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29-447: Burgoa ( anamorph ) Corallofungus Gloeomucro Hydnum Ingoldiella ( anamorph ) Osteomorpha ( anamorph ) Paullicorticium Repetobasidiellum Sistotrema Repetobasidiaceae Jülich Sistotremataceae Jülich The Hydnaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales . Originally the family encompassed all species of fungi that produced basidiocarps (fruit bodies) having

58-491: A hymenium ( spore -bearing surface) consisting of slender, downward-hanging tapering extensions referred to as "spines" or "teeth", whether they were related or not. This artificial but often useful grouping is now more generally called the hydnoid or tooth fungi . In the strict, modern sense, the Hydnaceae are limited to the genus Hydnum and related genera, with basidiocarps having a toothed or poroid hymenium. Species in

87-592: A Special Committee to investigate the issue further, but it was unable to reach a consensus. Matters were becoming increasingly desperate as mycologists using molecular phylogenetic approaches started to ignore the provisions, or interpret them in different ways. The International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in July 2011 made a change in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and adopted

116-738: A new provision was introduced: Lists of names can be submitted to the General Committee and, after due scrutiny, names accepted on those lists are to be treated as conserved over competing synonyms (and listed as Appendices to the Code ). Lichen -forming fungi (but not lichenicolous fungi ) had always been excluded from the provisions permitting dual nomenclature. The problem of choosing one name among many remains to be examined for many large, agriculturally or medically-important genera like Aspergillus and Fusarium . Articles have been published on such specific genera to propose ways to define them under

145-400: A smooth surface, and are colorless. A distinctive characteristic of many species in the family is the structure of the hymenium (spore-bearing surface), which consists of pendant, toothlike spines. All species within the Hydnaceae are believed to be ectomycorrhizal , forming a mutually beneficial relationships with the roots of living trees and other plants. Basidiocarps typically occur on

174-446: A specific point in time or under specific conditions. Additionally, fungi typically grow in mixed colonies and sporulate amongst each other. These facts have made it very difficult to link the various states of the same fungus. Fungi that are not known to produce a teleomorph were historically placed into an artificial phylum , the " Deuteromycota ," also known as " fungi imperfecti ," simply for convenience. Some workers hold that this

203-502: A synonym of Botryobasidium ), Candelabrochaete , Suillosporium , and Waitea , based mainly on similarities in their basidiocarp micromorphology . The family was placed in the order Stereales . Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences , has confirmed the Botryobasidiaceae as a separate family, but restricted to the genus Botryobasidium , including its anamorphs and Botryohypochnus . The family

232-501: A toothed or spiny hymenium . As such, the family was entirely artificial, bringing together a diverse assemblage of species that have subsequently been reassigned to various families. In 1933, Dutch mycologist Marinus Anton Donk radically limited the Hydnaceae (which he referred to the tribe Hydneae) to Hydnum repandum and related species that produced "stichic" basidia (basidia with nuclear spindles arranged longitudinally). He considered this feature placed these species closer to

261-521: Is an obsolete concept, and that molecular phylogeny allows accurate placement of species which are known from only part of their life cycle. Others retain the term "deuteromycetes," but give it a lowercase "d" and no taxonomic rank. Historically, Article 59 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature permitted mycologists to give asexually reproducing fungi (anamorphs) separate names from their sexual states (teleomorphs); but this practice

290-471: Is known to be of any economic importance. The name Botryobasidioideae was first introduced as a subfamily of the Corticiaceae in 1958 by Swedish mycologist John Eriksson , but was not fully described and validly published until taken up by Estonian mycologist Erast Parmasto in 1968. Parmasto placed the genera Botryobasidium (together with the anamorphic genus Oidium ) and Uthatobasidium within

319-634: Is placed alongside the Ceratobasidiaceae and Tulasnellaceae within the order Cantharellales. Genera previously included within the Botryobasidiaceae have now been placed in the Corticiales ( Waitea ), Hymenochaetales ( Botryodontia ), and Polyporales ( Candelabrochaete ). The disposition of Suillosporium is as yet unknown. According to a 2008 estimate, the Botryobasidiaceae contains around 80 species worldwide. Species are assumed to be wood- and litter-rotting saprotrophs and are typically found on

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348-457: The chanterelles ( Cantharellaceae ) than to other hydnoid fungi. Donk's disposition of the family was widely accepted and a standard 1995 text placed Hydnum and the Hydnaceae within the Cantharellales , though still retaining some additional genera ( Amylodontia , Climacodon , Corallofungus , Dentinum , Gloeomucro , Nigrohydnum , Phaeoradulum , and Stegiacantha ) within

377-406: The conservation of species names was not allowed under the Code . Unforeseen in the 1970s, when the 1981 provisions were crafted, was the impact of molecular systematics . A decade later, it was starting to become obvious that fungi with no known sexual stage could confidently be placed in genera which were typified by species in which the sexual stage was known. This possibility of abandoning

406-413: The current opinion on relationships among genera: Burgoa + Sistotrema III Bergerella + Bryoclavula Minimedusa Neoburgoa Sistotremella Multiclavula Bulbilla Clavulina + Membranomyces Rogersiomyces Burgella + Sistotrema II Sistotrema sensu stricto Hydnum Craterellus Cantharellus The fruit bodies of species in

435-582: The dual nomenclatural system was debated at subsequent International Mycological Congresses and on other occasions, and the need for change was increasingly recognized. At the International Botanical Congress in Vienna in 2005, some minor modifications were made which allowed anamorph-typified names to be epitypified by material showing the sexual stage when it was discovered, and for that anamorph name to continue to be used. The 1995 edition of

464-468: The family are ectomycorrhizal , forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Hydnum repandum (the hedgehog fungus) is an edible species, commercially collected in some countries and often marketed under the French name pied de mouton . The family was originally described in 1826 by French botanist François Fulgis Chevallier to accommodate all the larger fungi with

493-438: The family have caps and stems that are usually centrally attached. Colors typically range from white to yellow to orange, and the teeth are typically lighter than the cap surface. The flesh is fleshy and brittle, and monomitic (consisting of generative hyphae only). The generative hyphae are thin-walled, branched, contain septa , and have clamp connections . Spores range in shape from roughly spherical to egg-shaped, have

522-577: The family. Most of these have now been placed elsewhere. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences , has confirmed Donk's placement of the Hydnaceae as a family within the Cantharellales. The precise boundaries of the family have not been investigated, but it appears that the type and related species of the genus Sistotrema belong within the Hydnaceae, as well as most species of Hydnum itself. These Sistotrema species have poroid basidiocarps and are not closely related to

551-488: The ground or in leaf litter in woodland. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution . Several species of Hydnum are edible and Hydnum repandum is commercially collected and marketed in Europe, often under the French name pied de mouton . In North America, the related Hydnum umbilicatum is also commercially collected, sometimes under the name "sweet tooth". Anamorph Fungi are classified primarily based on

580-630: The influential Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi sought to replace the term anamorph with mitosporic fungus and teleomorph with meiosporic fungus , based on the idea that the fundamental distinction is whether mitosis or meiosis preceded sporulation. This is a controversial choice because it is not clear that the morphological differences which traditionally define anamorphs and teleomorphs line up completely with sexual practices, or whether those sexual practices are sufficiently well understood in some cases. The Vienna Congress (2005) established

609-672: The majority of " Sistotrema " species which may belong within the Clavulinaceae . The status of Corallofungus has not been investigated. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the family contains 9 genera and 190 species. The placement of the Hydnaceae as a family within the Cantharellales: Ceratobasidiaceae Botryobasidiaceae Tulasnellaceae Hydnaceae Phylogenetic tree presenting

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638-438: The mid-19th century. This was even before the first international rules for botanical nomenclature were issued in 1867. Special provisions are to be found in the earliest Codes , which were then modified several times, and often substantially. The rules have been updated regularly and become increasingly complex, and by the mid-1970s they were being interpreted in different ways by different mycologists – even ones working on

667-586: The names that had been introduced in the past for separate morphs, it was agreed that these should not be treated as superfluous alternative names in the sense of the Code . It was further decided that no anamorph-typified name should be taken up to displace a widely used teleomorph-typified name without the case's having been considered by the General Committee established by the Congress. Recognizing that there were cases in some groups of fungi where there could be many names that might merit formal retention or rejection,

696-597: The newer rules. This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference Botryobasidiaceae Botryobasidium Suillosporium Botryobasidioideae Parm. (1968) Botryohypochnoideae Parm. (1968) Botryohypochnaceae (Parm.) Jülich (1982) The Botryobasidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales . The family contains a group of corticioid fungi that form thin, web-like basidiocarps . Some species form asexual anamorphs producing chlamydospores . All are believed to be wood-rotting or litter-rotting saprotrophs . None

725-433: The principle "one fungus, one name". After 1 January 2013, one fungus can only have one name; the system of permitting separate names to be used for anamorphs then ended. This means that all legitimate names proposed for a species, regardless of what stage they are typified by, can serve as the correct name for that species. All names now compete on an equal footing for priority . In order not to render illegitimate

754-628: The same genus. Following intensive discussions under the auspices of the International Mycological Association , drastic changes were made at the International Botanical Congress in 1981 to clarify and simplify the procedures – and the new terms anamorph, teleomorph, and holomorph entered general use. An unfortunate effect of the simplification was that many name changes had to be made, including for some well-known and economically important species; at that date,

783-579: The structures associated with sexual reproduction , which tend to be evolutionarily conserved. However, many fungi reproduce only asexually, and cannot easily be classified based on sexual characteristics; some produce both asexual and sexual states. These species are often members of the Ascomycota , but a few of them belong to the Basidiomycota . Even among fungi that reproduce both sexually and asexually, often only one method of reproduction can be observed at

812-598: The subfamily, noting that they shared certain "primitive" characters linking them to the Ceratobasidiaceae and Tulasnellaceae . In 1982 Jülich raised the subfamily to the rank of family, as the Botryobasidiaceae, and placed it in a new order , the Botryobasidiales (which also included the family Botryohypochnaceae). A standard 1995 reference work included within the Botryobasidiaceae the corticioid genera Botryobasidium , Botryodontia , Botryohypochnus (considered

841-414: Was discontinued as of 1 January 2013. The dual naming system can be confusing. However, it is essential for workers in plant pathology, mold identification, medical mycology, and food microbiology, fields in which asexually reproducing fungi are commonly encountered. The separate names for anamorphs of fungi with a pleomorphic life-cycle has been an issue of debate since the phenomenon was recognized in

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