21-806: Interstate 391 ( I-391 ) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway located entirely within the US state of Massachusetts . It runs from the I-91/I-391 interchange in Chicopee to the center of Holyoke , a distance of about 4.46 miles (7.18 km). It runs near the Connecticut River throughout its journey in Chicopee, crosses into Holyoke, and abruptly ends at High Street 0.4 miles (0.64 km) south of U.S. Route 202 (US 202). I-391 begins at an interchange with I-91 (at exit 9) in southern Chicopee , just north of
42-536: A certain highway to be considered an Interstate Highway , it must meet these construction requirements or obtain a waiver from the Federal Highway Administration . Standardization helps keep road design consistent, such that drivers can learn the consistent features and drive accordingly. Standardization can therefore decrease accidents and increase driver safety. These standards are, as of May 2023 : Interstate standards have changed over
63-426: A circle that intersects the parent route at two locations. Some routes connect to the parent route at one end but to another route at the other end; some states treat these as spurs while others treat them as bypasses. Like the primary Interstate Highways , auxiliary highways meet Interstate Highway standards (with rare exceptions ). The shorter auxiliary routes branch from primary routes; their numbers are based on
84-539: A place where the highway mileage resets to zero. Beltways are also preceded by an even number in the first digit. Some examples of beltways include: Interstate Highway standards Standards for Interstate Highways in the United States are defined by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in the publication A Policy on Design Standards: Interstate System . For
105-458: A state. There are three states that have no auxiliary Interstate Highways: Alaska, Arizona, and New Mexico. North Dakota has an auxiliary route, but it is unsigned , and Wyoming's does not meet Interstate Highway standards. Auxiliary Interstates are divided into three types: spur , loop , and bypass routes. The first digit of the three digits usually signifies whether a route is a bypass, spur, or beltway. The last two digits are derived from
126-460: Is due to political opposition from surrounding homeowners in local neighborhoods, which greatly delayed and modified the project. Interstate 670 , a spur of Interstate 70 , also fails to reach the 50 mile per hour minimum and instead passes through Downtown Kansas City, Missouri at 45 miles per hour. Interstate 75 on the Mackinac Bridge between St. Ignace and Mackinaw City, Michigan ,
147-556: Is in Hampden County . Auxiliary Interstate Highway Auxiliary Interstate Highways (also called three-digit Interstate Highways ) are a subset of highways within the United States' Interstate Highway System . The 323 auxiliary routes generally fall into three types: spur routes , which connect to or intersect the parent route at one end; bypasses , which connect to the parent route at both ends; and beltways , which form
168-583: Is undivided. The bridge was designed before the start of the Interstate Highway System, and it was grandfathered into the system. Interstate 93 through Franconia Notch , New Hampshire is also a notable exception, being a super two parkway with a speed limit of 45 mph (72 km/h). All of the unsigned Interstates in Alaska and Puerto Rico are exempt from Interstate Highway standards and are instead, per Title 23, Chapter 1, Section 103 of
189-627: The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 . One example is the Pennsylvania Turnpike , which originally had a very narrow median that later required the installation of a steel guardrail and later a Jersey barrier due to heavy traffic loads. The Kansas Turnpike had a 20-foot (6.1 m) depressed median (16 feet [4.9 m] narrower than the Interstate minimum) along its entire 236-mile (380 km) length from its opening in 1956 through
210-696: The Massachusetts Turnpike ( I-90 ) was part of the original proposal, as it would have connected the turnpike to Chicopee and Holyoke, though it was never built. All exit numbers in Massachusetts were to eventually be renumbered to mileage-based numbers under a future project, but that project was postponed. On November 18, 2019, the Massachusetts Department of Transportation announced that I-391's exit numbers would not be changed because its exits were so tightly spaced. The entire route
231-665: The Atwater Park and the Calvary Cemetery. Initially running parallel to the Connecticut River , it intersects with Route 116 in Chicopee center and crosses the Chicopee River . I-391 then has another junction with Route 116 in the Sandy Hill section of town, and, in less than one mile (1.6 km)one mile (1.6 km), it crosses underneath the Massachusetts Turnpike without an interchange. I-391 continues north through
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#1733085496179252-530: The highway originated from the Master Highway Plan for the Springfield metropolitan area in 1953, which planned for a "major street improvement" to Route 116. By the 1960s, freeway access was needed between Chicopee and Holyoke to improve traffic flow which prompted a spur route of I-91 to be built. I-391's planned six lanes were built to handle up to 50,000 vehicles every day, and the total cost of
273-550: The main Interstate Highway. For instance, I-115 contains an odd number in the first digit (1), which indicates that this freeway is a spur. The last two digits signify the highway's origin. In this case, the "15" in I-115 shows that it is a supplement to I-15 . Exceptions to the standard numbering guidelines exist for a number of reasons. In some cases, original routes were changed, extended, or abandoned, leaving discrepancies in
294-443: The mid-1980s when Jersey barriers were installed. Interstate 35E through Saint Paul, Minnesota is an example of a freeway that was not grandfathered into the system but is nonetheless an exception to standards. Initially designed in the 1960s, but not opened until 1990, the freeway has a speed limit of 45 mph (72 km/h), and does not allow vehicles weighing over 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg) gross vehicle weight (GVW). This
315-489: The parent route's number. All of the supplement routes for Interstate 95 (I-95) are designated with a three-digit number ending in "95": I-x95. With some exceptions, spur routes are numbered with an odd hundreds digit (such as I-395 ), while bypasses and beltways are numbered with an even hundreds digit (such as I-695 ). Because longer Interstates may have many such supplemental routes, the numbers can repeat from state to state along their route, but they will not repeat within
336-487: The proposed highway was estimated at about $ 35 million (equivalent to $ 258 million in 2023). In 1965, an alignment of the highway had been set, along with two alternative alignments. Construction for I-391 began in 1967 with a short 0.75-mile-long (1.21 km) highway, which was completed in 1970. After years of no progress, construction started again in 1978. The highway was completed in 1982 after about 15 years of planning and construction. An interchange with
357-547: The rest of northern Chicopee, intersecting Route 141 along the way and then passing just east of Rivers Park. I-391 then crosses the Connecticut River into the city of Holyoke , where it has two closely spaced exits for local streets in the town. I-391 officially comes to an end at High Street in Holyoke, with the road continuing as Resnic Boulevard, which connects to US 202 after 0.4 miles (0.64 km). Plans for
378-415: The same Interstate, some states treat these as bypasses while others treat these as spurs—see Spur route above. A beltway (also known as a loop route ) completely surrounds a metropolitan city, and it is often connected with multiple junctions to other routes. Unlike other auxiliary Interstate Highways (and by extension, all primary Interstate Highways ), beltways do not have termini; however, they have
399-516: The system. In other cases, it may not be possible to use the proper number because the limited set of available numbers has been exhausted, causing a "non-standard" number to be used. A spur route 's number usually has an odd number for its first digit. It is usually one of the following: Examples include: Sometimes, a three-digit Interstate Highway branches off from another three-digit Interstate Highway. These spurs do not connect directly with their parent highways, but are associated with them via
420-472: The three-digit highways they do intersect with. Examples include: A bypass route may traverse around a city, or may run through it with the mainline bypassing. In a typical 3-digit Interstate Highway, bypasses usually have both its two termini junctioned with another Interstate highway. Bypass routes are preceded by an even number in the first digit. Examples include: In the case of an auxiliary Interstate highway which has both ends at Interstates but not
441-437: The years, which has resulted in many older roads not conforming to current standards and an increase of roads not being built to these standards because to do so would be too costly or environmentally unsound. Some roads were grandfathered into the system. Most of these were toll roads that were built before the Interstate system came into existence or were under construction at the time President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed
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