances. Now, although they have not gone so far as to be willing to call
485-549: A few years later (1526–1527), he refers to the region as 'Papua', which was mentioned in the diary of Antonio Pigafetta , the clerk for the Magellan voyage . The name Papua was known to Pigafetta when he stopped on the island of Tidore. On 16 May 1545, Yñigo Ortiz de Retez , a Spanish maritime explorer in command of the San Juan de Letran , left port in Tidore, a Spanish stronghold in
582-438: A great framework for solving the conflict in Papua. The administration has implemented a one-price fuel policy in Papua, with Jokowi assessing that it is a form of "justice" for all Papuans. The administration has also provided free primary and secondary education. Security forces have been accused of abuses in the region including extrajudicial killings, torture, arrests of activists, and displacements of entire villages. On
679-615: A harder penalty, with capital punishment for Petro Jandi, and a life sentence to Stevanus Yoseph. Meanwhile, another organization was formed on the 17 August 1947, called the Association of Young Men of Indonesia (PPI) under the leadership of Abraham Koromath. Around the Bomberai Peninsula area of Fakfak , specifically in Kokas, an Indonesian nationalist movement was led by Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan . On 1 March 1946, he ordered that all
776-480: A large potential in natural resources, such as gold, nickel, petroleum, etc. Papua, along with five other Papuan provinces , has a higher degree of autonomy level compared to other Indonesian provinces . The island of New Guinea has been populated for tens of thousands of years. European traders began frequenting the region around the late 16th century due to spice trade . In the end, the Dutch Empire emerged as
873-735: A local branch of KIM was joined with Perserikatan Indonesia Merdeka (PIM) which was formed earlier in September 1945 under the leadership of Lukas Rumkorem [ id ] . Lukas would be captured and exiled to Hollandia, with the charge he instigated violence among local population accused of trying to kill Frans Kaisiepo and Marcus Kaisiepo. Still the movement did not disappear in Biak, Stevanus Yoseph together with Petero Jandi, Terianus Simbiak, Honokh Rambrar, Petrus Kaiwai and Hermanus Rumere on 19 March 1948, instigate another revolt. Dutch authorities had to send reinforcements from Jayapura. The Dutch imposed
970-640: A local government for Jakarta in Irian Jaya Barat (West) took place in February 2003 and a governor was appointed in November; a government for Irian Jaya Tengah (Central Irian Jaya) was delayed from August 2003 due to violent local protests. The creation of this separate Central Irian Jaya Province was blocked by Indonesian courts, who declared it to be unconstitutional and in contravention of the Papua's special autonomy agreement. The previous division into two provinces
1067-510: A naval leader of Waigeo from Biak. The Biak people is the largest Melanesian tribe, spread on the northern coast of Papua, making the Biak language widely used and considered the language of Papuan unity. Due to the relationship of the coastal areas of Papua with the Sultans of Maluku, there are several local kingdoms on this island, which shows the entry of feudalism. Since the 16th century, apart from
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#17328734366841164-548: A part of the same tectonic plate as Australia. When world sea levels were low, the two shared shorelines (which now lie 100 to 140 metres below sea level), and combined with lands now inundated into the tectonic continent of Sahul , also known as Greater Australia. The two landmasses became separated when the area now known as the Torres Strait flooded after the end of the Last Glacial Period . The province of Papua
1261-406: A province-level administration. On 11 December 2002 three new regencies were created - Keerom and Sarmi from parts of Jayapura Regency, and Waropen from part of Yapen Waropen Regency (the rest of this regency was renamed as Yapen Islands ). On 18 December 2003 a further regency - Supiori - was created from part of Biak Numfor Regency, and on 15 March 2007 a further regency - Mamberamo Raya -
1358-491: A rebellion, however Dutch authorities would be alerted by a defecting member of Papuan Battalion on 14 December 1945, utilising forces from Rabaul , Dutch authorities would also capture 250 people possibly involved in this attack. The news of Indonesian independence proclamation arrived in New Guinea primarily through shipping laborers associated with Sea Transport Union of Indonesia (Sarpelindo), who were working for ships under
1455-509: A red and white flag-raising ceremony to commemorate the Indonesian independence day . KIM and PKII members began to start movements in other areas of New Guinea, most of these were unsuccessful, and the perpetrators were either imprisoned or killed. In Manokwari , a movement called Red and White Movement (GMP) was founded, which was led by Petrus Walebong and Samuel D. Kawab. This movement later spread to Babo, Kokas, Fakfak, and Sorong. In Biak,
1552-405: A similar province-level special status). According to Law 21/2001 on Special Autonomy Status (UU Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi khusus Papua), the provincial government of Papua is provided with authority within all sectors of administration, except for the five strategic areas of foreign affairs, security and defense, monetary and fiscal affairs, religion and justice. The provincial government
1649-472: A temporary United Nations administration. The United Nations General Assembly approved the agreement and accepted administration on 21 September in General Assembly resolution 1752. The UN administration took effect on 1 October 1962. The transfer of authority took place on 1 May 1963 and West New Guinea became a province of Indonesia known as West Irian ( Irian Barat ). It was agreed that following
1746-660: A thousand moving to the Netherlands. Following a sustained period of harassment against Dutch diplomatic representatives in Jakarta , the Indonesian government formally severed relations with the Netherlands in August 1960. In response to Indonesian aggression, the Netherlands government stepped up its efforts to prepare the Papuan people for self-determination in 1959. These efforts culminated in
1843-505: A trusteeship a trusteeship, they talk in terms of "one or two years" of some kind of interregnum as being acceptable." The Netherlands refused to directly transfer the colony to Indonesia and, with Operation Trikora underway, requested the UN dictate self-determination rights in 1962. On 15 August, Indonesia and The Netherlands signed the New York Agreement , which promulgated a transfer via
1940-527: Is a province of Indonesia , comprising the northern coast of Western New Guinea together with island groups in Cenderawasih Bay to the west. It roughly follows the borders of Papuan customary region of Tabi Saireri . It is bordered by nation of Papua New Guinea to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the north, Cenderawasih Bay to the west, and the provinces of Central Papua and Highland Papua to
2037-527: Is another name for Onin as recorded in old communal poems or songs from Wersar, while Sran popularly misunderstood to refers to Seram Island in Maluku , is more likely another name for a local Papuan kingdom which in its native language is called Sran Eman Muun , based in Kaimana and its furthest influence extends to the Kei Islands , in southeastern Maluku. In his book Nieuw Guinea, Dutch author WC. Klein explained
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#17328734366842134-410: Is authorized to issue local regulations to further stipulate the implementation of the special autonomy, including regulating the authority of districts and municipalities within the province. Due to its special autonomy status, Papua province is provided with significant amount of special autonomy funds, which can be used to benefit its indigenous peoples . But the province has low fiscal capacity and it
2231-427: Is between 80% and 89%. The average annual rainfall is between 1,500 mm and 7,500 mm. Snowfalls sometime occurs in the mountainous areas of New Guinea, especially the central highlands region. Various other smaller mountain ranges occur both north and west of the central ranges. Except in high elevations, most areas possess a hot, humid climate throughout the year, with some seasonal variation associated with
2328-415: Is bringing economic and social benefits to the region. Despite the challenging terrain and climate of New Guinea, major infrastructure projects are being implemented, connecting remote areas and fostering economic growth. The expansion of telecommunications services and renewable energy projects are further accelerating development in rural areas. The 2020 census revealed a population of 4,303,707, of which
2425-436: Is highly dependent on unconditional transfers and the above-mentioned special autonomy fund, which accounted for about 55% of total revenues in 2008. After obtaining its special autonomy status, to allow the local population access to timber production benefits, the Papuan provincial government issued a number of decrees, enabling: As of 2022 (following the separation of Central Papua, Highland Papua, and South Papua province),
2522-605: Is located between 2 ° 25'LU – 9 ° S and 130 ° – 141 ° East. The total area of Papua is now 82,680.95 km (31,923.29 sq mi). Until its division in 2022 into four provinces, Papua Province was the province that had the largest area in Indonesia, with a total area of 312,816.35 km , or 19.33% of the total area of the Indonesian archipelago . The boundaries of Papua are: Pacific Ocean (North), Highland Papua (South), Central Papua (Southwest) and Papua New Guinea (East). Papua, like most parts of Indonesia, has two seasons,
2619-528: The Tri Komando Rakjat (People's Triple Command), calling the Indonesian people to defeat the formation of an independent state of West Papua, raise the Indonesian flag in the territory, and be ready for mobilisation at any time. In 1962 Indonesia launched a significant campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations against the disputed territory, beginning with a seaborne infiltration launched by Indonesian forces on 15 January 1962. The Indonesian attack
2716-726: The Maluku Islands and going by way of the Talaud Islands and the Schoutens , reached the northern coast of New Guinea, which was coasted till the end of August when, owing to the 5°S latitude, contrary winds and currents, forcing a return to Tidore arriving on 5 October 1545. Many islands were encountered and first charted, along the northern coast of New Guinea, and in the Padaidos , Le Maires , Ninigos , Kaniets and Hermits , to some of which Spanish names were given. On 20 June 1545 at
2813-715: The New York Agreement reached between the governments of the Netherlands and Indonesia in August 1962. This was the first time in its history that the United Nations assumed direct administrative responsibility for a territory (as opposed to monitoring or supervising). The UN was responsible for promoting and safeguarding human rights at the national level. The United Nations would go on to undertake similar missions in Cambodia ( UNTAC ), Croatia ( UNTAES ), Kosovo ( UNMIK ) and East Timor ( UNTAET ). Western New Guinea became
2910-555: The People's Representative Council . The Papua Electoral District consists of all of the 8 regencies in the province, together with the city of Jayapura, and elects 3 members to the People's Representative Council. The island of New Guinea lies to the east of the Malay Archipelago , with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago. Geologically it is
3007-971: The Raja Ampat Islands which was contested between the Bacan Sultanate, Tidore Sultanate, and Ternate Sultanate , other coastal areas of Papua from the island of Biak to Mimika became vassals of the Tidore Sultanate. The Tidore Sultanate adheres to the trade pact and custom of Uli-Siwa (federation of nine), there were nine trade partners led by Tidore in opposition to the Ternate-led Uli Lima (federation of five). In administering its regions in Papua, Tidore divide them to three regions, Korano Ngaruha ( lit. Four Kings ) or Raja Ampat Islands, Papoua Gam Sio ( lit. Papua The Nine Negeri ) and Mafor Soa Raha ( lit. Mafor The Four Soa ). The role of these kingdoms began to decline due to
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3104-607: The Sepik on the eastern side. The result is a large area of lakes and rivers known as the Lakes Plains region. United Nations Temporary Executive Authority United Nations Administered West New Guinea refers to the period between 1 October 1962 and 1 May 1963 when Western New Guinea was administered by the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority ( UNTEA ) in accordance with in article two of
3201-540: The United Nations should oversee a referendum of the Papuan people , in which they would be given two options: to remain part of Indonesia or to become an independent nation. For a period of time, Dutch New Guinea were under the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority , before being transferred to Indonesia in 1963. A referendum was held in 1969, which was referred locally as Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat (Determination of
3298-480: The northeast monsoon season. Another major habitat feature is the vast northern lowlands. Stretching for hundreds of kilometers, these include lowland rainforests, extensive wetlands, savanna grasslands, and some of the largest expanses of mangrove forest in the world. The northern lowlands are drained principally by the province's largest river, the Mamberamo River and its tributaries on the western side, and by
3395-493: The 1780s. He commanded loyalty from both Moluccan and Papuan chiefs, especially those of Raja Ampat Islands. Following Tidore's defeat, much of the territory it claimed in western part of New Guinea came under Dutch rule as part of the Dutch East Indies . In 1511, Antonio d'Arbau, a Portuguese sailor, called the Papua region as "Os Papuas" or llha de Papo . Don Jorge de Menetes , a sailor from Spain also stopped by in Papua
3492-760: The 2019–2024 period consists of 13 political parties where the Nasdem Party is the political party with the most seats, with 8 seats, followed by the Democratic Party which also won 8 seats and the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle which won 7 seats. The province of Papua is one of seven provinces to have obtained special autonomy status, the others being Aceh , West Papua , Southwest Papua , Central Papua , Highland Papua and South Papua (the Special Regions of Jakarta and Yogyakarta have
3589-624: The Baliem River, which had 50,000 yet-undiscovered Stone Age farmers living in villages. The people, known as the Dani , were the last society of its size to make first contact with the rest of the world. The region became important in World War II with the Pacific War upon the Netherlands' declaration of war on Japan after the bombing of Pearl Harbor . In 1942, the northern coast of West New Guinea and
3686-514: The Dutch held power over Tidore. Dutch New Guinea in the early 19th century was administered from the Moluccas . Although the coast had been mapped in 1825 by Lieutenant Commander D.H. Kolff, there had been no serious effort to establish a permanent presence in Dutch New Guinea. The British, however, had shown considerable interest in the area, and were threatening to settle it. To prevent this,
3783-726: The Dutch's flags in Kokas to be changed into Indonesian flags. He was later imprisoned in Doom Island , Sorong, where he managed to recruit some followers as well as the support from local Sangaji Malan Dutch authorities later aided by incoming troops from Sorong arrested the King Rumagesan and he was given capital punishment. Meanwhile, in Kaimana , King Muhammad Achmad Aituarauw founded an organization called Independence With Kaimana, West Irian (MBKIB), which similarly boycotted Dutch flags every 31 August. In response of this activity, Aituarauw
3880-558: The Governor of the Moluccas, Pieter Merkus , urged the Dutch government to establish posts along the coast. An administrative and trading post established in 1828 on Triton Bay on the southwest coast of New Guinea. On 24 August 1828, the birthday of King William I of the Netherlands , the Dutch flag was hoisted and the Dutch claimed all of Western New Guinea , which they called Nieuw Guinea Several native chieftains proclaimed their loyalty to
3977-658: The Netherlands formally purchased West New Guinea from the Sultanate of Tidore, incorporating it into the Netherlands East Indies. Dutch activity in the region remained in the first half of the twentieth century, notwithstanding the 1923 establishment of the Nieuw Guinea Beweging (New Guinea Movement) in the Netherlands by ultra right-wing supporters calling for Dutchmen to create a tropical Netherlands in Papua. This pre-war movement without full government support
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4074-576: The Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia , on 27 December 1949. However, the Dutch refused to include Netherlands New Guinea in the new Indonesian Republic and took steps to prepare it for independence as a separate country. Following the failure of the Dutch and Indonesians to resolve their differences over West New Guinea during the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference in late 1949, it
4171-452: The Netherlands, Indonesia and Australia established liaison offices in Hollandia. In addition to civil administration, the United Nations also had a peacekeeping role through a United Nations Security Force (UNSF). The maximum force strength was 1,500 infantry and 76 aircraft personnel. Pakistan , Canada and United States contributed personnel with Pakistan providing 1,500 troops and
4268-649: The Netherlands. The post was named Fort Du Bus for the then-Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, Leonard du Bus de Gisignies . 30 years later, Germans established the first missionary settlement on an island near Manokwari . While in 1828 the Dutch claimed the south coast west of the 141st meridian and the north coast west of Humboldt Bay in 1848, they did not try to develop the region again until 1896; they established settlements in Manokwari and Fak-Fak in response to perceived Australian ownership claims from
4365-461: The Papuan people. It was only at the beginning of 700 AD that traders from Persia and Gujarat began to arrive in what is now Papua and called it Dwi Panta or Samudrananta , which means 'at edge of the ocean'. The 14th-century Majapahit poem Nagarakretagama mentioned Wwanin or Onin and Sran as a recognized territory in the east, today identified as Onin peninsula in Fakfak Regency in
4462-716: The People's Opinion) or Act of Free Choice by independence activists. The referendum was recognized by the international community and the region became the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya. The province has been renamed as Papua since 2002. Following the Act of Free Choice in 1969, Western New Guinea was formally integrated into the Republic of Indonesia. Instead of a referendum of the 816,000 Papuans, only 1,022 Papuan tribal representatives were allowed to vote, and they were coerced into voting in favor of integration. While several international observers including journalists and diplomats criticized
4559-799: The United States and Canada contributing 60 and 16 air force personnel respectively. The locally recruited Papuan Volunteer Corps , established by the Netherlands in 1961, was also placed under UNSF command. The Force Commander for the UNSF was Said Uddin Khan of Pakistan. Following the departure of Dutch police officers, Philippine officers were initially drafted in as an interim measure, before being replaced by Indonesian officers under UNTEA command. Nineteen postage stamps , as well as some postal stationery items, were issued by UNTEA. These were created by overprinting existing stocks of Netherlands New Guinea issues. At
4656-423: The United States of Indonesia and proclaimed the unitary Republic of Indonesia . Indonesia also began to initiate incursions to New Guinea in 1952, though most of these efforts would be unsuccessful. Most of these failed infiltrators would be sent to Boven-Digoel which would form clandestine intelligence groups working from the primarily southern part of New Guinea in preparation for war. Meanwhile, following
4753-494: The beginning of the influence of the Bacan Sultanate in Papua. There he wrote: In 1569 Papoese hoof den bezoeken Batjan. Ee aanterijken worden vermeld (In 1569, Papuan tribal leaders visited Bacan , which resulted in the creation of new kingdoms). According to the oral history of the Biak people, there used to be a relationship and marriage between their tribal chiefs and the sultans of Tidore in connection with Gurabesi ,
4850-481: The conquest of the Philippines in March 1945. Over twenty U.S. bases were established and half a million US personnel moved through the area. West New Guinean farms supplied food for the half million US troops. Papuan men went into battle to carry the wounded, acted as guides and translators, and provided a range of services, from construction work and carpentry to serving as machine shop workers and mechanics. Following
4947-446: The current province of Papua. This relationship plays an important historical role in binding the archipelagic civilizations of Indonesia to the Papuan world. Another theory is that the word Papua comes from the Malay word 'papuwah', which means 'frizzled hair'. It was first mentioned in the 1812 Malay Dictionary by William Marsden , although it was not found in earlier dictionaries. In
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#17328734366845044-488: The defeat of the third Afro-Asian resolution in November 1957, the Indonesian government embarked on a national campaign targeting Dutch interests in Indonesia; A total of 700 Dutch-owned companies with a valuation total of around $ 1.5 billion was nationalised. By January 1958, ten thousand Dutch nationals had left Indonesia, many returning to the Netherlands. By June 1960, around thirteen thousand Dutch nationals mostly Eurasians from New Guinea left for Australia , with around
5141-503: The dominant leader in the spice war, annexing the western part of New Guinea into the colony of Dutch East Indies . The Dutch remained in New Guinea until 1962, even though other parts of the former colony has declared independence as the Republic of Indonesia in 1945. Following negotiations and conflicts with the Indonesian government, the Dutch transferred Western New Guinea to a United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA), which
5238-460: The dry season and the rainy season. From June to September the wind flows from Australia and does not contain much water vapor resulting in a dry season. On the other hand, from December to March, the wind currents contain a lot of water vapor originating from Asia and the Pacific Ocean so that the rainy season occurs. The average temperature in Papua ranges from 19 °C to 28 °C and humidity
5335-545: The eastern half of New Guinea. Great Britain and Germany had recognized the Dutch claims in treaties of 1885 and 1895. At the same time, Britain claimed south-east New Guinea, later as the Territory of Papua , and Germany claimed the northeast, later known as the Territory of New Guinea . The German, Dutch and British colonial administrators each attempted to suppress the still-widespread practices of inter-village warfare and headhunting within their respective territories. In 1901,
5432-702: The end of the war, the Dutch retained possession of West New Guinea from 1945. In 1944, Jan van Eechoud set up a school for bureaucrats in Hollandia (now Jayapura). One early headmaster of the school was Soegoro Atmoprasojo , an Indonesian nationalist graduate of Taman Siswa and former Boven-Digoel prisoners, in one of these meetings the name "Irian" was suggested. Many of these school early graduates would go on to found Indonesian independence movement in Western New Guinea, while some went on to support Dutch authorities and pursue Papuan independence. In December 1945, Atmoprasojo alongside his students were planning for
5529-442: The entry of traders from Europe to the archipelago marking the beginning of colonialism in the Indonesian Archipelago . During Tidore's rule, the main exports of the island during this period were resins, spices, slaves and the highly priced feathers of the bird-of-paradise . Sultan Nuku , one of the most famous Tidore sultans who rebelled against Dutch colonization, called himself "Sultan of Tidore and Papua", during his revolt in
5626-519: The establishment of a court system, a New Guinea Council and regional councils. An official gazette was established on 1 October 1962. During the seven-month transition period Dutch civil servants and officials were slowly recalled to the Netherlands and were replaced by, UN, local and Indonesian officials. The New Guinea Council , first elected in January 1961 , was reconvened by the administrator on 4 December 1962 and members took new oaths of office, swearing allegiance to UNTEA. The administrator had
5723-467: The establishment of a hospital in Hollandia (modern–day Jayapura, currently Jayapura Regional General Hospital or RSUD Jayapura), a shipyard in Manokwari , agricultural research sites, plantations, and a military force known as the Papuan Volunteer Corps . By 1960, a legislative New Guinea Council had been established with a mixture of legislative, advisory and policy functions. Half of its members were to be elected, and elections for this council were held
5820-406: The first vice president of Indonesia, and Sutan Sjahrir , the first Indonesian Prime Minister . Before about 1930, European maps showed the highlands as uninhabited forests. When first flown over by aircraft, numerous settlements with agricultural terraces and stockades were observed. The most startling discovery took place on 4 August 1938, when Richard Archbold discovered the Grand Valley of
5917-579: The flag of Australian and the Dutch. This led to the formation of the Komite Indonesia Merdeka or KIM branch in Abepura, Hollandia in October 1946, originally an organization for Indonesian exiles in Sydney. It was led by Dr. J.A. Gerungan, a woman doctor who led an Abepura hospital, by December 1946, it came to be led by Martin Indey . KIM was one of the first Indonesian nationalist groups in New Guinea, whose members were mostly former associates of Soegoro. Simultaneously another separate Indonesian nationalist movement in New Guinea formed when Dr. Sam Ratulangi ,
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#17328734366846014-411: The focus of a political dispute between the Netherlands and Indonesia following the recognition of the independence of the latter. The Indonesian side claimed the territory as its own while the Dutch side maintained that its residents were not Indonesian and that the Netherlands would continue to administer the territory as Dutch New Guinea until it was capable of self-determination . In May 1959
6111-596: The following year. Most importantly, the Dutch also sought to create a sense of West Papuan national identity, and these efforts led to the creation of a national flag (the Morning Star flag ), a national anthem, and a coat of arms . The Dutch had planned to transfer independence to West New Guinea in 1970. Following the raising of the Papuan National Flag on 1 December 1961, tensions further escalated. Multiple rebellions erupted inside New Guinea against Dutch authorities, such as in Enarotali, Agats, Kokas, Merauke, Sorong and Baliem Valley. On 18 December 1961 Sukarno issued
6208-428: The highlands were an early and independent center of agriculture, and show that agriculture developed gradually over several thousands of years; the banana has been cultivated in this region for at least 7,000 years. Austronesian peoples migrating through Maritime Southeast Asia settled in the area at least 3,000 years ago, and populated especially in Cenderawasih Bay . Diverse cultures and languages have developed in
6305-574: The island due to geographical isolation; there are over 300 languages and two hundred additional dialects in the region. Ghau Yu Kuan, a Chinese merchant, came to Papua around the latter half of 500 AD and referred to it as Tungki , the area where they obtained spices. Meanwhile, in the latter half of 600 AD, the Sumatra -based empire of Srivijaya referred to the island as Janggi . The empire engaged in trade relations with western New Guinea, initially taking items like sandalwood and birds-of-paradise in tribute to China , but later making slaves out of
6402-523: The majority were Christian. The official estimate for mid 2022 was 4,418,581 prior to the division of the province into four separate provinces. The official estimate of the population in mid 2023 of the reduced province was 1,047,098 (comprising 548,505 males and 498,593 females). The interior is predominantly populated by ethnic Papuans while coastal towns are inhabited by descendants of intermarriages between Papuans, Melanesians and Austronesians , including other Indonesian ethnic groups. Migrants from
6499-437: The mouth of the Mamberamo River (charted as San Agustin ) he took possession of the land for the Spanish Crown, in the process giving the island the name by which it is known today. He called it Nueva Guinea owing to the resemblance of the local inhabitants to the peoples of the Guinea coast in West Africa. The first map showing the whole island as an island was published in 1600 and shown 1606, Luís Vaz de Torres explored
6596-416: The name from Mansren Koreri myths, Iri-an from the Biak language of Biak Island , meaning "hot land" referring to the local hot climate, but also from Iryan which means heated process as a metaphor for a land that is entering a new era. In Serui Iri-an ( lit. land-nation) means "pillar of nation", while in Merauke Iri-an ( lit. placed higher-nation) means "rising spirit" or "to rise". The name
6693-439: The nearby islands were occupied by Japan . By late 1942, most of the Netherlands Indies were occupied by Japan . Behind Japanese lines in New Guinea, Dutch guerrilla fighters resisted under Mauritz Christiaan Kokkelink. Allied forces drove out the Japanese after Operations Reckless and Persecution , with amphibious landings near Hollandia, from 21 April 1944. The area served as General Douglas MacArthur 's headquarters until
6790-452: The north coast of Papua proper, the Schouten Islands or Biak Island. When the Dutch colonized this island as part of the Dutch East Indies , they called it Nieuw Guinea . Speakers align themselves with a political orientation when choosing a name for the western half of the island of New Guinea . The official name of the region is "Papua" according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Independence activists refer to
6887-474: The origin of the word Papua. One theory is that the name comes from the word 'Papo Ua', named by the Tidore Sultanate , which in the Tidore language means "not joining" or "not being united", meaning that there was no king who rules the area. Before the age of colonization, the Tidore Sultanate controlled some parts of the Bird's Head Peninsula in what is now the provinces of West Papua and Southwest Papua before expanding to also include coastal regions in
6984-446: The other hand, separatists have been accused and claimed much of the same violence, such as extrajudicial killings of both Papuan and non-Papuan civilians, torture, rapes, and attacking local villages. Protests against Indonesian rule in Papua happen frequently, the most recent being the 2019 Papua protests , one of the largest and most violent, which include burning of mostly non-Papuan civilians and Papuans that did not want to join
7081-437: The power to appoint new members of the council to fill any vacancies that may arise. Eleven regional councils were also established. UNTEA was initially led by acting administrator José Rolz-Bennett [ es ] of Guatemala from 1 October 1962 to 15 November, and then by Jalal Abdoh [ fa ] of Imperial Iran who served as administrator from 15 November 1962 to 1 May 1963. The governments of
7178-657: The province is the Papuan People's Assembly ( Majelis Rakyat Papua ), which was formed by the Indonesian government in 2005, as mandated by the Papua Special Autonomy Law, as a coalition of Papuan tribal chiefs, Papuan religious leaders, and Papuan women representatives, tasked with arbitration and speaking on behalf of Papuan tribal customs. Since 2014, the DPRP has 55 members who are elected through General elections every five years and 14 people who are appointed through
7275-556: The rally. In July 2022, regencies in central and southern Papua were separated from the province, to be created into three new provinces: South Papua administered from Merauke Regency , Central Papua administered from Nabire Regency , and Highlands Papua administered from Jayawijaya Regency . The province of Papua is governed by a directly elected governor and a regional legislature, People's Representative Council of Papua ( Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Papua , abbreviated as DPRP or DPR Papua). A unique government organization in
7372-523: The records of 16th century Portuguese and Spanish sailors, the word 'Papua' is the designation for the inhabitants of the Raja Ampat Islands and the coastal parts of the Bird's Head Peninsula. The former name of the province, Irian Jaya, was suggested during a tribal committee meeting in Tobati, Jayapura, formed by Atmoprasojo, head of the bestuur school in the 1940s. Frans Kaisiepo , the committee leader suggested
7469-402: The referendum as being rigged, the U.S. and Australia support Indonesia's efforts to secure acceptance in the United Nations for the pro-integration vote. That same year, 84 member states voted in favor for the United Nations to accept the result, with 30 others abstaining. Due to the Netherlands' efforts to promote a West Papuan national identity, a significant number of Papuans refused to accept
7566-456: The region as " West Papua ," while Indonesian officials have also used " West Papua " to name the westernmost province of the region since 2007. Historically, the region has had the official names of Netherlands New Guinea (1895–1962), West New Guinea or West Irian (1945–73), Irian Jaya (1973–2002), and Papua (2002–present). Papuan habitation of the region is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago. Research indicates that
7663-463: The residual Papua Province consisted of 8 regencies ( kabupaten ) and one city ( kota ); on the map below, these regencies comprise the northern belt from Waropen Regency to Keerom Regency, plus the island groups to their northwest. Initially the area now forming the present Papua Province contained three regencies - Jayapura , Yapen Waropen and Biak Numfor . The City of Jayapura was separated on 2 August 1993 from Jayapura Regency and formed into
7760-475: The rest of Indonesia also tend to inhabit the coastal regions. The province is also home to some uncontacted peoples . [REDACTED] Dutch East India Company 1640s–1799 [REDACTED] Dutch East Indies 1800–1942; 1944–1949 [REDACTED] Empire of Japan 1942–1944 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Dutch New Guinea 1949–1962 [REDACTED] UNTEA 1962–1963 [REDACTED] Indonesia 1963–present There are several theories regarding
7857-459: The south. The province also shares maritime boundaries with Palau in the Pacific. Following the splitting off of twenty regencies to create the three new provinces of Central Papua , Highland Papua , and South Papua on 30 June 2022, the residual province is divided into eight regencies ( kabupaten ) and one city ( kota ), the latter being the provincial capital of Jayapura . The province has
7954-568: The southern coast of New Guinea from Milne Bay to the Gulf of Papua including Orangerie Bay, which he named Bahía de San Lorenzo . His expedition also discovered Basilaki Island , naming it Tierra de San Buenaventura , which he claimed for Spain in July 1606. On 18 October, his expedition reached the western part of the island in present-day Indonesia, and also claimed the territory for the King of Spain. In 1606,
8051-610: The special autonomy, bringing the total number of DPRP members to 69 people. The DPRP leadership consists of 1 Chairperson and 3 Deputy Chairmen who come from political parties that have the most seats and votes. The current DPRP members are the results of the 2019 General Election which was sworn in on 31 October 2019 by the Chairperson of the Jayapura High Court at the Papua DPR Building. The composition of DPRP members for
8148-474: The territory's integration into Indonesia. These formed the separatist Organisasi Papua Merdeka (Free Papua Movement) and have waged an insurgency against the Indonesian authorities, which continues to this day. In January 2003 President Megawati Sukarnoputri signed an order dividing Papua into three provinces: Central Irian Jaya (Irian Jaya Tengah), Papua (or East Irian Jaya, Irian Jaya Timur), and West Papua (Irian Jaya Barat). The formality of installing
8245-460: The title IFAR . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IFAR&oldid=570098805 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Papua (Indonesian province) Papua
8342-549: The transfer of authority Elias Jan Bonai , a member of the New Guinea Council , would be appointed as the first Indonesian Governor. It later evolved into the present-day provinces of Papua , Southwest Papua , Central Papua , South Papua , Highland Papua and West Papua . According to the New York Agreement, UNTEA could legislate, appoint government officials, and guarantee law and order. These permissions led to
8439-533: The two is merely the terminology, with kepala distrik being the district head. The regencies ( kabupaten ) and the city ( kota ) are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2020 census and subsequent official estimates for mid 2023, together with the 2020 Human Development Index of each administrative divisions. ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) ( Medium ) The province now forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to
8536-525: The western part of the larger Bomberai Peninsula south of the Bird's Head Peninsula. At that time, Papua was said to be the eighth region of the Majapahit Empire. Wanin or Onin was one of the oldest indigenous names in recorded history to refer to the western part of the island of New Guinea. A transcript from the Nagarakretagama says the following: According to some linguists, the word Ewanin
8633-517: Was again transferred to Indonesia after the controversial Act of Free Choice . The province was formerly called Irian Jaya and comprised the entire Western New Guinea until the inauguration of the province of West Papua (then West Irian Jaya) in 2001. In 2002, Papua adopted its current name and was granted a special autonomous status under Indonesian legislation . Papua is a province rich in natural resources and cultural diversity, offering great potential for future development. As of 2020, Papua had
8730-439: Was allowed to stand as an established fact. Following his election in 2014 , Indonesian president, Joko Widodo , embarked on reforms intended to alleviate grievances of Native Papuans , such as stopping the transmigration program and starting massive infrastructure spending in Papua, including building Trans-Papua roads network. The Joko Widodo administration has prioritized infrastructure and human resource development as
8827-507: Was arrested by the Dutch and exiled to Ayamaru for 10 years in 1948. Other movements opposing the Dutch under local Papuan kings includes, New Guinea Islamic Union (KING) led by Ibrahim Bauw, King of Rumbati, Gerakan Pemuda Organisasi Muda led by Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan and Abbas Iha, and Persatuan Islam Kaimana (PIK) of Kaimana led by Usman Saad and King of Namatota, Umbair. Following the Indonesian National Revolution ,
8924-528: Was created from the western part of Sarmi Regency. These regencies and the city are together subdivided as into districts ( distrik ), and thence into "villages" ( kelurahan and desa ). With the release of the Act Number 21 of 2001 concerning the Special Autonomous Region of Papua Province, the term distrik was used instead of kecamatan in the entire Western New Guinea . The difference between
9021-488: Was decided that the present status quo of the territory would be maintained and then negotiated bilaterally one year after the date of the transfer of sovereignty. However, both sides were still unable to resolve their differences in 1950, which led the Indonesian President Sukarno to accuse the Dutch of reneging on their promises to negotiate the handover of the territory. On 17 August 1950, Sukarno dissolved
9118-541: Was defeated by Dutch forces including the Dutch destroyers Evertsen and Kortenaer , the so-called Vlakke Hoek incident . Amongst the casualties was the Indonesian Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff; Commodore Yos Sudarso . It finally was agreed through the New York Agreement in 1962 that the administration of Western New Guinea would be temporarily transferred from the Netherlands to Indonesia and that by 1969
9215-495: Was exiled at Serui , along with his six staff by the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration on 5 July 1946. In exile he met with Silas Papare who was also exiled from a failed Pagoncang Alam led rebellion to free Atmoprasojo, on 29 November 1946, an organization called Indonesian Irian Independence Party (PKII) was formed. A year later, on 17 August 1947, former students of Soegoro and others would held
9312-736: Was largely unsuccessful in its drive, but did coincide with the development of a plan for Eurasian settlement of the Dutch Indies to establish Dutch farms in northern West New Guinea. This effort also failed as most returned to Java disillusioned, and by 1938 just 50 settlers remained near Hollandia and 258 in Manokwari . The Dutch established the Boven Digul camp in Tanahmerah , as a prison for Indonesian nationalists. Among those interned here were writer Marco Kartodikromo , Mohammad Hatta , who would become
9409-760: Was promoted in 1945 by Marcus Kaisiepo, brother of the future governor Frans Kaisiepo. The name Irian was politicized later by Marthin Indey and Silas Papare with the Indonesian acronym 'Ikut Republik Indonesia Anti Nederland' (Join the Republic of Indonesia oppose the Netherlands). The name was used throughout the Suharto administration , until it was changed to Papua during the administration of President Abdurrahman Wahid . The Dutch, who arrived later under Jacob Le Maire and Willem Schouten , called it Schouten island . They later used this name only to refer to islands off
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