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59-508: The hymen is a thin piece of mucosal tissue that surrounds or partially covers the vaginal introitus . A small percentage are born with hymens that are imperforate and completely obstruct the vaginal canal. It forms part of the vulva and is similar in structure to the vagina. The term comes straight from the Greek, for 'membrane'. In children, a common appearance of the hymen is crescent -shaped, although many shapes are possible. Each shape in

118-447: A 12-hour analog watch can be used to find the approximate bearing of true north or south on a day clear enough for the sun to cast a shadow. The technique takes a line of sight (LOS) on the visible sun, or on the direction pointed to by a shadow stick, through the hour hand of the watch. It exploits the one true bearing of the sun in its course across the sky: the LOS from the observer to

177-403: A Glaister Keen rod, is used for close examination of the hymen or the degree of its rupture. In forensic medicine , it is recommended by health authorities that a physician who must swab near this area of a prepubescent girl avoid the hymen and swab the outer vulval vestibule instead. In cases of suspected rape or child sexual abuse , a detailed examination of the hymen may be performed, but

236-399: A back, a left side and a right side. These quarters may have specialized names, such as bow and stern for a vessel, or nose and tail for an aircraft. The observer then measures or observes the angle made by the intersection of the line of sight to the longitudinal axis, the dimension of length, of the vessel, using the clock analogy. In this analogy, the observer imagines the vessel located on

295-438: A bomber, or the other aircraft in the squadron, had to be kept informed for purposes of immediate response. However, in aviation , a clock position refers to a horizontal direction. The pilots needed a vertical dimension, so they supplemented the clock position with the word high or low to describe the vertical direction; e.g., 6 o'clock high means behind and above the horizon , while 12 o'clock low means ahead and below

354-476: A correlation between the experience of strong emotions – such as excitement, nervousness, or fear – with experiencing pain during first intercourse. In several studies of adolescent female rape victims, where patients were examined at a hospital following sexual assault, half or fewer of virgin victims had any injury to the hymen. Tears of the hymen occurred in less than a quarter of cases. However, virgins were significantly more likely to have injuries to

413-418: A day, single hours were unreliable. They came in all sizes. The double hour, however, originally the sum of a daylight hour and the corresponding night hour, was always the same. The statists therefore chose to use double units in definition. The 12-hour daytime had been divided into three seasonal watches. These were matched to three seasonal night watches, 1st to 1st, 2nd to 2nd, etc. One double watch (8 hours)

472-424: A given tract. Mucous membranes line the digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts and are the primary barrier between the external world and the interior of the body; in an adult human the total surface area of the mucosa is about 400 square meters while the surface area of the skin is about 2 square meters. Along with providing a physical barrier, they also contain key parts of the immune system and serve as

531-464: A horizontal clock face with the front at 12:00. Neglecting the length of the vessel, and presuming that he is at the bow, he observes the time number lying on the line of sight. For example, 12 o'clock means directly ahead , 3 o'clock means directly to the right , 6 o'clock means directly behind , and 9 o'clock means directly to the left . The clock system is not confined to transportation. It has general application to circumstances in which

590-442: A single, three-digit sexagesimal number: h,m,s with values on each of the three letters of 0-59; that is, hours up to 60, minutes up to 60, and seconds up to 60. Because integer numbers are expressed as sums, in this case for the number of seconds, h , m , and s can be broken out and treated as separate numbers. Each number, however, implies the other two; e.g., a minute implies 60 seconds. m and s are straightforward, but h

649-477: A slope, the hole is imagined to be the center of a clock face with 12:00 at the high point and 6:00 at the low point. The ball will only run true when hit from the high or low points; otherwise, its course will break, or bend on the slope. Some golfers practice clock drill – hitting the ball from all the positions of the clock – to learn how it breaks. An article in the Journal of Applied Microscopy for 1898 recommends

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708-652: A woman's virginity . In those cultures, an intact hymen is highly valued at marriage in the belief that this is a proof of virginity. Some women undergo hymenorrhaphy to restore their hymen for this reason. In October 2018, the UN Human Rights Council , UN Women and the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that virginity testing must end as "it is a painful, humiliating and traumatic practice, constituting violence against women ". Some traditional Christian theological interpretations state that it

767-404: Is 12:00 P.M., solar time . The clock position to the observer is 12. If the watch is set to uncorrected solar time, both hands point to the sun. In a 12-hour watch, the sun and the hour hand both advance, but not at the same rate; the sun covers 15 degrees per hour, and watch 30. To keep the hour hand on the sun, 12:00 must recede from the zenith at the same rate the hour hand advances. Thus when

826-437: Is 4 seconds. There are not 60 time-degrees in an hour, nor 60 hours in a day. The Babylonian time was thus three different numbers, only one of which was sexagesimal. Only its general features are modern: the 12-hour day followed by a 12-hour night, the 60-division 3rd-order digit, and the 360-degree circle. The 1949 movie Twelve O'Clock High takes its title from the system. In this case, the position would be ahead and above

885-561: Is by 12's. Classical civilization adopted and adapted the Mesopotamian time system, and modern civilization adapted it still further. The modern system retains much of the sexagesimalism of the Sumerians, but typically not with the same detail. Time today and generally in ancient Mesopotamia is given mainly in three digits. Today's state the hours , minutes , and seconds . In a strict sexagesimal system these three would be expressed in

944-455: Is different. There are no explicit 60 hours; the number instead is 24, and yet they are part of an implied sexagesimal system. 60 minutes is implied by one of the 24 hours, not one of the 60. The system is not strictly sexagesimal but is based on the sexagesimal. A full Babylonian time determination also had three digits. Zeros were blank spaces, causing some difficulty of discerning them from character separators. For reasons that are not clear,

1003-538: Is intended by God for the husband to be the one to break his wife's hymen, and that the bleeding the hymen, believed occur during first intercourse (but see above), is a blood covenant that seals the bond of holy matrimony between husband and wife (cf. consummation ). In the 16th and 17th centuries, medical researchers mistakenly saw the presence or absence of the hymen as founding evidence of physical diseases such as "womb-fury", i.e., (female) hysteria . If not cured, womb-fury would, according to doctors practicing at

1062-427: Is monitored. If the clock number for the observed vessel does not change, it is on a collision course for the observer vessel, as vessels that pass by must change relative bearing. In warfare the clock system is especially useful in drawing attention to enemy locations. The clock system is easily converted into a 360 degree system for more precise denotation. One bearing, or point, is termed an azimuth . The convention

1121-446: Is that of analytic geometry: the y-axis at zero degrees is the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. Angles grow larger in the clockwise direction. Thus, directly to port is at 270 degrees. Negative angles are not used. In navigational contexts, the bearing must be stated as 3 digits: 010 (not so in other contexts). These circles are not to be confused with latitude and longitude, or with any sort of compass reading, which are not relative to

1180-402: Is then eliminated during menstruation . Niacin and vitamin A are essential nutrients that help maintain mucous membranes. Clock position A clock position , or clock bearing , is the direction of an object observed from a vehicle, typically a vessel or an aircraft, relative to the orientation of the vehicle to the observer. The vehicle must be considered to have a front,

1239-449: The natural range has a Latinate name. During puberty , estrogen causes the hymen to change in appearance and become very elastic. Normal variations of the post-pubertal hymen range from thin and stretchy to thick and somewhat rigid. Very rarely, it may be completely absent. The hymen can rip or tear during first penetrative intercourse , which usually results in pain and, sometimes, mild temporary bleeding or spotting. Minor injuries to

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1298-419: The zenith of its course. There the sun is seen mid-way between sunrise and sunset. A vertical plane including sun and observer is perpendicular to the plane of the sun's course. Its intersection with the surface of the earth is a meridian , a line passing through a geographical pole . If the sun is in the southern half of the sky, the zenith bearing points true south; if northern, north. The time at that moment

1357-505: The Mesopotamians adopted a standard of 12 hours per day for their first-order digit. Their day, however, was designed for measurement on their most ancient and widely used timepiece, the sundial, which showed only daylight hours. Daylight was the time between sunrise and sunset, each of those being defined as the appearance or disappearance of the top rim of the sun on the horizon. Daylight hours problematically were seasonal ; that is, due to

1416-429: The aircraft heading from the ground track of an aircraft, which may not reflect the aircraft's actual heading due to drift angle caused by the wind. As a result, pilots should give due consideration and apply drift correction when an air traffic controller provides traffic advisories. Additionally, the error could also occur when the radar traffic information is issued while the aircraft is changing course. Although

1475-476: The appearance of virginity. The genital tract develops during embryogenesis , from the third week of gestation to the second trimester , and the hymen is formed following the vagina . At week seven, the urorectal septum forms and separates the rectum from the urogenital sinus . At week nine, the Müllerian ducts move downwards to reach the urogenital sinus, forming the uterovaginal canal and inserting into

1534-414: The clock numbered after the clock hour. Within a segment, every building was assigned a letter. For instance, Alton 3-0 L meant house L in segment 3 of the central circle of 1 mile radius at Alton, where 3 was at 3:00. Medical pathology uses the clock system to describe the location of breast tumors. A clock face is considered imposed over each breast, left and right, centered on the alveolar region , with

1593-476: The combatants, such as radar. For airplanes in rapid maneuvers, air traffic controllers will issue the eight cardinal compass points instead. In 1916, J.B. Plato devised a clock system to identify farms around reference points in rural areas. A clock face was imagined centered on a rural community with 12:00 pointing true north. The circle was divided into concentric numbered bands at each mile of radius. The bands were divided into 12 segments at each position of

1652-597: The condition of the hymen alone is often inconclusive. Normal variations of the hymen range from thin and stretchy to thick and somewhat rigid. An imperforate hymen occurs in 1-2 out of 1,000 infants. The only variation that may require medical intervention is the imperforate hymen, which either completely prevents the passage of menstrual fluid or slows it significantly. In either case, surgical intervention may be needed to allow menstrual fluid to pass or intercourse to take place at all. Prepubescent hymenal openings come in many shapes, depending on hormonal and activity level,

1711-413: The cultic, in which the events of the seasonal calendar assume religious significance, and are perpetuated for religious reasons, and a second, new type, the state, defined by an administration that needed to standardize its time units. The state system came to predominate in the subsequent Old Babylonian period . The state administrators had perceived that the sun advances at a uniform rate no matter what

1770-418: The development of a sexagesimal numbering system from decimal and duodecimal systems, which reveals itself in the construction of unique symbols for numerals 1-59 from natural finger decimals (ten fingers, ten symbols). Why they developed this system is a matter for academic debate, but there are multiple advantages, including division by several factors, offering several possible subdivisions, one of which

1829-438: The direction in which the vessel points. The angular distance between adjacent clock numbers is 30 degrees, a round unit that simplifies mathematical juggling. A quick clock number can be shouted by a lookout, whereas after a calculation and comparison of compass points, which might be unknown anyway, it might be too late for the vessel to avoid danger. As an example of a standard use, the clock position of every approaching vessel

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1888-445: The horizon . The horizon line was only visible in clear weather in daylight, and was only useful as a reference line in straight and level flight, when it appeared on the nose of the aircraft. The vocabulary therefore was only of use during daylight patrols or missions. The reference line and reference clock positions did not exist during combat aerobatics, at night, or during cloudy weather, when other means had to be found for locating

1947-496: The hymen being "broken" or torn, causing bleeding. However, research on women in Western populations has found that bleeding during first intercourse does not invariably occur. In one cross-cultural study, slightly more than half of all women self-reported bleeding during first intercourse, with significantly different levels of pain and bleeding reported depending on their region of origin. Not all women experience pain, and one study found

2006-486: The hymen healed without any visible sign of injury having occurred. Trauma to the hymen is hypothesized to occur as a result of various other behaviors, such as tampon or menstrual cup use, pelvic examinations with a speculum , masturbation, gymnastics, or horseback riding, although the true prevalence of trauma as a result of these activities is unclear. The hymen is often attributed important cultural significance in certain communities because of its association with

2065-461: The hymen may heal on their own, and not require surgical intervention. Historically, it was believed that first penetration was necessarily traumatic, but now sources differ on how common tearing or bleeding are as a result of first intercourse. Therefore, the state of the hymen is not a reliable indicator of virginity , though " virginity testing " remains a common practice in some cultures, sometimes accompanied by hymen reconstruction surgery to give

2124-414: The hymen than non-virgins. In a study of adolescents who had previously had consensual sex, approximately half showed evidence of trauma to the hymen. Trauma to the hymen may also occur in adult non-virgins following consensual sex, although it is rare. Trauma to the hymen may heal without any visible sign of injury. An observational study of adolescent sexual assault victims found that majority of wounds to

2183-406: The hymen to become very elastic and fimbriated . The hymen can stretch or tear as a result of various behaviors, by the use of tampons or menstrual cups , pelvic examinations with a speculum , or sexual intercourse. Remnants of the hymen are called carunculae myrtiformes. A glass or plastic rod of 6 mm diameter having a globe on one end with varying diameter from 10 to 25 mm, called

2242-401: The hymenal opening can naturally extend and variation in shape and appearance increases. Variations of the female reproductive tract can result from agenesis or hypoplasia, canalization defects, lateral fusion and failure of resorption, resulting in various complications. Historically, it was believed that first sexual intercourse was necessarily traumatic to the hymen and always resulted in

2301-474: The influence of the mother's hormones , the hymen is thick, pale pink, and redundant (folds in on itself and may protrude). For the first two to four years of life, the infant produces hormones that continue this effect. Their hymenal opening tends to be annular (circumferential). Post neonatal stage, the diameter of the hymenal opening (measured within the hymenal ring ) widens by approximately 1 mm for each year of age. During puberty , estrogen causes

2360-419: The institution of daylight saving time . The time generally available for watch settings in the observer's region is called civil time . It can be corrected to solar time, but LOS on a watch is generally too imprecise to make the trouble worth the effort. In World War II aircraft pilots needed a quick method of communicating the relative position of threats, for which the clock system was ideal. The gunners of

2419-419: The interface between the body proper and the microbiome . Some examples include: Developmentally, the majority of mucous membranes are of endodermal origin. Exceptions include the palate , cheeks , floor of the mouth , gums , lips and the portion of the anal canal below the pectinate line , which are all ectodermal in origin. One of its functions is to keep the tissue moist (for example in

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2478-401: The location of one object with respect to another must be systematized. This is a system of denoting impromptu relative bearing widely used in practical navigation to give the position of an observed object readily and comprehensibly. "Relative" means that it does not state or imply any compass directions whatsoever. The vessel can be pointed in any direction. The clock numbers are relative to

2537-424: The most common being crescentic (posterior rim): no tissue at the 12 o'clock position ; crescent-shaped band of tissue from 1–2 to 10–11 o'clock, at its widest around 6 o'clock. From puberty onwards, depending on estrogen and activity levels, the hymenal tissue may be thicker, and the opening is often fimbriated or erratically shaped. In younger children, a torn hymen will typically heal very quickly. In adolescents,

2596-440: The observer takes an arbitrary LOS, the zenith LOS – true north or south – is to be found at half the angle between 12 and the LOS. On a 24-hour watch , the sun and the hour hand advance at the same rate. There is no need to half the angle. The zenith LOS is only an approximation due to changes in the time kept by the watch. That time is based on mean solar time rather than observed solar time. Also, time changes with longitude, and

2655-449: The positions shown around it. Tumors are located at one or more subsites, or clock positions, identified by one or more clock numbers. In addition the numbers are arranged in quadrants: Upper Outer Quadrant (UOQ), Lower Inner Quadrant (LIQ), and so on. Codes are assigned to the quadrants, the alveolar region, and the whole breast. Golf players use the clock system to study the course of the ball in putting situations. For holes that are on

2714-470: The raw clock position is invaluable or indispensable in many circumstances requiring rapid response, for ordinary careful navigation it is not sufficiently precise. It can be made precise by various methods requiring the use of instruments. The clock face with its clock positions is a heritage of Roman civilization , as is suggested by the survival of Roman numerals on old clocks and their cultural predecessors, sundials . The mechanical clock supplanted

2773-415: The respiratory tract, including the mouth and nose). It also plays a role in absorbing and transforming nutrients . Mucous membranes also protect the body from itself. For instance, mucosa in the stomach protects it from stomach acid, and mucosa lining the bladder protects the underlying tissue from urine. In the uterus , the mucous membrane is called the endometrium , and it swells each month and

2832-571: The season. One sun cycle is always the same. Moreover, it matches the cycle of rotation of the stars around the pole star , the real reason being that the Earth rotates at a constant angular velocity . If hours were to represent divisions of the uniform rotation, they must also be uniform, and not be variable. There were two days of the year when all 24 hours were of the same length: the two equinoxes . The standard double hour (beru), of equinoctial length, representing two modern hours, of which there were 12 in

2891-416: The standard day (umu), was not conceived as being one of day and one of night, but as being just two consecutive equal-length hours. One standard day thus went on to become two consecutive equal 12-hour clockfaces in modern clock time. 30 standard days were a standard month, and 12 of those a standard year of 360 days. Some juggling of month lengths to make the 12 months fit the year was still required. Within

2950-724: The sundial as the major timekeeper, while the Hindu–Arabic numeral system replaced the Roman as the number system in Europe in the High Middle Ages . The Romans, however, had adapted their timekeeping system from the Ancient Greek . The historical trail leads from there to ancient Mesopotamia through the ancient Greek colonies placed on the coast of Anatolia in the 1st millennium BC . The first known historian, Herodotus of Halicarnassus , who

3009-459: The time, result in death. Due to similar reproductive system development, many mammals have hymens, including chimpanzees , elephants , manatees , whales, horses and llamas . Mucosal tissue The mucosa is composed of one or more layers of epithelial cells that secrete mucus , and an underlying lamina propria of loose connective tissue . The type of cells and type of mucus secreted vary from organ to organ and each can differ along

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3068-481: The urogenital sinus. At week twelve, the Müllerian ducts fuse to create a primitive uterovaginal canal called unaleria. At month five, the vaginal canalization is complete and the fetal hymen is formed from the proliferation of the sinovaginal bulbs (where Müllerian ducts meet the urogenital sinus), and normally becomes perforate before or shortly after birth. The hymen has dense innervation. In newborn babies, still under

3127-430: The use of a polar coordinate system in the form of a clockface for recording the positions of microscopic objects on a slide. The face is conceived centered on the circle visible under the lens. The pole is the center. Angle is given as a clock number, and distance as a decimal percentage of the radius through the object. For example, “3,9” means 3:00 o'clock at 9 tenths of the radius. Air traffic controls can only infer

3186-423: The variation of the length of the day with time of year, hour length was variable also. The Mesopotamians had discovered, however, that if the darkness was divided into 12 hours also, and each run of 12 was matched number for number: 1st to 1st, 2nd to 2nd, etc., the sum of each match was constant. The 12-hour, seasonal day was one of many metrological arrangements that had developed during the 3rd millennium BC. It

3245-425: The vehicle, but to the magnetic and spin axes of the Earth. For maritime and aviation applications, the clock bearing is almost always a relative bearing ; i.e., the angle stated or implied is angular distance from the longitudinal axis of the vessel or imaginary vessel to the bearing. However, if the 12:00 position is associated with a true bearing, then the observed position is also. For example, clock position on

3304-503: Was a native of that border region, made the identification: The polos (“pole”) was a sundial of a concave face resembling the concavity of the universe (named a “pole” in this case). The gnomon was the pointer. The Babylonian time system is documented by thousands of Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets. The Babylonians inherited the better part of their system from the Sumerians , whose culture they absorbed. Tablets of different periods reveal

3363-494: Was four double hours. One single watch (four hours) was two double hours. To produce a second-order digit of a Babylonian time, the statists changed from solar to stellar time. The stars moved in visible circles at a fixed rate, which could be measured by the constant escape of water from a water clock. The single standard watch of 4 hours (two double hours) was divided into 60 time-degrees (ush). One double hour had 30, and one complete stellar day, 360 (12 times 30). This assignment

3422-465: Was in use in the Ur III period , at the end of the 3rd millennium. The vocabulary of time was not yet set. For example, the 60-hour day existed as the time-shekel, 1/60 of a working day, presumably so named from the labor cost of one hexagesimal hour. This was a time of strong kings and continuing administrations that took responsibility for weights and standards. Englund distinguishes two main types of system:

3481-470: Was the creation of the 360-degree circle, as the degree went from being a time division to an angular distance of rotation. Time-degrees were all the same (one is about 4 minutes of modern time). The second-order digit counted the degrees that had gone by in the hour, notwithstanding the fact that its number of degrees were seasonal. The third and last order digit divided the time-degree into 60 parts (the gar), which appears to be sexagesimal. In modern time it

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