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51-584: Hyakutake may refer to: Astronomy [ edit ] Comet Hyakutake , a comet discovered in 1996 People [ edit ] Gengo Hyakutake (1882–1976), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral Harukichi Hyakutake (1888–1947), Imperial Japanese Army general Saburō Hyakutake (1872–1963), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral Tetsugo Hyakutake (b. 1975), Japanese artist and photographer Yoshinari Hyakutake ,(b. 1977), Japanese football player Yuji Hyakutake (1950–2002), Japanese astronomer Topics referred to by

102-544: A chain of islands stretching further to the southwest of Kyushu for a few hundred kilometers. The most important group is the Amami Islands . Surrounded by the East China Sea to the west, Okinawa Prefecture in the south, Kumamoto Prefecture to the north, and Miyazaki Prefecture to the east, it has 2,632 km (1,635 mi) of coastline (including the 28 islands). It has a bay called Kagoshima Bay (Kinkowan), which

153-427: A change in the direction and strength of the local magnetic field . This implied that the spacecraft had crossed the 'wake' of an object, most likely a comet; the object responsible was not immediately identified. In 2000, two teams independently analyzed the same event. The magnetometer team realized that the changes in the direction of the magnetic field mentioned above agreed with the "draping" pattern expected in

204-550: A coma approximately 2.5  arcminutes across. It was approximately 2  astronomical units (AU) from the Sun . Later, a precovery image of the comet was found on a photograph taken on January 1, when the comet was about 2.4 AU from the Sun and had a magnitude of 13.3. When the first calculations of the comet's orbit were made, scientists realized that it was going to pass just 0.1 AU from Earth on 25 March. Only four comets in

255-424: A comet's ion, or plasma tail. The magnetometer team looked for likely suspects. No known comets were located near the satellite, but looking further afield, they found that Hyakutake, 500 million km (3.3 AU) away, had crossed Ulysses ' orbital plane on 23 April 1996. The solar wind had a velocity at the time of about 750 km/s (470 mi/s), at which speed it would have taken eight days for

306-629: A distinct and rich food culture. The warm weather and diverse environments allow for the agriculture and aquaculture of Kagoshima to thrive. Numerous restaurants around Kagoshima feature Satsuma Province local cuisine. Popular cuisine incorporating local agriculture include sweet potato , kibinago sashimi (silver-striped herring), buri amberjack, kampachi yellowtail, "Black Label Products" such as kuro-ushi Wagyu beef, kuro-buta Berkshire pork dishes, and kuro-Satsuma jidori chicken (sometimes served as raw, chicken sashimi ); smoked eel, keihan, and miki (fermented rice milk consumed among residents of

357-574: A dust tail in addition to the gas tail seen as it passed the Earth. By this time, however, it was close to the Sun and was not seen as easily. It was observed passing perihelion by the SOHO Sun-observing satellite , which also recorded a large coronal mass ejection being formed at the same time. The comet's distance from the Sun at perihelion was 0.23 AU, well inside the orbit of Mercury . After its perihelion passage, Hyakutake faded rapidly and

408-811: A source for record daikon radishes, roughly the size of a basketball . Many beaches around the Kagoshima Bay are littered with well-worn pumice stones. A crater lake in the southwestern tip of the prefecture, near the spa town of Ibusuki , is home to a rare species of giant eel. As of 31 March 2019, 13% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks , namely the Amami Guntō , Kirishima-Kinkowan , Unzen-Amakusa , and Yakushima National Parks; Koshikishima and Nichinan Kaigan Quasi-National Parks; and Akune , Bōnoma , Fukiagehama , Imutaike , Ōsumi Nanbu , Sendaigawa Ryūiki , Takakumayama , and Tokara Rettō Prefectural Natural Parks. Most of

459-483: Is Kokutō-shōchū ( 黒糖焼酎 ) , shōchū distilled with brown sugar). Shōchū has long gained international favor and has come to be comparable to Bordeaux for wine, Scotch for whiskey, and Cognac for brandy. Also, the Amami Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture are the only areas sanctioned to bear the label of kokutō-shōchū . Kurozu ( 黒酢 ) or black vinegar is another item of the "Black Label Products" of Kagoshima,

510-836: Is approximately 5,548.7 trillion yen, with a work force of about 791,000 people (2018) The following is a list of Kagoshima Prefecture's cities, and its administrative districts with their constituent towns and villages: Nineteen cities are located in Kagoshima Prefecture: These are the towns and villages in each district : [subprefecture (if any)] [ Ōshima Subprefecture ] [ Ōshima Subprefecture ] [ Ōshima Subprefecture ] [ Ōshima Subprefecture ] [ Kumage Subprefecture ] [ Kumage Subprefecture ] [ Ōshima Subprefecture ] [ Ōshima Subprefecture ] [ Ōshima Subprefecture ] [ Ōshima Subprefecture ] [ Ōshima Subprefecture ] [ Kumage Subprefecture ] [ Ōshima Subprefecture ] [ Ōshima Subprefecture ] Kagoshima Prefecture has

561-456: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Comet Hyakutake Comet Hyakutake ( formally designated C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) ) is a comet discovered on 31 January 1996. It was dubbed the Great Comet of 1996 ; its passage to within 0.1  AU (15 Gm) of the Earth on 25 March was one of the closest cometary approaches of

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612-542: Is mutually unintelligible with Standard Japanese , though most Satsugū speakers know both as a result of language standardization in Japan. Kagoshima Rebnise , a professional basketball team, was founded in 2003 and currently competes in the second division of the national B.League . Kagoshima United FC , a football team, was founded in 2014 and competes in the J3 League . Although no major professional baseball teams are based in

663-483: Is sandwiched by two peninsulas, Satsuma and Ōsumi . Its position made it a 'gateway' to Japan at various times in history. While Kyushu has about 13 million people, there are less than 2 million in this prefecture. The prefecture boasts a chain of active and dormant volcanoes , including the great Sakurajima , which towers out of the Kagoshima bay opposite Kagoshima city. A steady trickle of smoke and ash emerges from

714-476: Is second only to that of Shizuoka . In addition, it produces Japan's largest volume of unagi eels. Kagoshima is also largest beef and pork producing prefecture in Japan. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has several facilities within the prefecture, including the country's main launch facility on Tanegashima and the Uchinoura Space Center . The prefecture's gross domestic product

765-1155: The Amami Islands ). Satsuma-age , or deep-fried fish cake, comes in great variety in Kagoshima. Though the deep-fried fishcake can be found throughout the country, the Satsuma Domain (modern-day Kagoshima Prefecture) is commonly believed to be the birthplace of the snack. It is said, though, the concept was introduced from the Ryūkyū Kingdom (modern-day Okinawa Prefecture) by Satsuma Lord, Nariakira Shimazu. There are many types of sweets produced in Kagoshima Prefecture. Kagoshima-based Seika Foods Co., Ltd. ( Seika shokuhin kabushiki-kaisha ) has produced some of Japan's most popular and timeless sweets such as hyōroku mochi Bontan Ame ( ボンタンアメ ) , Satsuma Imo Caramel ( さつまいもキャラメル ) , and green tea-flavored Hyōroku mochi, Minami " shirokuma " shaved ice desserts, etc. Traditional treats outside of Seika Food Co., Ltd. products include karukan (sweet cakes made from steamed yams and rice flour), jambo-mochi , kokutō brown sugar from

816-693: The Ariake Sea to Shibushi Bay on the Pacific Ocean coast, and is characterized by two large peninsulas created by Kagoshima Bay . Kagoshima Prefecture formed the core of the Satsuma Domain , ruled from Kagoshima Castle , one of the most important Japanese domains of the Edo period and the Meiji Restoration . Kagoshima Prefecture corresponds to the ancient Japanese provinces Ōsumi and Satsuma , including

867-417: The caldera , punctuated by louder mini-eruptions on an almost daily basis. On active days in Kagoshima city an umbrella is advisable to ward off the ash. Sakurajima is one of Japan's most active volcanoes. Major eruptions occurred in 1914, when the island mountain spilled enough material to become permanently connected to the mainland, and a lesser eruption in 1960. Volcanic materials in the soil make Sakurajima

918-537: The diameter of a full moon (half a degree) every 30 minutes. Observers estimated its magnitude as around 0, and tail lengths of up to 80 degrees were reported. Its coma, now close to the zenith for observers at mid-northern latitudes , appeared approximately 1.5 to 2 degrees across, roughly four times the diameter of the full moon. The comet's head appeared distinctly blue-green, possibly due to emissions from diatomic carbon (C 2 ) combined with sunlight reflected from dust grains. Because Hyakutake

969-510: The pole star . This would be an unusual occurrence, because most comets are close to the Sun in the sky when the comets are at their brightest, leading to the comets appearing in a sky not completely dark. Hyakutake became visible to the naked eye in early March 1996. By mid-March, the comet was still fairly unremarkable, shining at 4th magnitude with a tail about 5  degrees long. As it neared its closest approach to Earth, it rapidly became brighter, and its tail grew in length. By March 24,

1020-722: The Amami Islands, getanha brown sugar cake, etc. In 1559, at Kōriyama Hachiman Shrine ( 郡山八幡神社 ) in Isa City ( 伊佐市 ) a carpenter wrote atop a wooden board "the Shintō Priest of this shrine is too stingy to offer me Shōchū ( 焼酎 ) showing an early love for the spirits. Kagoshima Prefecture is officially recognized (by the World Trade Organization) as the home to one of the most traditional beverages of Japan, shōchū . In Kagoshima there are 113+ distilleries, producing about 1,500 highly acclaimed brands, placing Kagoshima in

1071-471: The Solar System, its orbital period was about 17,000 years, but the gravitational perturbation of the giant planets has increased this period to 70,000 years. This is the first comet to have an X-ray emission detected, which is most likely the result of ionised solar wind particles interacting with neutral atoms in the coma of the comet. The Ulysses spacecraft fortuitously crossed

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1122-447: The Sun several times before, the approach in 1996 would not be a maiden arrival from the Oort cloud , a place from where comets with orbital periods of millions of years come. Comets entering the inner Solar System for the first time may brighten rapidly before fading as they near the Sun, because a layer of highly volatile material evaporates. This was the case with Comet Kohoutek in 1973; it

1173-450: The Sun, which would have evaporated these volatile molecules. Hyakutake's ices must have formed at temperatures of 20  K or less, indicating that it probably formed in a denser-than-average interstellar cloud. The amount of deuterium in the comet's water ices was determined through spectroscopic observations. It was found that the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen (known as the D/H ratio)

1224-627: The abduction of an office clerk from a Kagoshima beach in 1978 by agents from the same country. This became known only recently under the Koizumi administration. The two main ethnic groups of Kagoshima Prefecture are the Japanese and the Ryukyuans (Amami Islands). Kagoshima Prefecture is located at the southwest tip of Kyushu on the Satsuma Peninsula and Ōsumi Peninsula . This prefecture also includes

1275-464: The beginning of March, rising to 3 × 10  kg/s as the comet approached perihelion. During the same period, dust ejection velocities increased from 50 m/s to 500 m/s. Observations of material being ejected from the nucleus allowed astronomers to establish its rotation period. As the comet passed the Earth, a large puff or blob of material was observed being ejected in the sunward direction every 6.23 hours. A second smaller ejection with

1326-406: The comet was one of the brightest objects in the night sky, and its tail stretched 35 degrees. The comet had a notably bluish-green colour. The closest approach occurred on 25 March at a distance of 0.1  AU (15 million  km ; 39  LD ). Hyakutake was moving so rapidly across the night sky that its movement could be detected against the stars in just a few minutes; it covered

1377-411: The comet's orbit predict it will not return to the inner Solar System again for approximately 70,000 years. The Ulysses spacecraft made an unexpected pass through the tail of the comet on 1 May 1996. Evidence of the encounter was not noticed until 1998. Astronomers analysing old data found that Ulysses ' instruments had detected a large drop in the number of protons passing, as well as

1428-402: The comet's tail at a distance of more than 500 million km (3.3 AU; 310 million mi) from the nucleus , showing that Hyakutake had the longest tail known for a comet. The comet was discovered on 30 January 1996, by Yuji Hyakutake , an amateur astronomer from southern Japan. He had been searching for comets for years and had moved to Kagoshima Prefecture partly for

1479-501: The crescent pointing away from the Sun. The cause of the X-ray emission is thought to be a combination of two mechanisms. Interactions between energetic solar wind particles and cometary material evaporating from the nucleus is likely to contribute significantly to this effect. Reflection of solar X-rays is seen in other Solar System objects such as the Moon , but a simple calculation assuming even

1530-427: The dark skies in nearby rural areas. He was using a powerful set of binoculars with 150 mm (6 in) objective lenses to scan the skies on the night of the discovery. This comet was actually the second Comet Hyakutake; Hyakutake had discovered comet C/1995 Y1 several weeks earlier. While re-observing his first comet (which never became visible to the naked eye ) and the surrounding patch of sky, Hyakutake

1581-596: The economic sector is focused in Kagoshima City and the surrounding area, corresponding to the extent of the former Satsuma Province . The eastern part of the prefecture, the former Ōsumi Province , is mostly rural and shows a general population decline. The prefecture has strong agricultural roots, which are reflected in its most well-known exports: green tea , sweet potato , radish , Pongee rice , Satsuma ware , Berkshire pork ("kurobuta") and local Black Wagyu beef. Kagoshima prefecture's production of bonito flakes

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1632-501: The highest X-ray reflectivity possible per molecule or dust grain is not able to explain the majority of the observed flux from Hyakutake, as the comet's atmosphere is very tenuous and diffuse. Observations of comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) with the Chandra satellite in 2000 determined that X-rays observed from that comet were produced predominantly by charge exchange collisions between highly charged carbon , oxygen and nitrogen minor ions in

1683-455: The inner Solar System was the discovery that it was emitting X-rays , with observations made using the ROSAT satellite revealing very strong X-ray emission. This was the first time a comet had been seen to do so, but astronomers soon found that almost every comet they looked at was emitting X-rays. The emission from Hyakutake was brightest in a crescent shape surrounding the nucleus with the ends of

1734-414: The most popular flavor by far is apple. The farms are open to visitations and often offer tours. Today, Kagoshima is home to a distinctive dialect of Japanese known as Satsugū dialect ( 薩隅方言 , Satsugū Hōgen ) or Kagoshima dialect ( 鹿児島弁 , Kagoshima-ben , or Kagomma-ben ) , differing from the usual Kyushu dialects with its pronunciations of the yotsugana . For the most part, Satsugū dialect

1785-588: The northern part of the Ryukyu Islands ( Satsunan ). This region played a key role in the Meiji Restoration ( Saigō Takamori ), and the city of Kagoshima was an important naval base during Japan's 20th century wars and the home of admiral Tōgō Heihachirō . More recent incidents are the sinking of a North Korean spy ship (100 ton class) in 2001 by the Coast Guard , which was later salvaged and exhibited in Tokyo, and

1836-428: The nucleus ( Halley's Comet is about 15 km (9.3 mi) across, while Comet Hale–Bopp was about 60 km (37 mi) across) implies that Hyakutake must have been very active to become as bright as it did. Most comets undergo outgassing from a small proportion of their surface, but most or all of Hyakutake's surface seemed to have been active. The dust production rate was estimated to be about 2 × 10  kg/s at

1887-466: The other of which is Kokutō-shōchū . There are a number of kurozu farms around Kagoshima, most of which are located around the Kirishima area. Most kurozu farms produce kurozu bottled vinegar (fermented for a single year, 2+ years) along with other items such as salad dressing, powders, capsules, spices, candy, etc. Kurozu also comes in different flavors such as grape, orange, ume plum , etc. though

1938-429: The previous 200 years. Reaching an apparent visual magnitude of zero and spanning nearly 80°, Hyakutake appeared very bright in the night sky and was widely seen around the world. The comet temporarily upstaged the much anticipated Comet Hale–Bopp , which was approaching the inner Solar System at the time. Hyakutake is a long-period comet that passed perihelion on 1 May 1996. Before its most recent passage through

1989-415: The previous century had passed closer. Comet Hale–Bopp was already being discussed as a possible " great comet "; the astronomical community eventually realised that Hyakutake might also become spectacular because of its close approach. Moreover, Comet Hyakutake's orbit meant that it had last been to the inner Solar System approximately 17,000 years earlier. Because it had probably passed close to

2040-557: The same period confirmed this as the rotation period of the nucleus. Kagoshima Prefecture Kagoshima is the capital and largest city of Kagoshima Prefecture, with other major cities including Kirishima , Kanoya , and Satsumasendai . Kagoshima Prefecture is located at the southernmost point of Kyūshū and includes the Satsunan Islands group of the Ryukyu Islands. Kagoshima Prefecture's mainland territory extends from

2091-415: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hyakutake . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyakutake&oldid=1069711304 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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2142-453: The same time. The relative abundances of chemical elements detected indicated that the object responsible was definitely a comet. Based on the Ulysses encounter, the comet's tail is known to have been at least 570 million km (360 million miles; 3.8 AU) long. This is almost twice as long as the previous longest-known cometary tail, that of the Great Comet of 1843 , which

2193-486: The solar wind, and neutral water, oxygen and hydrogen in the comet's coma. Radar results from the Arecibo Observatory indicated that the comet nucleus was about 4.8 km (3 mi) across, and surrounded by a flurry of pebble-sized particles ejected at a few metres per second. This size measurement corresponded well with indirect estimates using infrared emission and radio observations. The small size of

2244-499: The tail to be carried out to where the spacecraft was situated at 3.73 AU, approximately 45 degrees out of the ecliptic plane. The orientation of the ion tail inferred from the magnetic field measurements agreed with the source lying in Comet Hyakutake's orbital plane. The other team, working on data from the spacecraft's ion composition spectrometer, discovered a sudden large spike in detected levels of ionised particles at

2295-538: The top for production quantity and shipment. While visiting Kagoshima, one may notice labels reading Honkaku-shōchū ( 本格焼酎 ) . Honkaku-shōchū is a distilled beverage produced with traditional skills using ingredients such as natural spring water, sweet potatoes, locally grown sugar cane, and grains. Varieties of honkaku-shōchū include Imo-jōchū ( 芋焼酎 ) , shōchū distilled from sweet potatoes, Mugi-jōchū ( 麦焼酎 ) , distilled from barley, and Kome-jōchū ( 米焼酎 ) distilled from rice. Another type of shōchū

2346-425: Was 2 AU long. This record was broken in 2002 by comet 153P/Ikeya–Zhang , which had a tail-length of at least 7.46 AU . Terrestrial observers found ethane and methane in the comet, the first time either of these gases had been detected in a comet. Chemical analysis showed that the abundances of ethane and methane were roughly equal, which may imply that its ices formed in interstellar space, away from

2397-458: Was about 3 × 10 , which compares to a value in Earth's oceans of about 1.5 × 10 . It has been proposed that cometary collisions with Earth might have supplied a large proportion of the water in the oceans, but the high D–H ratio measured in Hyakutake and other comets such as Hale–Bopp and Halley's Comet have caused problems for this theory. One of the great surprises of Hyakutake's passage through

2448-425: Was at its brightest for only a few days, it did not have time to permeate the public imagination in the way that Comet Hale–Bopp did the following year. Many European observers in particular did not see the comet at its peak because of unfavourable weather conditions. After its close approach to the Earth, the comet faded to about 2nd magnitude. It reached perihelion on 1 May 1996, brightening again and exhibiting

2499-402: Was initially touted as potentially spectacular, but only appeared moderately bright. Older comets show a more consistent brightening pattern. Thus, all indications suggested Comet Hyakutake would be bright. Besides approaching close to Earth, the comet would also be visible throughout the night to northern hemisphere observers at its closest approach because of its path, passing very close to

2550-454: Was lost to naked-eye visibility by the end of May. Its orbital path carried it rapidly into the southern skies, but following perihelion it became much less monitored. The last known observation of the comet took place on November 2. Hyakutake had passed through the inner Solar System approximately 17,000 years ago; gravitational interactions with the gas giants during its 1996 passage stretched its orbit greatly, and barycentric fits to

2601-489: Was surprised to find another comet in almost the same position as the first had been. Hardly believing a second discovery so soon after the first, Hyakutake reported his observation to the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan the following morning. Later that day, the discovery was confirmed by independent observations. At the time of its discovery, the comet was shining at magnitude 11.0 and had

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