53-665: Chanda Sahib (died 12 June 1752) was a subject of the Carnatic Sultanate between 1749 and 1752. He was the son-in-law of the Nawab of Carnatic Dost Ali Khan , under whom he was a Dewan . An ally of the French, he was initially supported by Joseph François Dupleix during the Carnatic Wars . He annexed the Madurai Nayaks and was declared Nawab , bringing Tanjore and Tinnevelly into
106-635: A Subedar . There he was defeated by an English force, of mostly enlisted Indians. At Arcot and then Kaveripakkam (Tirukattupalli/koviladi), Chanda Sahib's son was defeated. Later he was killed by the British. After this Chanda Sahib escaped to what was probably his hometown at Tanjore , only to be captured by the Maratha army of Tanjore. He was beheaded by the Maratha Tanjore Raja, Pratap Singh of Thanjavur . The English quickly installed Muhammed Ali as
159-662: A hamlet between Dharmapuram and Thirunallar. The Muslim presence in Karaikal grew between the 18th and 19th centuries. The town witnessed the establishment of a Bukharan Muslim Sufi cleric christened Mastan Saheb in the early 19th century. He attracted many Muslims to the town, and his fruitful preaching brought new believers. Following his demise in 1829, a dargah formed, and a commemorative procession (an urs ), known locally as Kanduri (the Kanduri Festival or Candry in French),
212-729: A new residence, the Amir Mahal , in Royapettah . 24°11′N 88°16′E / 24.18°N 88.27°E / 24.18; 88.27 Karaikal Karaikal ( /kʌdɛkʌl/ , French : Karikal /kaʁikal/ ) is a town of the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry . It is the administrative headquarters of the Karaikal District and the second most populated town in the Union Territory after Pondicherry . Located on
265-762: A reward for his victory over the Marathas led by Rajaram I . With the decline of the Mughal empire, the Carnatic subah became independent as the Carnatic Sultanate, which controlled a vast territory south of the Krishna River . The Nawab Saadatullah Khan I moved his court from Gingee to Arcot . His successor Dost Ali Khan conquered and annexed Madurai in 1736. In 1740, the Maratha forces descended on Arcot. They attacked
318-491: A time, Chanda Sahib had his own way. His success was regarded with suspicion and even hostility by the Nawab of Arcot. But family loyalties prevented a rupture and Chanda Sahib was left undisturbed, while he strengthened the fortifications of Trichinopoly and appointed his two brothers as governors of the strongholds of Dindigul and Madurai. It was at this period that he subjugated the king of Tanjore, although he did not annex his territory, and he compelled them to cede Karaikal to
371-595: Is 87.1%, with male literacy at 92.4% and female literacy at 82.0%. Karaikal is renowned for its connection with Karaikal Ammaiyar , a leading Shaivite saint and Bhakti poetess, amongst the sixty-three nayanmar , who lived there around the 5th century CE. A sanctuary, the Karaikal Ammaiyar temple , is dedicated to her, and popular for its annual celebration of Mangani (the Mango Festival or Fête des Mangues in French), which takes place in summer. The event
424-472: Is Generating Electricity with Natural gas fuel in their combined cycle power plant and supply the electricity to Puducherry Electricity Department. The fuel gas received through GAIL India Limited by underground pipelines from ONGC Wells.The ONGC 's office Kaveri rig is at Karaikal. The nearest airport to Karaikal is Tiruchirappalli International Airport , which serves the entire Cauvery delta region, as well as adjacent areas. The other major airport close to
477-546: Is connected with both National Highways and State Highways. Both Gov't. and Private buses available from Karaikal to Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Kumbakonam, Mayiladuthurai, Puducherry, Cuddalore, Chidambaram. Karaikal having rail line connected from Tiruchirapalli via Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, and Nagore. Presently Rails are available from Karaikal to Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Ernakulam, Tiruchirapalli, Tanjore, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Nagore, Velanganni and currently Karaikal to Peralam Railway line work
530-506: Is fishing, exporting and fishing related activities. The other main source is the liquor business, the tax being less and the cost almost half when compared to the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. Karaikal is one of the towns in South India with high cost of living due to French NRI's presence. Thousands of families with their origin in Karaikal live in France. Puducherry Power Corporation Limited
583-552: Is held annually. Karaikal's Dargah is an architecturally remarkable building, reminiscent of the more famous Dargah at nearby Nagore , and demonstrative of the Islamic architectural style in use at the time in the Tanjore region, and more widely in the Deccan . The adjacent Grand Mosque is also a remarkable architectural structure, with a more pronounced Indo-Saracenic influence. Most of
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#1732869534682636-464: Is the functional headquarters of Karaikal District. Karaikal region is made up of Karaikal municipality and the Communes of According to the 2011 Census of India , total population of Karaikal district is 2,00,222, comprising 97,809 males and 1,02,413 females. Population of the district accounts for 16.04% of the total population of Puducherry U.T. and ranks second among the districts. The literacy rate
689-616: Is the town's main feast. Located on the former Rue de Poréar (now Bharathiyar Street), the Karikal Amméar temple is neighboured by the Shaivite temple of Kailasanathar and the Vaishnavite temple of Nithyakalyana Perumal . The three religious sites share the Chandra Theertham tank , which lies along the street. A second religious celebration in the town concerns exclusively
742-485: Is under progress. According to the 2011 Census, Karaikal has literacy rate of 87.1%. There is a wide network of educational institutions right from elementary level to collegiate level in the Karaikal region. Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER) was established in Karaikal in 2016 with an initial intake of 50 students. The students are selected through entrance exams conducted nationwide. National Institute of Technology Puducherry
795-816: The Paadal Petra Sthalam , are also located nearby Karaikal. These are the Dharmapuram Yazhmoorinathar temple in Dharmapuram, between the communes of Karaikal and Thirunallar, the Tiruttelicheri Parvatheesvarar temple , in nowadays Kovil Pathu, on the outskirts of the town, and the Thiruvettakudi Sundaresvarar temple in Thiruvettakudi , a hamlet east to the village of Varichikudi . Of lesser reverence with respect to
848-513: The Airports Authority of India (AAI). In its initial plans, the airport, spread across 562 acres (227 ha), was being developed by Karaikal Airport Private Limited, a subsidiary of Super Airport Private Limited. The first phase of construction would have included construction of a 1200-metre runway and a terminal building capable of handling 120 passengers during peak hours. The airport was expected to handle regional turboprop airliners like
901-522: The Coromandel Coast of Bay of Bengal in South India , it is situated at the center of a coastal enclave surrounded by the state of Tamil Nadu and its Cauvery delta districts (Mayavaram, Tiruvarur and Negapatnam). The origin of the word Karaikal is uncertain. The Imperial Gazetteer of British India gives its meaning as 'fish pass'. Both the words 'Karai' and 'Kal' have several meanings, of which
954-606: The East India Company . Paul Benfield , an English businessman, made major loans to the Nawab for the purpose of enabling him, who, with the aid of the English, had invaded and conquered the Maratha state of Tanjore, to satisfy some claims of the Dutch at Tranquebar on territories of the Rajah of Tanjore . The thirteenth Nawab, Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan , died, and the British annexed
1007-699: The Madras and Tuticorin ports , which are the major ports in the coastline but are separated by long distance. Further, Karaikal is in the middle of the Tamil Nadu coast, midway between the two deepwater ports of Chennai and Tuticorin. The National Highway NH 32 connects Chennai and Thoothukudi , passes through Karaikal. It is located at the distance 297 km (185 mi) from Chennai , 132 km (82 mi) from Puducherry , 154 km (96 mi) from Tiruchirapalli , 57 km (35 mi) from Kumbakonam and 20 km (12 mi) from Nagapattinam . Karaikal
1060-777: The Paadal Petra Sthalam , Karaikal and its surroundings also feature temples esteemed in the Saiva Siddhanta tradition, designated as the Vaippu Sthalam . Mentioned in the religious literature associated with this tradition, there are two of these temples, the Raja Chozheesvarar temple at Thirumalairayanpattinam or T.R Patnam (once known as the Grande Aldée in French), and the Thirulokanathar temple at Thakkalur,
1113-659: The Sultanate of Mysore ). The Northern portion was known as the ' Mughal Carnatic ', the Southern the ' Maratha Carnatic ' with the Maratha fortresses of Gingee and Ranjankudi . Carnatic thus was the name commonly given to the region of Southern India that stretches from the East Godavari of Andhra Pradesh in the north to the Maratha fort of Ranjangudi in the south (including the Kaveri River delta), and Coromandal Coast in
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#17328695346821166-538: The chouth , or one-fourth of their revenues, which they had promised in return for the withdrawal of the Marathas from their country and the discontinuation of their incursions. These Marathas of Tanjore also were encouraged to attempt reprisals by the Nizam of Hyderabad , who — jealous of the increasing power of the Nawab and careless of the loyalty due to co-religionists — gladly would have seen his dangerous subordinate brought to
1219-486: The ATR-42. The company planned to expand the airport after five years, extending the runway to 2,600 metres (8,500 feet) and increasing terminal building capacity to 500 passengers per hour. A further expansion was planned ten years down the line with a 3500-metre runway and a passenger capacity of 1,000 per hour. Karaikal port is a new deep sea water port being constructed in Karaikal. More than 600 acres (2.4 km ) of land
1272-489: The Carnatic Nawabdom, applying the doctrine of lapse . Ghouse Khan's uncle Azim Jah was created the first Prince of Arcot (Amir-e-Arcot) in 1867 by Queen Victoria , and was given a tax free-pension in perpetuity. He died in 1855 at the age of 31. He did not leave behind any male heir. The Chepauk Palace , the official residence of the princes of the Carnatic had been taken over by the British in 1859. He constructed
1325-399: The French formally obtained the town. In 1749, additional territories consisting of 81 villages were ceded by Pratap Singh to the French during their siege of Thanjavur , a grant that was confirmed by treaty in 1754. Karaikal changed hands multiple times in the following years due to conflicts between the French and the British, notably during the siege of 1760, when British forces captured
1378-583: The French. On 14 February 1739, Karaikal became a French colony. Unable to help themselves against the Europeans and the subjects of The Mogul, the king of Tanjore and Vangaru Tirumala called for the assistance of the Marathas of Satara in Maharashtra . These Maratha of the Carnatic had their own grievance against the Muslims of Arcot, with whom Chanda Sahib still was identified, because of long-delayed payment of
1431-837: The Kailasanathar temple, which organizes the Karaikal Chariot festival . Karaikal is also commonly associated with the temple devoted to the Lord Saneesvara at Thirunallar , one of the Navagraha Sthalam in the Kumbakonam region. The Dharbaranyesvarar temple of Thirunallar is as well one of the Sapta Vidanga Sthalam , an important network of Shaivite shrines in relation with the famed Thyagaraja temple of Thiruvarur . Three other significant Shaivite sanctuaries, among
1484-577: The Meenakshi in favour of himself. Unwilling to attack Trichinopoly, the Muslim prince contented himself with solemnly declaring Vangaru Tirumala king and took the 30,000 gold and silver coins. He then marched away, leaving Chanda Sahib to enforce his award as best he could. Meenakshi, alarmed at the turn affairs now had taken, had little difficulty in persuading that facile politician to accept her tribute of 100,000 silver and gold coins to declare her duly entitled to
1537-561: The Nawab of Arcot greatly weakened Chanda Sahib was captured and imprisoned by the Marathas in the siege of Tiruchirappalli (1741) led by general Raghuji Bhonsle under the orders of Chhattrapati Shahu . In 1741, the Travancore-Dutch War broke out. During this conflict it was the policy of the subjects of the Mogul to support European mercantile presence in the Indian subcontinent. After
1590-422: The Nawab of Arcot in 1754, and most of Chanda Sahib's native forces defected to the English. Carnatic Sultanate The Carnatic Sultanate was a kingdom in South India between about 1690 and 1855, and was under the legal purview of the Nizam of Hyderabad , until their demise. They initially had their capital at Arcot in the present-day Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Their rule is an important period in
1643-440: The Nawab, Dost Ali Khan , in the pass of Damalcherry. In the war that followed, Dost Ali, one of his sons Hasan Ali, and a number of prominent persons lost their lives. This initial success at once enhanced Maratha prestige in the south. From Damalcherry, the Marathas proceeded to Arcot, which surrendered to them without much resistance. Chanda Sahib and his son were arrested and sent to Nagpur . Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah became
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1696-668: The death of the Nizam of Hyderabad , a civil war for succession broke out in south between Nasir Jung and Muzaffar Jung . Also, Chanda Sahib began to conspire against the Nawab Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan in Carnatic . This led to the Second Carnatic War . In 1751, there was an ongoing scuffle between Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan , (who was the son of the previous Nawab of Arcot , Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan and hence
1749-799: The dominions of the Mughal Empire . He was weakened by constant Marathi attacks and was defeated by British ally Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah . After his forces were defeated by Robert Clive and the Maratha Empire , he attempted to recoup his losses but was beheaded during a mutiny of the Tanjore army. His birth name was Husayn Dost Khan. Chanda Sahib sought the investiture of the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur by declaring himself Nawab of Tinnevelly and gathered his own army of 3500 men and even received 400 French infantry from Dupleix. Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha died in 1731 and
1802-531: The east to Western Ghats in the west. With the decline of Vijayanagara Empire in 1646, the Hindu nayaks , established in Madurai, Tanjore and Kanchi, made themselves independent. However, they quickly became tributaries to the kings of Golconda and Bijapur, who divided the Carnatic between them. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1692 appointed Zulfiqar Khan as the first subahdar of the Carnatic with his seat at Arcot as
1855-455: The ground. Early in 1740 the Marathas appeared in the south with a vast army, and defeated and killed Dost Ali Khan in the pass of Damalcheruvu , now in Chittoor district . Then they came to an understanding with his son, Safdar Ali Khan, recognised him as Nawab; in return, Khan accepted Maratha suzerainty and undertook to pay Marathas, an indemnity of 40 lakh rupees and a regular chauth . With
1908-526: The help of the French, led the siege of Tiruchirappalli (1751–1752) . Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah and the English force supporting him were in a grim position. A small English force of 300 soldiers made a diversionary attack on Arcot to draw Chanda Sahib's army away from Trichy. Chanda Sahib dispatched a 10,000 strong force under his son Raza Sahib to retake Arcot. Raza Sahib was aided by the Nellore Army and Muhammed Yusuf Khan may have been in this force as
1961-520: The history of the Carnatic and Coromandel Coast regions, in which the Mughal Empire gave way to the rising influence of the Maratha Empire , and later the emergence of the British Raj . The old province, known as the Carnatic, in which Madras (Chennai) was situated, extended from the Krishna River to the Kaveri River , and was bounded on the West by Mysore kingdom and Dindigul , (which formed part of
2014-504: The kingdoms of the Deep South . The leaders of this expedition were Dost Ali Khan's son, Safdar Ali Khan , and his nephew and confidential adviser, Chanda Sahib. The invaders took Tanjore by storm and, leaving the stronghold of Trichinopoly untouched, reached Madurai, where they took part in the quarrel between Meenakshi and Vangaru Tirumala. The latter approached Safdar Ali Khan with an offer of 30,000 gold and silver coins if he would oust
2067-420: The more acceptable ones are 'lime mix' and 'canal' respectively. Hence it has been suggested that the name may mean a canal built of lime mix, however, no trace of such a canal is evident. In 1738, Karaikal was promised to the French by Sayaji , the exiled Rajah of Thanjavur , in exchange for their assistance. However, the transfer of control only occurred in 1739 with the help of Chanda Sahib of Arcot , when
2120-556: The people in town are office goers and industrial workers. There are a number of iron and steel rolling mills, spinning mills, tiles, polythene, rubber and chemical industries in Karaikal. Other common sources of the people's income come from business. The prominent source of income of this district is agriculture and fishing. Karaikal is a coastal town with a total coastline of 26 kilometres (16 miles). There are 12 big fishing hamlets and around more than 25,000 fishermen (6,000 families) are living in these coastal villages. Their main employment
2173-507: The rightful claimant) and Chanda Sahib. Dupleix sided with Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jung to bring them into power in their respective states. But soon the English intervened. To offset the French influence, they began to support Nasir Jung and Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah . Chanda Sahib initially succeeded and became the Nawab, forcing Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah to escape to the rock-fort in Tiruchirapalli. Chanda Sahib followed and with
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2226-470: The ruler in 1749, however he was not officially crowned until 1752, and he was only recognised as an independent ruler by the Emperor of Delhi in 1765. The growing influences of the English and the French and their colonial wars had a huge impact on the Carnatic. Wallajah supported the English against the French and Hyder Ali , placing him heavily in debt. As a result, he had to surrender much of his territory to
2279-640: The south-east by the Vettar . The group of rocks known as Cuddalore formations is met with in the area contiguous to Karaikal region in Nagapattinam district. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical wet and dry ( As ). The District Collector is the official representative to the Lieutenant Governor and Chief Co-ordinator and Liaison Officer to all Government departments of Karaikal district. District Collectorate, Karaikal
2332-505: The struggle. The local representative of the Mughal in present-day Andhra Pradesh was the Nawab of Arcot , Dost Ali Khan and an intermediate authority was held by the Nizam of Hyderabad , in theory both a subordinate of the emperor and the superior of the Nawab . In 1734 — about the time, in fact, that Meenakshi and Vangaru Tirumala were fighting for the crown — the then-Nawab of Arcot sent an expedition to exact tribute and submission from
2385-590: The throne. Meenakshi required Chanda Sahib to swear on the Quran that he would adhere faithfully to his engagement. He was honorably admitted into the Trichinopoly fort and Vangaru Tirumala — apparently with the good will of the queen, who, did not seem to have wished him any harm and allowed him to venture into Madurai, to rule over that region and Tinnevelly . Chanda Sahib accepted a large tributes for protection and left for Arcot. Two years later in 1736 he returned, again
2438-576: The town after a ten-day defense. Karaikal was eventually restored to French control in 1817 following the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The French continued to hold control, despite occasional interruptions by the British Raj, until 1954, when it was de facto incorporated into the Republic of India. Karaikal, along with the other French Indian colonies of Mahé , Yanaon , Chandernagor , and Pondichéry ,
2491-467: The town is Chennai International Airport , which offers better air connectivity, especially to long-haul destinations. Karaikal Airport is a greenfield project nearby Karaikal, currently frozen. It would have been the first airport in the country built entirely with private capital. The project received in-principle clearance from the Ministry of Civil Aviation in February 2011. Karaikal Airport's Air Traffic Control, however, would have been operated by
2544-415: The waters of Kudamurutti and Virasolanar also meet the irrigation needs of the region. Forming a part of the fertile Kaveri delta, the region is completely covered by the distributaries of Cauvery. Covered completely by a thick mantle of alluvium of variable thickness, the lie of the region is flat having a gentle slope towards the Bay of Bengal in the east. It is limited on the north by the Nandalar and on
2597-456: The west by Tiruvarur district (also belonging to Tamil Nadu), and on the East by the Bay of Bengal . The enclave is located 140 kilometres (87 miles) south of the city of Pondicherry, 158 kilometres (98 miles) east of Trichy and is known for its rich cultural heritage. The main branches of Kaveri below Grand Anicut are the Kudamurutti , Arasalar , Virasolanar and the Vikramanar. Although Arasalar and its branches spread through Karaikal,
2650-438: Was de jure integrated into India in 1962. Karaikal is a small coastal enclave which was formerly part of French India . Together with the other former French territories of Pondicherry , Yanam , and Mahé , it forms the Union Territory of Puducherry. Karaikal is bounded on three sides by three districts of Tamil Nadu , on the North by Mayiladuthurai district , on the South by Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu state, on
2703-419: Was admitted into the Trichinopoly fort, and proceeded to instate himself the Nawab of the Carnatic and received recognition by the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur . Chanda Sahib eventually marched against Vangaru Tirumala, who still ruled in the south, defeated him at Ammaya Nayakkanur and Dindigul , drove him to take refuge in Sivaganga , and occupied the southern provinces of the Madurai Nayak. For
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#17328695346822756-420: Was leased out to MARG corporation in year 2005 for 30 years and can be renewed for every 10 years thereafter. The port will have a total of nine berths and is constructed for primary transport of coal, textile and cement. The Karaikal port is intended to primarily handle cement and coal to serve the hinterland in Ariyalur , Perambalur and Tiruchi districts. The port is also expected to provide an alternative to
2809-408: Was succeeded by his widow Meenakshi as Queen-Regent on behalf of a young boy she had adopted as her dead husband's heir. She only ruled a year or two before Vangaru Thirumala , the father of her adopted son, raised an insurrection against her. He said he had claims of his own to the throne of Madurai . At this juncture representatives of the Mughals appeared on the scene and took an important part in
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