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67-645: HCL Notes (formerly Lotus Notes then IBM Notes ) is a proprietary collaborative software platform for Unix ( AIX ), IBM i , Windows, Linux, and macOS, sold by HCLTech . The client application is called Notes while the server component is branded HCL Domino . HCL Notes provides business collaboration functions, such as email , calendars, to-do lists , contact management, discussion forums, file sharing, websites, instant messaging, blogs, document libraries, user directories, and custom applications. It can also be used with other HCL Domino applications and databases. IBM Notes 9 Social Edition removed integration with

134-643: A DEC PDP-10 computer. As internet connections grew, so did the numbers of users and multi-user games. In 1978 Roy Trubshaw , a student at University of Essex in the United Kingdom, created the game MUD (Multi-User Dungeon). The US Government began using truly collaborative applications in the early 1990s. One of the first robust applications was the Navy's Common Operational Modeling, Planning and Simulation Strategy (COMPASS). The COMPASS system allowed up to 6 users to create point-to-point connections with one another;

201-470: A Kerberized version. RFC 1460 introduced APOP into the core protocol. APOP is a challenge–response protocol which uses the MD5 hash function in an attempt to avoid replay attacks and disclosure of the shared secret . Clients implementing APOP include Mozilla Thunderbird , Opera Mail , Eudora , KMail , Novell Evolution , RimArts' Becky! , Windows Live Mail , PowerMail, Apple Mail , and Mutt . RFC 1460

268-441: A schema , come with built-in document-level access control, and store rich text data. IBM Domino 7 to 8.5.x supports the use of IBM Db2 database as an alternative store for IBM Notes databases. This NSFDB2 feature, however, is now in maintenance mode with no further development planned. An IBM Notes database can be mapped to a relational database using tools like DECS, [LEI], JDBCSql for Domino or NotesSQL. The HCL Domino server or

335-603: A client and a server, can occur over a network or a point-to-point modem connection. Replication between servers may occur at intervals according to a defined schedule, in near- real-time when triggered by data changes in server clusters, or when triggered by an administrator or program. Creation of a local replica of an NSF file on the hard disk of an HCL Notes client enables the user to fully use Notes and Domino databases while working off-line. The client synchronizes any changes when client and server next connect. Local replicas are also sometimes maintained for use while connected to

402-462: A double-edged sword. Notes application development uses several programming languages. Formula and LotusScript are the two original ones. LotusScript is similar to, and may even be considered a specialized implementation of, Visual Basic, but with the addition of many native classes that model the Notes environment, whereas Formula is similar to Lotus 1-2-3 formula language but is unique to Notes. Java

469-660: A formula language as well as JavaScript. Software developers can build applications to run either within the Notes application runtime environment or through a web server for use in a web browser, although the interface would need to be developed separately unless XPages is used. Notes can be used for email, as a calendar, PIM , instant messaging, Web browsing , and other applications. Notes can access both local- and server-based applications and data. Notes can function as an IMAP and POP email client with non-Domino mail servers. The system can retrieve recipient addresses from any LDAP server, including Active Directory , and includes

536-482: A mailbox ( maildrop ) maintained on a mail server. The protocol supports list, retrieve and delete operations for messages. POP3 clients connect, retrieve all messages, store them on the client computer, and finally delete them from the server. This design of POP and its procedures was driven by the need of users having only temporary Internet connections, such as dial-up access , allowing these users to retrieve e-mail when connected, and subsequently to view and manipulate

603-487: A major example of that product category, allowing remote group collaboration when the internet was still in its infancy. Kirkpatrick and Losee (1992) wrote then: "If GROUPWARE really makes a difference in productivity long term, the very definition of an office may change. You will be able to work efficiently as a member of a group wherever you have your computer. As computers become smaller and more powerful, that will mean anywhere." In 1999, Achacoso created and introduced

670-530: A server that simulated a one-to-many auditorium, with side chat between "seat-mates", and the ability to invite a limited number of audience members to speak. In 1997, engineers at GTE used the PlaceWare engine in a commercial version of MITRE's CVW, calling it InfoWorkSpace (IWS). In 1998, IWS was chosen as the military standard for the standardized Air Operations Center. The IWS product was sold to General Dynamics and then later to Ezenia. Collaborative software

737-453: A single file (usually a document); and version control (also known as revision control and source control) platforms, which allow users to make parallel edits to a file, while preserving every saved edit by users as multiple files that are variants of the original file. Collaborative software is a broad concept that overlaps considerably with computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW). According to Carstensen and Schmidt (1999), groupware

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804-518: A unique identifier assigned to the message by the POP server. This unique identifier is permanent and unique to the maildrop and allows a client to access the same message in different POP sessions. Mail is retrieved and marked for deletion by the message-number. When the client exits the session, mail marked for deletion is removed from the maildrop. The first version of the Post Office Protocol, POP1,

871-467: A web browser, although it can be configured by a Domino Developer to launch a different web browser instead. Features include group calendars and schedules, SMTP / MIME -based email, NNTP -based news support, and automatic HTML conversion of all documents by the Domino HTTP task. Notes can be used with Sametime instant-messaging to allow to see other users online and chat with one or more of them at

938-553: A web-browser in that it may run any compatible application that the user has permission for. Domino provides applications that can be used to: The standard storage mechanism in Domino is a document-database format, the "Notes Storage Facility" (.nsf). The .nsf file will normally contain both an application design and its associated data. Domino can also access relational databases , either through an additional server called HCL Enterprise Integrator for Domino, through ODBC calls or through

1005-496: Is an exchange of information between two or more participants where the primary purpose of the interaction is discovery or relationship building. There is no central entity around which the interaction revolves but is a free exchange of information with no defined constraints, generally focused on personal experiences. Communication technology such as telephones, instant messaging , and e-mail are generally sufficient for conversational interactions. Transactional interaction involves

1072-416: Is called Domino and the client software is Notes. Domino software can run on Windows, Unix, AIX , and IBM mid-range systems and can scale to tens of thousands of users per server. There are different supported versions of the Domino server that are supported on the various levels of server operating systems. Usually the latest server operating system is only officially supported by a version of HCL Domino that

1139-454: Is either requested after protocol initiation, using the STLS command, if supported, or by POP3S, which connects to the server using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) on well-known TCP port number 995. Messages available to the client are determined when a POP3 session opens the maildrop, and are identified by message-number local to that session or, optionally, by

1206-532: Is formal or informal, intentional or unintentional. Whereas the groupware or collaborative software pertains to the technological elements of computer-supported cooperative work, collaborative work systems become a useful analytical tool to understand the behavioral and organizational variables that are associated to the broader concept of CSCW. Douglas Engelbart first envisioned collaborative computing in 1951 and documented his vision in 1962, with working prototypes in full operational use by his research team by

1273-485: Is part of CSCW. The authors claim that CSCW, and thereby groupware, addresses "how collaborative activities and their coordination can be supported by means of computer systems." The use of collaborative software in the work space creates a collaborative working environment (CWE). Collaborative software relates to the notion of collaborative work systems , which are conceived as any form of human organization that emerges any time that collaboration takes place, whether it

1340-476: Is released at about the same time as that OS. Domino has security capabilities on a variety of levels. The authorizations can be granular, down to the field level in specific records all the way up to 10 different parameters that can be set up at a database level, with intermediate options in between. Users can also assign access for other users to their personal calendar and email on a more generic reader, editor, edit with delete and manage my calendar levels. All of

1407-405: Is rudimentary. Notes is a document-oriented database (document-based, schema-less, loosely structured) with support for rich content and powerful indexing facilities. This structure closely mimics paper-based work flows that Notes is typically used to automate. Items represent the content of a note. Every item has a name, a type, and may have some flags set. A note can have more than one item with

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1474-463: Is the use of design patterns for groupware design. The patterns identify recurring groupware design issues and discuss design choices in a way that all stakeholders can participate in the groupware development process. Groupware can be divided into three categories depending on the level of collaboration : Collaborative management tools facilitate and manage group activities. Examples include: The design intent of collaborative software (groupware)

1541-569: Is to transform the way documents and rich media are shared in order to enable more effective team collaboration. Collaboration, with respect to information technology, seems to have several definitions. Some are defensible but others are so broad they lose any meaningful application. Understanding the differences in human interactions is necessary to ensure the appropriate technologies are employed to meet interaction needs. There are three primary ways in which humans interact: conversations, transactions, and collaborations. Conversational interaction

1608-627: The Kerberized Post Office Protocol ( KPOP ), an application-layer Internet standard protocol , to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. The KPOP protocol is based on the POP3 protocol – differing in that it adds Kerberos security and that it runs by default over TCP port number 1109 instead of 110. One mail server software implementation is found in the Cyrus IMAP server . The following POP3 session dialog

1675-535: The NSA that allowed export of a version that supported stronger keys with 64 bits, but 24 of the bits were encrypted with a special key and included in the message to provide a "workload reduction factor" for the NSA. This strengthened the protection for users of Notes outside the US against private-sector industrial espionage , but not against spying by the US government. This implementation

1742-483: The Post Office Protocol ( POP ) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. Today, POP version 3 ( POP3 ) is the most commonly used version. Together with IMAP , it is one of the most common protocols for email retrieval. The Post Office Protocol provides access via an Internet Protocol (IP) network for a user client application to

1809-702: The ACL. Default entries in the ACL can be set when the Manager creates the database. Roles, rather than user id, can determine access level. Notes and Domino is a cross-platform, distributed document-oriented NoSQL database and messaging framework and rapid application development environment that includes pre-built applications like email, calendar, etc. This sets it apart from its major commercial competitors, such as Microsoft Exchange or Novell GroupWise , which are purpose-built applications for mail and calendaring that offer APIs for extensibility. Domino databases are built using

1876-409: The C toolkit, lacking many functions the C toolkit provides. The Java toolkit is the least mature of the three and can be used for basic application needs. IBM Notes includes a database management system but Notes files are different from relational or object databases because they are document-centric. Document-oriented databases such as Notes allow multiple values in items (fields), do not require

1943-506: The CAPA command. With the exception of APOP, the optional commands were included in the initial set of capabilities. Following the lead of ESMTP (RFC 5321), capabilities beginning with an X signify local capabilities. The STARTTLS extension allows the use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to be negotiated using the STLS command, on the standard POP3 port, rather than an alternate. Some clients and servers instead use

2010-548: The Domino Designer client, available only for Microsoft Windows ; standard user clients are available for Windows, Linux , and macOS . A key feature of Notes is that many replicas of the same database can exist at the same time on different servers and clients, across dissimilar platforms; the same storage architecture is used for both client and server replicas. Originally, replication in Notes happened at document (i.e., record) level. With release of Notes 4 in 1996, replication

2077-569: The Domino client store their configuration in their own databases / application files (*.nsf). No relevant configuration settings are saved in the Windows Registry if the operating system is Windows. Some other configuration options (primary the start configuration) is stored in the notes.ini (there are currently over 2000 known options available). Notes is commonly deployed as an end-user email client in larger organizations. When an organization employs an HCL Domino server, it usually also deploys

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2144-531: The HCL supplied email and calendaring application. The Domino server also supports POP3 and IMAP mail clients, and through an extension product (HCL mail support for Microsoft Outlook) supports native access for Microsoft Outlook clients. Collaborative software Regarding available interaction, collaborative software may be divided into real-time collaborative editing platforms that allow multiple users to engage in live, simultaneous, and reversible editing of

2211-483: The IBM Notes client. With XPages, the IBM Notes client can now natively process Java and JavaScript code, although applications development usually requires at least some code specific to only IBM Notes or only a browser. As of version 6, Lotus established an XML programming interface in addition to the options already available. The Domino XML Language (DXL) provides XML representations of all data and design resources in

2278-537: The Notes client, via a web browser, via mail routing and delivery, or via programmed code. Document notes can have parent-child relationships, but Notes should not be considered a hierarchical database in the classic sense of information management systems . Notes databases are also not relational , although there is a SQL driver that can be used with Notes, and it does have some features that can be used to develop applications that mimic relational features. Notes does not support atomic transactions, and its file locking

2345-444: The Notes model, allowing any XML processing tool to create and modify IBM Notes and Domino data. Since Release 8.5, XPages were also integrated into IBM Notes. External to the Notes application, HCL provides toolkits in C , C++ , and Java to connect to the Domino database and perform a wide variety of tasks. The C toolkit is the most mature, and the C++ toolkit is an objectized version of

2412-414: The ability to provide geographic redundancy for servers. Notes System Diagnostic (NSD) gathers information about the running of a Notes workstation or of a Domino server. On October 10, 2018, IBM released IBM Domino v10.0 and IBM Notes 10.0 as the latest release. In December, 2019, HCL released HCL Domino v11 and HCL Notes v11. Notes and Domino are client/server database environments. The server software

2479-399: The alternate-port method, which uses TCP port 995 (POP3S). Demon Internet introduced extensions to POP3 that allow multiple accounts per domain, and has become known as Standard Dial-up POP3 Service (SDPS). To access each account, the username includes the hostname, as john@hostname or john+hostname . Google Apps uses the same method. In computing , local e-mail clients can use

2546-585: The application development abilities, HCL Domino is often compared to products like Microsoft Sharepoint . The database in Domino can be replicated between servers and between server and client, thereby allowing clients offline capabilities. Domino, a business application as well as a messaging server, is compatible with both Notes and web-browsers. Notes (and since IBM Domino 9, the HCAA) may be used to access any Domino application, such as discussion forums, document libraries, and numerous other applications. Notes resembles

2613-476: The code signatures listed in properly configured ECLs prevent code from being executed by external sources, to avoid virus propagation through Notes/Domino environments. Administrators can centrally control whether each mailbox user can add exceptions to, and thus override, the ECL. Access control lists (ACLs) control a user of server's level of access to that database. Only a user with Manager access can create or modify

2680-586: The collaborative session only remained while at least one user stayed active, and would have to be recreated if all six logged out. MITRE improved on that model by hosting the collaborative session on a server into which each user logged. Called the Collaborative Virtual Workstation (CVW), it allowed the session to be set up in a virtual file cabinet and virtual rooms, and left as a persistent session that could be joined later. In 1996, Pavel Curtis , who had built MUDs at PARC , created PlaceWare,

2747-462: The default setting for newly created local replicas. Lotus Notes was the first widely adopted software product to use public key cryptography for client–server and server–server authentication and for encryption of data. Until US laws regulating encryption were changed in 2000, IBM and Lotus were prohibited from exporting versions of Notes that supported symmetric encryption keys that were longer than 40 bits. In 1997, Lotus negotiated an agreement with

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2814-478: The design of the database can replicate to users' desktops just like the data itself, making it extremely easy to deploy updated applications. Items in document notes represent user-entered or computed data. An item named "Form" in a document note can be used to bind a document to a form design note, which directs the Notes client to merge the content of the document note items with the GUI information and code represented in

2881-461: The development of database applications consisting of forms (which allow users to create documents) and views (which display selected document fields in columns). In addition to its role as a groupware system (email, calendaring, shared documents and discussions), HCL Notes and Domino can also construct "workflow"-type applications, particularly those which require approval processes and routing of data. Since Release 5, server clustering has had

2948-406: The environment. Notes 5 introduced an execution control list (ECL) at the client level. The ECL allows or denies the execution of custom code based on the signature attached to it, preventing code from untrusted (and possibly malignant) sources from running. Notes and Domino 6 allowed client ECLs to be managed centrally by server administrators through the implementation of policies. Since release 4.5,

3015-417: The exchange of transaction entities where a major function of the transaction entity is to alter the relationship between participants. In collaborative interaction , the main function of the participants' relationship is to alter a collaboration entity (i.e., the converse of transactional). When teams collaborate on projects it is collaborative project management. Post Office Protocol In computing,

3082-490: The first wireless groupware. The complexity of groupware development is still an issue. One reason is the socio-technical dimension of groupware. Groupware designers do not only have to address technical issues (as in traditional software development) but also consider the organizational aspects and the social group processes that should be supported with the groupware application. Some examples for issues in groupware development are: One approach for addressing these issues

3149-406: The given form design note for display and editing purposes. However, other methods can be used to override this binding of a document to a form note. The resulting loose binding of documents to design information is one of the cornerstones of the power of Notes. Traditional database developers used to working with rigidly enforced schemas, on the other hand, may consider the power of this feature to be

3216-481: The mid-1960s. He held the first public demonstration of his work in 1968 in what is now referred to as " The Mother of All Demos ". The following year, Engelbart's lab was hooked into the ARPANET , the first computer network, enabling them to extend services to a broader userbase. Online collaborative gaming software began between early networked computer users. In 1975, Will Crowther created Colossal Cave Adventure on

3283-595: The network in order to reduce network latency . Replication between a Notes client and Domino server can run automatically according to a schedule, or manually in response to a user or programmatic request. Since Notes 6, local replicas maintain all security features programmed into the applications. Earlier releases of Notes did not always do so. Early releases also did not offer a way to encrypt NSF files, raising concerns that local replicas might expose too much confidential data on laptops or insecure home office computers, but more recent releases offer encryption, and as of

3350-558: The office software package IBM Lotus Symphony , which had been integrated with the Lotus Notes client in versions 8.x. Lotus Development Corporation originally developed "Lotus Notes" in 1989. IBM bought Lotus in 1995 and it became known as the Lotus Development division of IBM. On December 6, 2018, IBM announced that it was selling a number of software products to HCLSoftware for $ 1.8bn, including Notes and Domino. This acquisition

3417-481: The original POP3 specification supported only an unencrypted USER/ PASS login mechanism or Berkeley .rhosts access control, today POP3 supports several authentication methods to provide varying levels of protection against illegitimate access to a user's e-mail. Most are provided by the POP3 extension mechanisms. POP3 clients support SASL authentication methods via the AUTH extension. MIT Project Athena also produced

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3484-504: The other POP4 server implementation. An extension mechanism was proposed in RFC 2449 to accommodate general extensions as well as announce in an organized manner support for optional commands, such as TOP and UIDL. The RFC did not intend to encourage extensions, and reaffirmed that the role of POP3 is to provide simple support for mainly download-and-delete requirements of mailbox handling. The extensions are termed capabilities and are listed by

3551-749: The retrieved messages when offline. POP3 clients also have an option to leave mail on the server after retrieval, and in this mode of operation, clients will only download new messages which are identified by using the UIDL command (unique-id list). By contrast, the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) was designed to normally leave all messages on the server to permit management with multiple client applications, and to support both connected ( online ) and disconnected ( offline ) modes of operation. A POP3 server listens on well-known port number 110 for service requests. Encrypted communication for POP3

3618-471: The same database. Each note also stores its creation and modification dates, and one or more Items. There are several classes of notes, including design notes and document notes. Design notes are created and modified with the Domino Designer client, and represent programmable elements, such as the GUI layout of forms for displaying and editing data, or formulas and scripts for manipulating data. Document notes represent user data, and are created and modified with

3685-402: The same name. Item types include Number, Number List, Text, Text List, Date-Time, Date-Time List, and Rich Text. Flags are used for managing attributes associated with the item, such as read or write security. Items in design notes represent the programmed elements of a database. For example, the layout of an entry form is stored in the rich text Body item within a form design note. This means that

3752-527: The same time. Beginning with Release 6.5, this function has been freely available. Presence awareness is available in email and other HCL Domino applications for users in organizations that use both Notes and Sametime. Since version 7, Notes has provided a Web services interface. Domino can be a Web server for HTML files; authentication of access to Domino databases or HTML files uses the Domino user directory and external systems such as Microsoft Active Directory. A design client, Domino Designer, can allow

3819-759: The security in Notes and Domino is independent of the server OS or Active Directory. Optionally, the Notes client can be configured to have the user use their Active Directory identity. The first release of Lotus Notes included a generalized replication facility. The generalized nature of this feature set it apart from predecessors like Usenet and continued to differentiate Lotus Notes. Domino servers and Notes clients identify NSF files by their Replica IDs, and keep replicated files synchronized by bi-directionally exchanging data, metadata, and application logic and design. There are options available to define what meta-data replicates, or specifically exclude certain meta data from replicating. Replication between two servers, or between

3886-408: The supplied Notes client for accessing the Notes application for email and calendaring but also to use document management and workflow applications. As Notes is a runtime environment, and the email and calendaring functions in Notes are simply an application provided by HCL, the administrators are free to develop alternate email and calendaring applications. It is also possible to alter, amend or extend

3953-576: The term groupware; their initial 1978 definition of groupware was, "intentional group processes plus software to support them." Later in their article they went on to explain groupware as "computer-mediated culture... an embodiment of social organization in hyperspace." Groupware integrates co-evolving human and tool systems, yet is simply a single system. In the early 1990s the first commercial groupware products were delivered, and big companies such as Boeing and IBM started using electronic meeting systems for key internal projects. Lotus Notes appeared as

4020-430: The use of XPages. As Domino is an application runtime environment , email and calendars operate as applications within Notes, which HCL provides with the product. A Domino application-developer can change or completely replace that application. HCL has released the base templates as open source as well. Programmers can develop applications for Domino in a variety of development languages including: The client supports

4087-420: Was changed so that it now occurs at field level. A database is a Notes Storage Facility (.nsf) file, containing basic units of storage known as a "note". Every note has a UniqueID that is shared by all its replicas. Every replica also has a UniqueID that uniquely identifies it within any cluster of servers, a domain of servers, or even across domains belonging to many organizations that are all hosting replicas of

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4154-779: Was completed in July 2019. HCL Domino is a client-server cross-platform application runtime environment . Domino provides email, calendars, instant messaging (with additional HCLSoftware voice- and video-conferencing and web-collaboration), discussions/forums, blogs , and an inbuilt personnel/user directory . In addition to these standard applications, an organization may use the Domino Designer development environment and other tools to develop additional integrated applications such as request approval / workflow and document management . The Domino product consists of several components: Domino competes with products from other companies such as Microsoft , Google , Zimbra and others. Because of

4221-414: Was integrated into IBM Notes beginning with Release 4.5. With Release 5, Java support was greatly enhanced and expanded, and JavaScript was added. While LotusScript remains a primary tool in developing applications for the Lotus Notes client, Java and JavaScript are the primary tools for server-based processing, developing applications for browser access, and allowing browsers to emulate the functionality of

4288-480: Was obsoleted by RFC 1725, which was in turn obsoleted by RFC 1939. POP4 exists only as an informal proposal adding basic folder management, multipart message support, as well as message flag management to compete with IMAP; however, its development has not progressed since 2003.There are now two known POP4 server implementations. As of October 2013, the POP4.org domain and website are now hosted by simbey.com, which also runs

4355-432: Was originally designated as groupware and this term can be traced as far back as the late 1980s, when Richman and Slovak (1987) wrote: "Like an electronic sinew that binds teams together, the new groupware aims to place the computer squarely in the middle of communications among managers, technicians, and anyone else who interacts in groups, revolutionizing the way they work." In 1978, Peter and Trudy Johnson-Lenz coined

4422-417: Was specified in RFC 918 (1984) by Joyce K. Reynolds . POP2 was specified in RFC 937 (1985). POP3 is the version in most common use. It originated with RFC 1081 (1988) but the most recent specification is RFC 1939, updated with an extension mechanism (RFC 2449) and an authentication mechanism in RFC 1734. This led to a number of POP implementations such as Pine, POPmail , and other early mail clients. While

4489-416: Was widely announced, but with some justification many people did consider it to be a backdoor . Some governments objected to being put at a disadvantage to the NSA, and as a result Lotus continued to support the 40-bit version for export to those countries. Notes and Domino also uses a code-signature framework that controls the security context, runtime, and rights of custom code developed and introduced into

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