18-524: Acantholichen Aeruginospora Ampulloclitocybe Aphroditeola Arrhenia Cantharellula Cantharocybe Chromosera Chrysomphalina Cora Corella Cuphophyllus Cyphellostereum Dictyonema Eonema Gliophorus Gloioxanthomyces Haasiella Hygroaster Hygrocybe Hygrophorus Humidicutis Lichenomphalia Neohygrocybe Porpolomopsis Pseudoarmillariella Semiomphalina The Hygrophoraceae are
36-542: A family of fungi in the order Agaricales . Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics (gilled mushrooms), including Hygrophorus and Hygrocybe species (the waxcaps or waxy caps), DNA evidence has extended the limits of the family, so it now contains not only agarics, but also basidiolichens and corticioid fungi . Species are thus diverse and are variously ectomycorrhizal , lichenized , associated with mosses , or saprotrophic . The family contains 34 genera and over 1000 species. None
54-822: A few (such as Chrysomphalina species) occur on wood, or on mosses ( Arrhenia species), or herbaceous stems ( Eonema pyriforme ). Most are found in woodland, though (in Europe at least) Hygrocybe species are typical of waxcap grasslands . Species are nutritionally diverse. Hygrophorus species are ectomycorrhizal , typically forming associations with the roots of living trees. Hygrocybe species are now believed to be moss associates, as are some or all species of Arrhenia and Cantharellula . Three genera, Acantholichen , Dictyonema , and Lichenomphalina , are basidiolichens , forming associations with algae and cyanobacteria . A few genera, such as Ampulloclitocybe and Eonema , may be saprotrophic . Members of
72-617: A study recovered seven monophyletic genera within the Tricholomataceae: Leucopaxillus , Tricholoma , Pseudotricholoma , Porpoloma s.str, Dennisiomyces , Corneriella , and Albomagister . The aim of the study was to delimit the highly polyphyletic Tricholomataceae, and identify monophyletic groups within the tricholomatoid clade, which includes the families Tricholomataceae, Entolomataceae, and Lyophyllaceae. According to this study there have been several different ways of distributing Porpoloma , which
90-498: Is highly polyphyletic . This study suggests that the genus is distributed in four groups within the Trichlomatoid clade; Porpoloma s.str, Corneriella , Pseudotricholoma . and Pogonoloma . In 2015, a phylogenomic study improved the resolution of Agaricales. A new suborder Tricholomatineae was proposed to cover Tricholomataceae, Lyophyllaceae , Entolomataceae , Macrocystidiaceae , and Clitocybe gibba . It roughly matches
108-649: Is of any great economic importance, though fruit bodies of some Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus species are considered edible and may be collected for sale in local markets. The family Hygrophoraceae was first proposed by Dutch botanist Johannes Paulus Lotsy (1907) to accommodate agarics with thick, waxy lamellae (gills) and white spores . Lotsy's concept of the family included not only the waxcap-related genera Hygrophorus , Hygrocybe , Camarophyllus (= Hygrophorus ), and Godfrinia (= Hygrocybe ), but also Gomphidius (despite its blackish spores) and Nyctalis (= Asterophora ). Not all subsequent authors accepted
126-526: The Amanitaceae , Lepiotaceae , Hygrophoraceae , Pluteaceae , or Entolomataceae . The name derives from the Greek trichos (τριχος) meaning hair and loma (λωμα) meaning fringe or border, although not all members display this feature. The name "Tricholomataceae" is seen as having validity in describing Tricholoma and other genera that form part of a monophyletic family including Tricholoma . To that end,
144-534: The Galápagos , Costa Rica, Brazil and Colombia. This Hygrophoraceae article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tricholomataceae The Tricholomataceae are a large family of fungi within the order Agaricales . Originally a classic " wastebasket taxon ", the family included any white-, yellow-, or pink-spored genera in the Agaricales not already classified as belonging to e.g.
162-540: The International Botanical Congress has voted on two occasions (1988 and 2006) to conserve the name "Tricholomataceae" against competing names. This decision does not invalidate the use of segregate families from the Tricholomataceae, but simply validates the continued use of Tricholomataceae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has greatly aided the demarcation of clear monophyletic groups among
180-554: The Spanish Pyrenees . Hygrophorus gliocyclus was used as food by the St'at'imc and Nlaka'pamux people of Canada. None is cultivated commercially. Acantholichen A. albomarginatus A. campestris A. galapagoensis A. pannarioides A. variabilis Acantholichen is a fungal genus in the family Hygrophoraceae . The genus was circumscribed by Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen to contain
198-516: The corticioid Eonema (formerly placed in Athelia ) and Cyphellostereum , as well as the shelf-like basidiolichen genera Acantholichen , Cora , Corella and Dictyonema . As a result, the Hygrophoraceae as currently understood have no known morphological features in common that define them ( synapomorphy ). The majority of species in the Hygrophoraceae are ground-dwelling, though
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#1733084524280216-498: The type , and at that time, only species, the basidiolichen Acantholichen pannarioides , discovered originally in Costa Rica in 1998. This species has a bluish, gelatinous thallus , and a fine, white powdery bloom covering the hairy upper surface; this surface is said to resemble "an unshaven chin". Five additional species, all basidiolichens, were added to the genus in 2016 following an in-depth analysis of specimens collected from
234-529: The 1990s. Thus the 1995 edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi listed Austroomphaliaster , Bertrandia (= Hygrocybe ), Camarophyllopsis , Cuphophyllus , Humidicutis , Hygroaster , Hygrocybe , Hygrophorus , Hygrotrama (= Camarophyllopsis ), Neohygrophorus (= Pseudoomphalina ), and Pseudohygrocybe (= Hygrocybe ) as genera of the Hygrophoraceae. Cornelis Bas (1990), however, did not consider
252-452: The Hygrophoraceae are distinct from the Tricholomataceae and are monophyletic (and hence a natural grouping). The genera Camarophyllopsis and Neohygrophorus , however, do not belong within the family, but several other agaric and non-agaric genera do. The agaric genera include Ampulloclitocybe , Cantharellula , and Lichenomphalia , as well as the partly agaric, partly cyphelloid genus Arrhenia . The non-agaric genera include
270-554: The Hygrophoraceae are distributed worldwide, from the tropics to the subpolar regions. Over 400 species have been described to date. Fruit bodies of some Hygrophorus and Hygrocybe species are edible and widely collected, sometimes being offered for sale in local markets. Examples of wild mushrooms collected and sold include Hygrophorus russula , H. purpurascens , H. chrysodon , and H. hypothejus in Mexico, and H. eburneus and H. latitabundus in
288-407: The Hygrophoraceae; Carleton Rea (1922), for example, continued to place these genera within a widely defined Agaricaceae . In his major and influential revision of the Agaricales, however, Rolf Singer (1951) did accept the Hygrophoraceae, omitting Gomphidius and Nyctalis , but including Neohygrophorus . Singer's circumscription, with a few later additions, was followed by most authors until
306-582: The Tricholomataceae. So far, some of these groups have been defined cladistically rather than being defined as formal Linnean taxa , though there have been several cases in which older proposed segregates from the Tricholomataceae have been validated by evidence coming from molecular phylogenetics . As of 2006, validly published families segregated from the Tricholomataceae include the Hydnangiaceae , Lyophyllaceae , Marasmiaceae , Mycenaceae , Omphalotaceae , Physalacriaceae , and Pleurotaceae . In 2014
324-517: The group distinct, placing the hygrophoroid genera within the Tricholomataceae , a disposition followed by the next (2001) edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi . In contrast, Marcel Bon (1990) believed the Hygrophoraceae were so distinct, he placed the family in its own separate order, the Hygrophorales . Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences , suggests
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