184-522: Other wikis Hurricane Isabel was the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Mitch , and the deadliest, costliest, and most intense hurricane in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season . Hurricane Isabel was also the strongest hurricane in the open waters of the Atlantic, both by wind speed and central pressure, before being surpassed by hurricanes Irma and Dorian in 2017 and 2019, respectively. The ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and second major hurricane of
368-436: A Convair 580 flight studied the structure of Isabel transitioning into an extratropical storm, after two similar studies for Hurricane Michael in 2000 and Tropical Storm Karen in 2001. While flying in a thunderstorm, ice accumulation forced the plane to descend. Strong winds from Isabel extended from North Carolina to New England and westward to West Virginia . The winds, combined with previous rainfall which moistened
552-545: A hurricane watch from Little River, South Carolina to Chincoteague, Virginia , including the Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds and the lower Chesapeake Bay . The NHC also issued a tropical storm watch south of Little River, South Carolina to the mouth of the Santee River , as well as from Chincoteague, Virginia northward to Little Egg Inlet , New Jersey . Hurricane and tropical storm warnings were gradually issued for portions of
736-545: A state of emergency , which allowed the Federal Emergency Management Agency to deal with the situation. The threat of the hurricane canceled some flights in and out Pennsylvania. To compensate, Delta Air Lines allowed those flying to or from Philadelphia , Allentown , and Harrisburg to reschedule to a later date. American Airlines offered a similar option. United Airlines and United Express opted to waive charging fees for travelers in and out of
920-450: A 90-minute delay. The strongest winds occurred in the outer rainbands , during which many trees, tree limbs, and power lines fell across the region. In the New York metropolitan area , moderate winds downed 640 trees and 801 tree limbs. A man driving through Great Neck Estates was critically injured when a tree limb fell onto the car. Additionally, a falling tree branch hit a man in
1104-477: A Category 2 hurricane for two days, until it made landfall between Cape Lookout and Ocracoke Island on September 18, with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h). Isabel was a large hurricane at landfall, with a windfield of 460 miles (740 kilometres). The system weakened after it made landfall, though due to its fast forward motion, Isabel remained a hurricane until it reached western Virginia , early on September 19. After passing through West Virginia as
1288-659: A Category 4 hurricane after convection deepened near the increasingly organizing eyewall. The hurricane continued to intensify, and Isabel reached its peak intensity of 165 mph (266 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 915 mbar ( hPa ; 27.02 inHg ) on September 11, a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale . Due to an eyewall replacement cycle , Isabel weakened slightly, though it retained Category 5 status for 24 hours. As Isabel underwent another eyewall replacement cycle, outflow degraded in appearance and convection around
1472-500: A GCE 'O' level/CXC General examination, 0.79% obtained a GCE 'A' Levels or CAPE examination, 6.51% earned a college certificate, 2.81% had an associate degree, 2.13% held a bachelor's degree, 0.22% had a postgraduate diploma, 0.67% possessed a professional certificate, 0.34% held a master's or doctoral degree, and 5.95% either didn't know or didn't disclose their examination status. In 2011, the census reported health statistics for Barbuda. No cases of AIDS were documented, while 10.75% of
1656-540: A Letters Patent granted to the Earl of Carlisle in 1625, Captain Smith and John Littleton attempted to colonize Barbuda from St. Kitts. Barbuda was referred to as "Barbado" in these Letters Patent. Due to ferocious Kalinago resistance, this attempt at colonization was unsuccessful; however, subsequent early settlers called Barbuda "Dulcina", and by 1666 the village of Codrington had become the primary residential area. In 1678, Barbuda
1840-611: A North Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Ida for the 2009 season . Hurricane Mitch Effects Other wikis Hurricane Mitch was the second-deadliest tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin on record. Mitch caused 11,374 fatalities in Central America in 1998, including approximately 7,000 in Honduras and 3,800 in Nicaragua due to cataclysmic flooding from
2024-671: A circular area of deep convection near the center. It steadily strengthened as it moved to the west-northwest, and Isabel strengthened to a hurricane on September 7 subsequent to the development of a large, yet ragged eye located near the deepest convection. The eye, overall convective pattern, and outflow steadily improved in organization, and deep convection quickly surrounded the 40-mile (60 km)-wide eye. Isabel intensified on September 8 to reach major hurricane status while located 1,300 miles (2,100 km) east-northeast of Barbuda . On September 9, Isabel reached an initial peak intensity of 130 mph (210 km/h) for around 24 hours,
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#17328842505052208-459: A disaster area following the damage of previous Henri , Isabel, and severe flooding unrelated to either tropical cyclone. Officials opened a disaster recovery center in West Chester to provide additional information to disaster victims. By a month after the declaration, 342 homeowners and business owners applied for disaster aid, totaling to around $ 600,000 (2003 USD). In West Virginia,
2392-589: A ferry service to Antigua. Popular outdoor activities for tourists include swimming, snorkeling, fishing, and caving. Additional popular attractions include the Frigate Bird Sanctuary in the Codrington Lagoon, Martello Tower, a 19th-century fort and the Indian Cave with its two rock-carved petroglyphs . Other points of interest include the beautiful Pink Sands Beach, Darby's Cave, a sinkhole with
2576-508: A few days. The hurricane directly killed one person and indirectly killed two in the state. The storm surge assailed much of southeastern Virginia causing the worst flooding seen in the area since the 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane , peaking at an estimated 9 feet (2.7 m) in Richmond along the James River . The surge caused significant damage to homes along river ways, especially along
2760-488: A final landfall near Naples, Florida on November 5. Shortly after crossing the state, Mitch transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . The NHC tracked this storm until November 9, when former Hurricane Mitch passed north of Scotland . Due to the threat, the government of Honduras evacuated some of the 45,000 citizens on the Bay Islands and prepared all air and naval resources. The government of Belize issued
2944-400: A hearing disability, with 35.82% unaware of the cause and 26.87% attributing it to old age. Moreover, 121 people had a walking disability, with 35.29% attributing it to illness, 29.41% to old age, and 15.97% to an accident. A total of 35 people had a self-care disability, with 38.24% unaware of the cause, 26.47% attributing it to illness, and 23.53% to "other" reasons. Lastly, 111 people had
3128-695: A house in Middletown , and in Hudson County several trees fell onto and damaged cars. A downed tree in Englewood injured a woman when she was struck, and a woman in Independence Township was killed when a fallen tree landed on the vehicle she was driving. Strong winds from Isabel blew out the windows in an office building in East Rutherford , causing injuries to two women when they were struck. Throughout
3312-484: A hurricane on October 24 and developed an eye . After turning to the west, Mitch rapidly intensified , first into a major hurricane on October 25 and then into a Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale the next day. At peak intensity, Mitch maintained maximum sustained winds of 180 mph (290 km/h) while off the northern coast of Honduras. Hurricane Hunters reported
3496-509: A levee at Michael Field , and in Mineral County one school and 14 basements were flooded. In Jefferson County , two people required rescue after a car drove into floodwaters. Although sustained winds were weak in the state, wind gusts reached 46 mph (74 km/h) at Martinsburg . With the wet grounds, the wind gusts toppled thousands of trees, which fell onto homes, roads, and power lines. About 1.4 million residents across
3680-501: A minimal Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale . Early on September 10, the eyewall became less defined, the convection near the eye became eroded, and northeasterly outflow became slightly restricted. As a result, Isabel weakened slightly to a Category 3 hurricane. The hurricane turned more to the west due to the influence of the Bermuda-Azores High . Later on September 10, Isabel restrengthened to
3864-532: A minimum barometric pressure of 905 mbar (26.7 inHg), which at the time was the lowest in the month of October and tied for the fourth lowest for any Atlantic hurricane . Initially, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and various tropical cyclone forecast models anticipated a turn to the north, threatening the Yucatán Peninsula . Instead, Mitch turned to the south, due to a ridge that
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#17328842505054048-711: A mixed background, with 70.00% being Mixed Black/White and only 30.00% being of African descent. About 34.31% of Barbudan households consist of only one person, while 18.35% have two people, and 16.51% have three people; the remaining households have four or more people. The majority of homes (72.84%) use concrete/blocks as the main material for outer walling. Additionally, 12.48% of households use wood. In terms of dwelling types, 93.58% of homes are separate homes, and 3.49% are businesses and dwellings. Similar to most homes in Antigua and Barbuda, 93.76% of homes in Barbuda use sheet metal as
4232-812: A mobile home in Bellwood . Damage directly from the wind was generally minor, and included a house losing a chimney in Camp Hill , a carport being blown over in New Oxford , and at least four houses reporting roof or siding damage. The hurricane also damaged corn fields near Lancaster . Downed trees closed or disrupted traffic on at least 56 roads in the region, including U.S. Routes 6 and 322 , as well as Interstate 83 in York County . Pittsburgh reported 1.24 inches (31 mm) of precipitation from Isabel. The storm produced wind gusts of up to 60 mph (97 km/h) across
4416-423: A month after the hurricane struck. The United States Geological Survey used sand from the ferry channel to the southwest of Hatteras Island, a choice made to minimize the impact to submerged aquatic vegetation and due to the channel being filled somewhat during the hurricane. On November 22, about two months after the hurricane struck, North Carolina Highway 12 and Hatteras Island were reopened to public access. On
4600-435: A nearly homogeneous population with 9 reported ethnic origins. The majority of the population identified as African (95.11%), followed by Mixed Black/White (2.88%), other Mixed (1.00%), Hispanic (0.44%), White (0.13%), Indian (0.13%), Syrian/Lebanese (0.13%), and other (0.13%). A small portion (0.06%) did not specify their ethnicity. Regarding the countries of birth in Barbuda, over 18 different countries were represented in
4784-439: A new, structurally improved foundation, homes were redesigned to be able to withstand another hurricane. However, lack of arable crop land took away the jobs from many, decreasing an already low income even lower. Following the passage of Mitch, disease outbreaks occurred throughout Central America, including cholera , leptospirosis , and dengue fever . Over 2,328 cases of cholera were reported, killing 34 people. Guatemala
4968-566: A peak gust of 78 km/h (48 mph), and gusts reached as strong as 81 km/h (50 mph) at Port Colborne, Ontario . By about a week after the passage of the hurricane, President George W. Bush declared disaster areas for 36 North Carolina counties , 77 counties and independent cities in Virginia , the entire state of Maryland , all three counties in Delaware and six West Virginia counties . The disaster declaration allocated
5152-442: A primarily green-colored Barbuda on August 27, 2017, and brown-colored Barbuda on September 12, 2017. NASA provided several possible reasons for the browning, including green vegetation being ripped away by Hurricane winds, as well as salt spray from the storm coating and desiccating tree leaves. The climate is classified as tropical marine , which means that there is little seasonal temperature variation. In January and February,
5336-445: A purple alert and asked for citizens on offshore islands to leave for the mainland. Because the hurricane threatened to strike near Belize City as a Category 4 hurricane, much of the city was evacuated in fear of a repeat of Hurricane Hattie 37 years earlier. Guatemala issued a purple alert as well, recommending boats to stay in port, telling people to prepare or seek shelter, and warning of potential overflowing rivers. By
5520-688: A remembering disability, with 33.94% attributing it to old age, 26.61% for unknown reasons, 14.68% to illness, 11.01% from birth, and 4.59% to an accident. In 2011, 33.92% of Barbuda's population, totaling 551 individuals, were aged 0–17. The age distribution within this group was as follows: 10.91% (177) were aged 0–4, 10.03% (163) were aged 5–9, 7.52% (122) were aged 10–14, and 7.65% (124) were aged 15–19. Among those aged 0–4, 94.25% were of African descent, 2.87% were Mixed Black/White, and 2.87% were of other Mixed descent. All other youth age groups were predominantly African descendant or mixed. In 2011, Barbuda reported 16 religious affiliations. The majority of
5704-518: A result of the extreme damage and loss of life caused by Hurricane Mitch, the name Mitch was retired by the World Meteorological Organization following this storm, and will never again be used for a North Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was replaced with Matthew for the 2004 season . After the disaster, countries around the world donated significant aid, totaling $ 6.3 billion (1998 USD). Throughout Central America, which
Hurricane Isabel - Misplaced Pages Continue
5888-463: A shock to residents, and president Carlos Roberto Flores alike. The U.S. later increased their offer to $ 70 million (1998 USD). The Honduran government distributed food, water, and medical services to the hurricane victims, including the more than 4 million without water. In addition, the country initially experienced a sharp increase in the unemployment rate, largely due to the destruction of crop lands. However, rebuilding provided jobs in
6072-417: A strong Category 4 hurricane early on September 14. Later that day, it re-organized, and for the third time, Isabel attained Category 5 status while located 400 miles (640 km) north of San Juan, Puerto Rico . Cloud tops around the center warmed again early on September 15, and Isabel weakened to a Category 4 hurricane. Later that day, the inner core of deep convection began to deteriorate, while
6256-622: A swimmer required assistance to be rescued near Juno Beach . Minor beach erosion was reported in Palm Beach County . In the northern portion of the state, waves reached up to 15 feet (4.6 m) in height at Flagler Beach , causing the Flagler Beach Pier to be closed due to damaged boards from the waves. Rip currents from Isabel killed a surfer at an unguarded beach in Nassau County , with an additional six people requiring rescue from
6440-476: A temporary dam. Throughout the country, there were at least 7,000 fatalities, some reported in each department . Following the storm, officials in Honduras requested international assistance, which totaled $ 2.8 billion over a several-year period. Despite this, the gross domestic product began decreasing at the end of 1998, and contracted by 1.9 percent in 1999. Officials enacted a widespread curfew following
6624-516: A tropical rain forest inside and Highland House (called Willybob locally), the ruins of the 18th-century Codrington family home, and the Dividing Wall that separated the wealthy family from its slaves. Years after Hurricane Luis , in August 2017, there were still only two operating resorts on the island, although plans were being made to build other resorts before Hurricane Irma. A Teenage Pageant,
6808-459: A tropical storm, Isabel became extratropical over Western Pennsylvania , near Pittsburgh . The system continued turned northward, and crossed Lake Erie into Canada . Early on September 20, the extratropical remnant of Isabel was absorbed by a larger extratropical storm, over the Cochrane District of Ontario . Two days before Isabel made landfall, the National Hurricane Center issued
6992-433: A week before it moved ashore. The office also issued a Level 1 emergency activation, with a planning unit readying contingency plans and in coordinating the efforts of other state offices. The state's National Guard began preliminary preparations for possible support efforts by reviewing the list of personnel able to be mobilized in the event of an emergency. Army and Air National Guard officials identified needed equipment in
7176-443: A wide eye. Hurricane Isabel also displayed a "pinwheel" eye, a rare feature that is found in some annular tropical cyclones. A NOAA Hurricane Hunter Reconnaissance Aircraft flying into the hurricane launched a dropsonde which measured an instantaneous wind speed of 233 mph (375 km/h), the strongest instantaneous wind speed recorded in an Atlantic hurricane . Cloud tops warmed again shortly thereafter, and Isabel weakened to
7360-497: Is Dark Cave. As evidenced by artifacts discovered nearby, the cave's tiny entrance opens into a large cavern with pools of water. These ponds were likely a source of water for Amerindian occupants. The blind shrimp, a rare kind of amphipod , and various species of bats can be found at Dark Cave. Five chambers make up the complex of Nicey Cave, and a collapsed roof part serves as the complex's rear entrance and skylight. Three inner chambers are separated by modest ceiling ridges, and there
7544-746: Is also host to the Barbuda Bank tree anole ( Anolis leachii ), an anole endemic to the Caribbean, also known as the Antigua Bank tree anole or panther anole. Barbuda is also one of two islands in eastern Caribbean, along with Guiana Island , to host the European fallow deer ( Dama dama dama ), an important symbol of the island and of the entire country. Previously, Barbuda was host to the Barbudan muskrat ( Megalomys audreyae ), an extinct rodent formerly endemic to
Hurricane Isabel - Misplaced Pages Continue
7728-449: Is an outside chamber that is immediately accessible from the outside. The cave's vast stalactites and stalagmites are covered in shattered stalactites on the cave floor, which is primarily made of sand. The cave also has a circular stone enclosure that is comparable to tortoise pens found on modern sites, although the enclosure's walls are too low to accommodate tortoises and it is located distant from natural light. In 2011, Barbuda had
7912-551: Is classified as tropical marine . The first inhabitants of Barbuda were canoe-driving hunter-gatherers around 3,000–4,000 years ago. The island was subsequently inhabited by the Arawak and Kalinago . Early settlements by the Spanish were followed by the French and English who formed a colony in 1666. In 1685, Barbuda was leased to brothers John and Christopher Codrington . In 1834, slavery
8096-617: Is guaranteed at least one member of the House of Representatives and two members of the Senate. The Barbuda Council is an 11-member body consisting of nine directly elected and two ex officio (Barbuda's House and Senate representatives in the national Parliament). Council sessions are held in Codrington. Councillors serve for four years with elections held every two years in March. In January of every year,
8280-466: Is located approximately 30 miles (48 km) north of Antigua . The only settlements on the island are Codrington and its surrounding localities. Barbuda is a flat island with the western portion being dominated by Codrington Lagoon , and the eastern portion being dominated by the elevated plateau of the Barbuda Highlands , with salty ponds and scrubland spread throughout the island. The climate
8464-587: Is the present King of Antigua and Barbuda . While executive power is exercised by the government, legislative power is vested in both the government and the legislature. Antigua and Barbuda elects a legislature on national level. Parliament has two chambers : the House of Representatives , which has 19 members, and the Senate , which has 17 appointed members. There are special legislative provisions to account for Barbuda's low population relative to that of Antigua . Barbuda
8648-486: The 1998 Atlantic hurricane season , Mitch formed in the western Caribbean Sea on 22 October, and after responding to extremely favorable conditions, it rapidly strengthened to peak at Category 5 status, the highest possible rating on the Saffir–Simpson scale . After drifting southwestward and weakening, the hurricane hit Honduras as a minimal Category 1 hurricane. Mitch roved through Central America, regenerated in
8832-583: The American Red Cross advised local high schools to be on stand-by as potential shelters in the event evacuation occurred. Emergency coordinators in several counties were on alert, though none issued evacuations. In preparation for anticipated power outages, the Jersey Central Power and Light company arranged to receive more electrical crews from its parent company, FirstEnergy . Other utility workers from various locations as far as Canada left for
9016-416: The Bay Islands had damage to their water facilities. Two days of winds exceeding 200 km/h (125 mph) destroyed nearly all of the plants and trees on Guanaja, uprooting or knocking down almost the entire mangrove forest. It is estimated that the hurricane produced waves of 44 ft (13 m) in height. While moving slowly for several days offshore Honduras, Hurricane Mitch drew moisture from
9200-726: The Bay of Campeche , and ultimately impacted Florida as a strong tropical storm. It then became extratropical and accelerated northeastward across the North Atlantic, before dissipating on 9 November. At the time, Mitch was the strongest Atlantic hurricane observed in the month of October, though it has since been surpassed by Hurricane Wilma of the 2005 season . In addition, Mitch is the ninth-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record, tied with Hurricane Dean in 2007 in terms of pressure. Being "the deadliest Atlantic hurricane" in over 200 years, Mitch caused catastrophic impacts across its path, but
9384-580: The Bay of Campeche . On November 3, the remnants redeveloped into a tropical storm just off the coast of the Mexican state of Campeche , and a day later the storm made another landfall just north of the city of Campeche . Mitch accelerated to the northeast ahead of a cold front , moving across the Yucatán peninsula and re-entering the Gulf of Mexico. The storm retained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) before it made
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#17328842505059568-553: The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued heavy rainfall and wind warnings for portions of southern Ontario. A gale warning was also issued for Lake Ontario , eastern Lake Erie, the Saint Lawrence River and Georgian Bay . A news report on September 14 warned conditions could be similar to the disaster caused by Hurricane Hazel 49 years prior, resulting in widespread media coverage on the hurricane. Researchers on
9752-582: The Casita Volcano failed and turned into a lahar from excessive rain. The resulting mudslide ultimately covered an area 10 miles (16 km) long and 5 miles (8.0 km) wide. Two million people in Nicaragua were directly affected by the hurricane. Across the country, Mitch's heavy rains damaged 17,600 houses and destroyed 23,900, displacing 368,300 of the population. 340 schools and 90 health centers were severely damaged or destroyed. Sewage systems and
9936-453: The Category 5 Hurricane Irma destroyed more than 90 percent of Barbuda's buildings, and the entire population was evacuated to Antigua. By February 2019, most of the residents had returned to the island. The economy of Barbuda is based mostly around tourism and government, with the central government and the local government being the largest employers on the island. Fisheries accounts for
10120-655: The East Coast of the United States . By the time Isabel made landfall, a tropical storm warning existed from Chincoteague, Virginia to Fire Island, New York and from Cape Fear, North Carolina to the mouth of the Santee River in South Carolina, and a hurricane warning existed from Chincoteague, Virginia to Cape Fear. Landfall forecasts were very accurate; from three days prior, the average track forecast error for its landfall
10304-474: The Isle of Youth and Cayo Largo del Sur to leave for safer grounds. In Jamaica , where officials declared hurricane warnings 12 hours prior to its closest approach, Mitch caused moderate rainfall and gusty winds for days. Strong waves hit western Jamaica, with wave heights unofficially estimated at nearly 7 feet (2.1 m) in height. The rainfall in outer rainbands, at times severe, flooded many roads across
10488-472: The Outer Banks of North Carolina , with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) on September 18. Isabel quickly weakened over land and became extratropical over western Pennsylvania on the next day. On September 20, the extratropical remnants of Isabel were absorbed into another system over Eastern Canada . In North Carolina, the storm surge from Isabel washed out a portion of Hatteras Island to form what
10672-630: The Yucatán Peninsula , with Cancún on the Quintana Roo coast being the worst hit. Nine people were killed from the flooding, though damage was relatively minimal. The maximum 24-hour rainfall total from Mitch was 13.4 inches (340 mm) in Campeche , while the highest rainfall total was 16.85 inches (428.0 mm) in Ciudad del Carmen . Mitch was also responsible for the loss with all hands of Windjammer Barefoot Cruises ' schooner Fantome . The story
10856-522: The fowl population. Crop and agricultural damage totaled about $ 1 billion, which would take the country years to recover. Honduras's Social Fund for Housing estimated that 35,000 houses nationwide were destroyed with another 50,000 damaged, leaving 1.5 million people homeless – about 20% of the total population. This was the highest number of victims from any natural disaster in Honduras's history. Overall, Hurricane Mitch killed about 7,000 people in Honduras, and damage
11040-505: The most disastrous impacts came from Honduras , which suffered over half of the total deaths. The president of Honduras, Carlos Roberto Flores , estimated that Mitch set back about 50 years of economic development. The storm wrecked about 35,000 houses and damaged another 50,000, leaving up to 1.5 million people homeless, about 20 percent of the country's population. Mitch directly caused $ 2.005 billion in damage, with an additional $ 1.8 billion in indirect costs. Most of
11224-518: The season , Isabel formed near the Cape Verde Islands from a tropical wave on September 6, in the tropical Atlantic Ocean . It moved northwestward, and within an environment of light wind shear and warm waters, it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165 mph (266 km/h) on September 11. After fluctuating in intensity for four days, during which it displayed annular characteristics , Isabel gradually weakened and made landfall on
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#173288425050511408-544: The 2011 census, 1,162 people were surveyed about their job status. The majority, 75.55%, were employed and actively working. Additionally, 9.99% were attending school, 7.10% were retired, and the remaining respondents were mostly unable to work. Out of the 859 people queried about their workplace, 80.31% had a fixed place of work outside the home, 3.56% worked at home, 15.78% had no fixed place of work, and 0.36% either didn't know or didn't state their workplace. Regarding employment types, 61.33% of workers were paid employees of
11592-500: The 2011 census. The top five countries and territories contributing the largest number of people born outside Barbuda were Guyana (2.76%), Dominica (1.50%), Jamaica (1.19%), the United States (1.07%), and the United States Virgin Islands (0.63%). Notably, Barbuda had a high proportion of its population (89.28%) born in Antigua and Barbuda, compared to St. John's which had a lower percentage (62.66%) of residents born in
11776-579: The Bahamas prevents powerful swells of Atlantic hurricanes from striking southeast Florida . However, the combination of the location, forward speed, and strength of Isabel produced strong swells through the Providence Channel onto a narrow 10 miles (16 km) stretch of the southeastern Florida coastline; wave heights peaked at 14 feet (4.3 m) at Delray Beach . The swells capsized a watercraft and injured its two passengers at Boynton Beach , and
11960-668: The Barbuda Highlands and Spanish Point in the easternmost parts of the island, but six or more village additional sites are known including Sufferers, Indian Town Trail, Highland Road, Guava, and Welches. The Arawaks grew sweet potatoes, corn, peanuts, cotton, tobacco, as well as a variety of other fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. They also made intricate pottery known as Saladoid. This unique pottery, characterize its white-on-red designs, were decorated with zoned-incised crosshatching . The pottery has been found at Indian Town Trail, close to Two Foot Bay, as well as Sufferers in
12144-427: The Barbuda Highlands, Darby Cave is located three and a half miles northeast of Codrington. The Darby Sink Hole has a diameter of more than 300 feet and is around 70 feet deep. Stalactites up to eight feet long have grown under the overhang on one side of the hole, which has been severely undercut. The palms , ferns , and lianas give the vegetation the appearance of a little rainforest. Two miles south of Darby Cave
12328-444: The Caribbean estimated that Mitch caused the worst floods of the 20th century in the country. An estimated 70–80% of transportation network was destroyed, including most bridges and secondary roads, amounting to $ 236 million in damage. Hurricane Mitch left widespread power outages after damaging more than 385 km (239 mi) of power lines and several power plants. About 70% of Honduras lost access to fresh water after
12512-490: The Codringtons damaged, and the escape of several slaves. In 1774, another island manager, named McNish, was killed with seized arms after the mutilation of slaves as a punishment for stealing sheep and cattle. The slaves successfully occupied the Codringtons' castle and its arms and ammunition. To put down the rebellion, soldiers were brought from Antigua, and two slaves (known as "afro heroes") were burned alive in front of
12696-719: The Greater Antilles, or from the Yucatán region of Mexico. Artifacts from the Archaic period include cutting blades made from gastropods , along with hoes , picks , and water containers constructed from conch , trumpet , and whelk shells. Archeological sites have been discovered on the southwest coast of Barbuda, from Coco Point up to River, and the southeast corner of the Lagoon. Additional habitat locations have been found in Codrington, River, Sucking Hole, Factory, and Goat Pen along
12880-587: The Jersey shore, killing one surfer off of Wildwood Crest . The combination of gusty winds and the heavy surf produced moderate beach erosion along much of the coastline, primarily to beaches facing southeastward. In the Delaware Bay and River area, no significant erosion was reported, though coastal flooding from the hurricane washed out a road and destroyed the deck of a house in Baypoint . In Cape May County waves eroded
13064-723: The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, producing high amounts of rainfall of over 300 mm (12 in) per day. The highest official total was 928 mm (36.5 in) at Choluteca , which represented more than half of the annual precipitation average; at the same location, 466.7 mm (18.37 in) fell in a 24-hour period on October 31, which was more than double of the previous record set in 1985. There were unofficial rainfall totals in Central America as high as 1,900 mm (75 in); rain gauges in mountainous areas were washed away. The high rainfall caused many rivers in
13248-626: The Spanish Point region. The Kalinago people spent time in Barbuda as well. By the time the Europeans arrived, they had probably displaced the Arawaks. The Kalinago preferred the mountainous and well-watered islands of Saint Kitts and Dominica , and visited Barbuda only sometimes to harvest seafood and whatever crops and land animals they could find. In the early 1700s, the British Royal Navy
13432-648: The Tomb Plaza and providing continual sight of the Tomb) but the plan was never implemented. However, it spawned an urban legend that the Third Infantry sent orders to seek shelter, orders that were deliberately disobeyed. News stations were stationed with crews along the Jersey shore several days in advance of Isabel to provide breaking news and live conditions. Many residents prepared their houses by boarding windows and purchasing emergency supplies. The Sussex County chapter of
13616-582: The United Kingdom. In Ireland, the storm produced gusts as high as 90 mph (140 km/h) and 30 ft (9.1 m) waves. The winds knocked down trees and power lines, leaving over 30,000 homes without power. One tree fell onto a car in Louth , severely injuring the driver. In Dublin , high winds knocked the roof off of a building, and several other buildings nationwide were damaged. The storm caused airports to close and ferry service to be suspended. As
13800-633: The area around the Pamlico Sound , 23% in Virginia , and about 15% in Maryland . The threat of Isabel resulted in the evacuation of hundreds of thousands of residents, primarily in North Carolina and Virginia, and included more than 12,000 residents staying in emergency shelters. 19 major airports along the East Coast of the United States were closed, with more than 1,500 flights canceled. The Washington Metro and Metrobus system closed prior to
13984-399: The arrival of the storm, and Amtrak canceled nearly all trains south of the nation's capital. Schools and businesses throughout its path closed prior to Isabel's arrival to allow time to prepare; hardware and home improvement stores reported brisk business of plywood, flashlights, batteries, and portable generators, as residents prepared for the storm's potential impact. The federal government
14168-457: The arrival of the storm, officials from PECO Energy prepared its largest workforce in its history with 1,500 workers, including employees from Commonwealth Edison in Illinois and Detroit Edison . In New York, Governor George Pataki urged residents to purchase emergency supplies and to fill cars with gasoline. The State Emergency Management Office began preparing for the hurricane about
14352-587: The assistance loans. About 40,000 people visited local disaster recovery centers, designed to provide additional information regarding the aftermath of the hurricane. In North Carolina , hundreds of residents were stranded in Hatteras following the formation of Isabel Inlet. People who were not residents were not allowed to be on the Outer Banks for two weeks after the hurricane due to damaged road conditions. When visitors were allowed to return, many ventured to see
14536-574: The beaches by up to 4 feet (1.2 m) in Ocean City and Avalon , with several cities experiencing a loss of dunes and geotubes in Whale Beach being exposed. Waves from Isabel in Atlantic County resulted in light damage, minor coastal flooding, and slight beach erosion. The beaches of southern Ocean County experienced a loss of 3 to 4 feet (0.91 to 1.22 m) of sand, while locations further to
14720-447: The bean production, 19% of the corn production, and 20% losses in sugar canes. There were heavy losses in livestock as well, including the deaths of 10,000 cattle. Total agricultural and livestock damaged amounted to $ 154 million (1998 USD). In addition, the flooding destroyed two bridges and damaged 1,200 mi (1,900 km) of unpaved roads. In all, Mitch caused nearly $ 400 million in damage (1998 USD) and 240 deaths. Similar to
14904-526: The business owners, 60 were men and 34 were women. For businesses owned by men, the income distribution was: 27.12% earned under $ 1,000 EC, 15.25% earned $ 1,000 to $ 1,999 EC, 11.86% earned $ 2,000 to $ 2,999 EC, 25.42% earned $ 3,000 to $ 4,999 EC, and 20.34% earned $ 5,000 EC and over. For businesses owned by women, the income distribution was: 24.24% earned under $ 1,000 EC, 18.18% earned $ 1,000 to $ 1,999 EC, 21.21% earned $ 2,000 to $ 2,999 EC, 12.12% earned $ 3,000 to $ 4,999 EC, and 24.24% earned $ 5,000 EC and over. In
15088-547: The castle at the main gate. In 1834, slavery was abolished in Barbuda per the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 . Because the entire island had been covered by a single land grant, the Barbudans kept on autonomous cultivation on communal property after slavery's abolition. In 1859, Barbuda was annexed as a dependency of Antigua, after the passing of the Barbuda (Extension of Laws of Antigua) Act. This made Barbuda subject to
15272-661: The central portion of the state, the storm dropped moderate precipitation of over 3 inches (76 mm), while wind gusts reached 73 mph (117 km/h) at a station in Lancaster County . The combination of the wind gusts and moist grounds from previous rainfalls resulted in hundreds of downed tree limbs, primarily in Dauphin and Lancaster Counties. Lancaster County reportedly suffered the worst wind damage since Hurricane Hazel in 1954. The falling trees downed power lines and poles, causing power outages and some property damage due to
15456-574: The coast. At Boiling Rocks, close to Spanish Point , more recent human remains that were carbon-dated as being 3,100 years old were discovered. The successors of the Ciboney were the Arawaks , who were present on Barbuda and Antigua from at least 1,000 BC. Their population on Barbuda peaked between 1,500 and 800 years ago. They likely arrived from present-day Venezuela and Guyana , and used Barbuda for brief stays or seasonal supplies. They lived mostly in
15640-616: The coolest months, the average daily high temperature is 27 °C (81 °F), while in July and August, the warmest months, the average daily high is 30 °C (86 °F). Barbuda is host to several rare and endemic species: Barbuda is host to several near-threatened bird species, including the West Indian whistling duck ( Dendrocygna arborea ), endemic to the Caribbean, and the White-crowned pigeon ( Patagioenas leucocephala ). Barbuda
15824-406: The coral. However, the hurricane's upwelling cooled the warm water temperatures, preventing significant bleaching and destruction of the coral reef. Mitch caused such massive and widespread damage that Carlos Roberto Flores , the president of Honduras , claimed it destroyed fifty years of progress in the country. Honduras, the country most affected by the hurricane, received significant aid for
16008-452: The council elects a chairperson and a deputy chairperson. In a year where an election is held, at the first sitting of the council after the election, this is also an instance where the council must elect a chairperson and a deputy chairperson. The Barbuda Council has many duties, including administering public utilities and other ministries and departments; managing roadwork; and improving building and marine facilities. The Council also has
16192-594: The country to overflow "to an unprecedented extent this century", as described by the United Nations. The rainfall collected in rivers, causing extensive river flooding across the country. The greatest depth recorded was 12.5 m (41 ft) on the Ulúa River near Chinda , whilst the greatest width recorded was 359 m (1,178 ft) on the Río Lean near Arizona . The rainfall also caused widespread mudslides across
16376-685: The country, mostly in the northeastern part of the country. The storm impacted 2,135 homes to some degree, of which 241 were destroyed, leaving 4,000 homeless. Throughout the country, the rainfall and mudslides affected 126 bridges and 800 miles (1,300 km) or roads, mostly on the Inter-American Highway which was affected by Hurricane Cesar , two years prior. Mitch affected 115 sq mi (300 km ) of crop lands, causing damage to both export and domestic crops. In all, Hurricane Mitch caused $ 92 million in damage (1998 USD) and seven deaths. While drifting through El Salvador ,
16560-472: The country. When looking at specific ethnic backgrounds based on the countries of birth, the data showed that a significant majority of people born in Antigua and Barbuda were of African descent (97.12%). Similarly, those born in Guyana (86.36%), Dominica (91.67%), the United States (88.24%), and Jamaica (100.00%) were predominantly of African descent. In contrast, those born in the United States Virgin Islands had
16744-458: The currents. The beaches were later closed during the worst of the rough surf. In northeastern South Carolina , the outer rainbands produced moderate winds reaching 45 mph (72 km/h) at Myrtle Beach . Rainfall was light, peaking at 1.34 inches (34 mm) in Loris . Isabel produced moderate to heavy damage across eastern North Carolina, totaling $ 450 million (2003 USD ). Damage
16928-425: The damage and 69% of the deaths occurred in North Carolina and Virginia. Electric service was disrupted in areas of Virginia for several days, some more rural areas were without electricity for weeks, and local flooding caused thousands of dollars in damage. Moderate to severe damage extended up the Atlantic coastline and as far inland as West Virginia . Roughly six million people were left without electric service in
17112-409: The damage were ruined crops, and cash crop exports were cut by 9.4 percent in 1999, largely due to the storm. Over 70 percent of the transportation infrastructure was damaged, mostly damaged highways and bridges. Widespread areas experienced power outages, and about 70 percent of the country lost its water sources after the storm. In Tegucigalpa , a large landslide affected three neighborhoods and formed
17296-479: The decision, with the council being in support of the stance of the Barbuda People's Movement. Christianity is the largest religion on the island, and the main ethnic group being those of African descent. English and Barbudan Creole are the most commonly spoken languages on the island. The political system of Antigua and Barbuda is a unitary , parliamentary , representative democratic monarchy. Charles III
17480-453: The development of a closed surface circulation, it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Depression Thirteen early on September 6. Hours later, it intensified into Tropical Storm Isabel, though operationally the National Hurricane Center did not begin issuing advisories until 13 hours after it first developed. Located within an area of light wind shear and warm waters, Isabel gradually organized as curved bands developed around
17664-443: The eastern United States from the strong winds of Isabel. Rainfall from the storm extended from South Carolina to Maine , and westward to Michigan . Throughout the path of Isabel, damage totaled about $ 3.6 billion (2003 USD). 16 deaths in seven U.S. states were directly related to the hurricane, with 35 deaths in six states and one Canadian province indirectly related to the hurricane. A tropical wave moved off
17848-410: The electricity subsector were severely damaged, and, combined with property, damage totaled to $ 300 million (1998 USD). Transportation was greatly affected by the hurricane, as well. The rainfall left 70% of the roads unusable or destroyed and greatly damaged 92 bridges. Over 1,700 miles (2,700 km) of highways or access roads needed replacement subsequent to the storm, especially in
18032-670: The entire country, the hurricane left between 500,000 and 800,000 homeless. In all, damage in Nicaragua is estimated at $ 1 billion (1998 USD). Due to Mitch's large circulation, it dropped heavy precipitation as far south as Panama and Colombia , especially in the Darién and Chiriquí provinces. The flooding washed away a few roads and bridges, and damaged numerous houses and schools, leaving thousands homeless. The hurricane left three casualties in Panama. In Costa Rica , Mitch dropped heavy rains, causing flash flooding and mudslides across
18216-399: The event of an emergency, such as helicopters, generators, high-axle vehicles, and communications equipment. State police officers established contingency plans for personnel and equipment to assist as needed. The State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation ensured needed equipment were operational, and also secured buildings with sandbags to prevent flooding. On September 18,
18400-536: The eye decayed in appearance. As a ridge to its northwest built southeastward, it resulted in Isabel decelerating as it turned to the north-northwest. Increasing vertical wind shear contributed in weakening the hurricane further, and Isabel weakened to a Category 2 hurricane on September 16, while located 645 miles (1,038 km) southeast of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . Convection remained minimal, though outflow retained excellent organization, and Isabel remained
18584-485: The eye weakened, and early on September 13, Isabel weakened to a strong Category 4 hurricane. A weakness in the ridge to its north allowed the hurricane to turn to the west-northwest. After completing the replacement cycle, the hurricane's large 40 miles (64 km) wide eye became better defined, and late on September 13, Isabel re-attained Category 5 status. During this time, Isabel attained annular characteristics , becoming highly symmetrical in shape and sporting
18768-460: The following years. In Costa Rica , reconstruction after the hurricane increased the number of jobs by 5.9%, lowering the unemployment rate slightly. [REDACTED] Media related to Hurricane Mitch at Wikimedia Commons Barbuda Barbuda ( / b ɑːr ˈ b ( j ) uː d ə / ) is an island and dependency located in the eastern Caribbean forming part of the twin-island state of Antigua and Barbuda as an autonomous entity. Barbuda
18952-689: The government, 3.68% worked for statutory bodies, 21.83% were private employees, 0.36% were private home employees, 3.08% were self-employed with paid employees, 8.66% were self-employed without paid employees, 0.59% had another worker status, and 0.47% either didn't know or didn't state their worker status. These figures were based on responses from the 859 individuals surveyed. In 2011, a total of 486 individuals participated in, tried, or completed various types of training. Among them, 70.65% had successfully finished their training, 9.01% were still undergoing training, 17.61% had attempted training, and 2.73% were unsure or had not stated their status. Breaking down
19136-400: The head, resulting in a serious head injury. In and around New York City, about 1.1 million customers were left without power, though most outages were fixed by the day after the hurricane passed through the region. Offshore of Long Beach , rough waves killed a man while bodysurfing. Further to the northwest the winds were not as severe, though in some places in the south-central portion of
19320-441: The hurricane caused strong waves, gusty winds, and heavy rainfall at times. Damage was relatively minimal, amounting to blown out windows and beach erosion . Strong waves damaged or destroyed many docks on the south shore of the islands, and also sank one dive ship near Grand Cayman . In addition, numerous incoming and outgoing flights were cancelled. Then a tropical storm, Mitch caused a storm surge of up to 4 feet (1.2 m) in
19504-610: The hurricane dropped immense amounts of precipitation, resulting in flash flooding and mudslides through the country. Multiple rivers, including the Río Grande de San Miguel and the Lempa River overflowed, contributing to overall damage. The flooding damaged more than 10,000 houses, leaving around 84,000 homeless and forcing 500,000 to evacuate. Crop damage was severe, with serious flooding occurring on 386 sq mi (1,000 km ) of pasture or crop land. The flooding destroyed 37% of
19688-847: The hurricane in Delaware were compounded by flooding caused by the remnants of Tropical Storm Henri days before. Moderate winds of up to 62 mph (100 km/h) in Lewes downed numerous trees, tree limbs, and power lines across the state, leaving at least 15,300 without power. Numerous low-lying areas were flooded due to high surf, strong storm surge, or run-off from flooding further inland. The passage of Hurricane Isabel resulted in $ 40 million in damage (2003 USD) in Delaware. The passage of Isabel through Pennsylvania resulted in two deaths and about $ 160 million in damage. One person suffered from carbon monoxide poisoning, believed to be caused due to improperly ventilated generators in an area affected by
19872-504: The hurricane produced moderate winds across the state. A shoal in the Delaware Bay experienced sustained winds of 54 mph (87 km/h) with gusts to 71 mph (114 km/h). Cape May reported tropical storm force winds with gusts to 61 mph (98 km/h), while Newark in the northern portion of the state experienced gusts to 44 mph (71 km/h). Hurricane Isabel produced slightly above normal tides and rough surf along
20056-420: The hurricane was less severe than initially predicted, though Mitch still caused heavy rainfall across the country. Numerous rivers exceeded their crests, though the rainfall was beneficial to trees in mountainous areas. The flooding caused extensive crop damage and destroyed many roads. Throughout the country, eleven people died because of the hurricane. In Mexico, Mitch produced gusty winds and heavy rains on
20240-511: The hurricane, NJ Transit prepared backup generators, pumps, and chainsaws, with workers inspecting trains and the paths of the lines. FEMA mobilized and dispatched an Urban Search and Rescue Task Force of 28 people to the state for possible rescue duty. Days before the storm made landfall, the Salvation Army prepared food and aid for potentially affected citizens. In anticipation for the effects of Isabel, Governor Jim McGreevey declared
20424-409: The increase in the slave population, to increase profits, the Codringtons attempted to transfer some of slaves to Antigua, which was ultimately unsuccessful. Beach's Rebellion, the first slave rebellion on Barbuda, occurred in 1741 as a result of claims of cruel and inhuman treatment of the island's slaves by the island manager Thomas Beach. This resulted in the killing of several animals, property of
20608-527: The island and left them covered with debris. One house in Spanish Town collapsed from the flooding, leaving four homeless. Many other homes and buildings were flooded, forcing many to evacuate. A river in northeastern Jamaica overflowed its banks, while heavy rainfall across the mountainous parts of the country caused numerous mudslides. In all, Mitch killed three people on Jamaica. On the Cayman Islands ,
20792-596: The island's lands in common was enshrined in the law in 2007 by the Baldwin Spencer -led United Progressive Party government. On April 5, 2007, the Barbuda Council released the final copies of the Barbuda Land Act , which created a land registry, a Barbuda Planning Commission, and a National Park Authority, all subordinate to the council. In 2017, immediately after Hurricane Irma which devastated Barbuda, this
20976-554: The island. The Barbudan muskrat may have gone extinct around 1500 A.D. The Magnificent Frigate Bird Sanctuary, located in Codrington Lagoon, is one of the primary tourist destinations on Barbuda. Few predators exist here, making this Barbuda breeding area the most crucial worldwide for these threatened birds. Drawings ( petroglyphs ) made by the Arawak or the Siboney, Barbuda's first inhabitants, may be found inside Indian Cave. A sinkhole in
21160-607: The laws of the Antigua colony. Barbuda was first granted a status of autonomy in 1976, during the concluding era of the Associated State of Antigua . This autonomous status came after the passing of the Barbuda Local Government Act . This established the Barbuda Council , which allowed Barbuda to regulate its own public works, finance, and agriculture, among other activities. The Barbuda Local Government Act
21344-726: The lower Florida Keys before making landfall on the Florida west coast. Key West International Airport reported peak wind gusts of 55 mph (89 km/h) and sustained winds of 40 mph (64 km/h), the only report of tropical storm force in the state. Offshore, the Fowey Rocks Light reported wind gusts of 73 mph (117 km/h). In addition, Mitch caused moderate rainfall, peaking at 7 inches (200 mm) in Jupiter , though some estimates indicate localized totals of up to 10 inches (250 mm). The storm spawned five tornadoes over
21528-460: The main roofing material, with an additional 3.12% using wood shingles. Moreover, 98.53% of homes are situated on owned/freeheld land, a result of the Barbuda Land Acts that establish a unique system of communal land ownership. 67.46% of Barbuda's population across all age groups lacked any form of educational examination. The most common type of examination, achieved by 7.90% of individuals,
21712-532: The majority of the island is quite flat, and the northwest corner is home to many lagoons. Between the months of August and October, the island is at risk of being hit by hurricanes. After Hurricane Irma, NASA satellite images showed "browning" of Barbuda and other Caribbean islands that had been hit by the storm. The images, captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite, show
21896-606: The majority of the island's exports, with the island having a significant lobster catching industry. The first settlements on Barbuda date to 2,900–3,000 BC with the arrival of Archaic Age people. Some scholars have referred to these first settlers as Ciboney or Siboney. Other scholars say these people were not the Ciboney, who inhabited Cuba , Jamaica , and Haiti , and thus refer to them as Archaic Age people, "Archaic People", or first settlers. These first settlers arrived in Barbuda by canoe and were hunter-gatherers. Sources disagree on whether they came from South America or
22080-637: The middle reaches of the James River basin. The strong storm surge surpassed the floodgate to the Midtown Tunnel while workers attempted to close the gate; about 44 million US gallons (170,000 m) of water flooded the tunnel entirely in just 40 minutes, with the workers barely able to escape. The damage to the electrical grid and flooding kept Old Dominion University , Norfolk State University , Virginia Commonwealth University , University of Richmond , The College of William & Mary and many of
22264-468: The millions impacted by the hurricane. Mexico quickly gave help, sending 700 tons of food, 11 tons of medicine, four rescue planes, rescue personnel, and trained search dogs. Cuba also volunteered, sending a contingent of physicians to the country. The U.S. administration offered at first troops stationed in Honduras, and then withdrew them a few days after the storm. They also at first offered only $ 2 million (1998 USD) in aid, which came as
22448-528: The mountainous country. In the country's interior, particularly the southern portion, the high rainfall caused hundreds of landslides , many of them shallow and about 95% in the form of debris flow . However, two earthflows caused significant damage near Tegucigalpa. Hurricane Mitch wrought significant damage to Honduras, affecting nearly the entire population and causing damage in all 18 departments . The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and
22632-497: The new inlet, despite a 1-mile (1.6-km) walk from the nearest road. Initially, long-term solutions to the Isabel Inlet such as building a bridge or a ferry system were considered, though they were ultimately canceled in favor of pumping sand and filling the inlet. Coastal geologists were opposed to the solution, stating the evolution of the Outer Banks is dependent on inlets from hurricanes. Dredging operations began on October 17, about
22816-582: The north experienced only minor erosion. Most coastal areas of Monmouth County reported eroded beaches by up to 4 feet (1.2 m), with Union Beach losing about 5,000 sq. feet (465 sq. m) of sand. Moderate wind gusts throughout the state downed hundreds of trees, tree limbs, and power lines. Over 382,000 people were without power, one of the worst power outages on record for area utilities. Downed trees and power lines closed major streets and schools in Union County . One downed tree greatly damaged
23000-474: The northern part of the country and along portions of the Pan-American Highway . Total transportation damage amounted to $ 300 million (1998 USD). Agricultural losses were significant, including the deaths of 50,000 animals, mostly bovines. Crops and fisheries were affected greatly as well, and, combined with agricultural losses, damage totaled to $ 185 million (1998 USD). The situation
23184-670: The open ocean. Most of the birds died within a few days due to the sudden change in habitat. In Cayuga County , downed power lines lit one building on fire, causing minor smoke and water damage though no injuries. Damage in the state totaled $ 90 million (2003 USD). In West Virginia , the storm produced moderate rainfall across the state that peaked at 6.88 in (175 mm) near Sugar Grove . The rainfall resulted in mudslides and flash flooding, covering several roads and washing away two bridges. The South Branch Potomac River crested at 24.7 feet (7.5 m), 9.3 feet (2.8 m) above flood state near Springfield . The flooding broke
23368-646: The population had allergies, 6.58% had asthma, and 0.32% had cancer. Additionally, 6.45% of the population had diabetes, and no cases of HIV were reported. Among those with allergies, 92.94% were of African descent. Regarding disabilities, 77.62% of the population had no disability, 16.87% had a disability with some difficulty, 4.83% had a disability with lots of difficulty or were unable to do certain things at all, and 0.69% did not state their disability status. Specific disability breakdowns included 193 people with vision disabilities, with 35.45% attributing it to old age and 22.75% to illness. Additionally, 68 people had
23552-585: The population identified as follows: 26.71% as Pentecostal, 17.66% as Anglican, 17.54% as Wesleyan Holiness, 11.94% as Baptist, 3.90% as irreligious, 3.77% as "other", and 3.39% as Rastafarian. The remaining affiliations were mostly Catholics, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Evangelicals. In 2011, Barbuda had 94 business owners. The distribution of monthly earnings for these businesses was as follows: 26.09% earned less than $ 1,000 EC, 16.30% earned $ 1,000 to $ 1,999 EC, 15.22% earned $ 2,000 to $ 2,999 EC, 20.65% earned $ 3,000 to $ 4,999 EC, and 21.74% earned $ 5,000 EC or more. Among
23736-498: The power outages were restored within a week. Power workers throughout Canada assisted the severely affected power companies from Maryland to North Carolina . Hydro-Québec sent 25 teams to the New York City area to assist in power outages. Because of widespread property damage and extensive death toll, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Isabel in the spring of 2004, and it will never again be used for
23920-517: The power outages. Moderate winds left about 1.4 million customers without power across the state as a result of trees falling into power lines, with dozens of houses and cars damaged by the trees. Upon making landfall, Isabel produced a storm surge that tracked up the Delaware River , with a station along the river in Philadelphia reporting a storm tide of 9.47 feet (2.89 m). There,
24104-464: The power to make local by-laws. There are a total of 160.56 square kilometers of land, which is equivalent to 62 square miles. Codrington, which is the largest town, has a population of estimated 1,300 people as of 2011 . Coral limestone makes up the majority of the island, which has very little topographical diversity. The Barbuda Highlands on the eastern side of the island is home to hills that can reach heights of up to 38 meters (125 feet), but
24288-484: The rainfall overflowed the reservoir, causing moderate flood damage. Initially, gasoline futures on the New York Stock Exchange rose in anticipation of a threat from the hurricane, though later dropped when the storm failed to disrupt oil refining facilities. The hurricane brought unusual birds to the western portion of the state, including petrels and shearwaters normally found in salt-water regions or over
24472-599: The region's other major educational institutions closed for almost a week. Further inland, heavy rainfall was reported, peaking at 20.2 inches (510 mm) in Sherando, Virginia , causing damage and severe flash flooding . Winds from the hurricane destroyed over 1,000 houses and damaged 9,000 more; damage in the state totaled over $ 1.85 billion (2003 USD), among the costliest tropical cyclones in Virginia history. The passage of Isabel also resulted in 32 deaths in
24656-421: The remaining respondents either didn't know or didn't state their specific training type. Barbuda's climate, pristine beaches, and geography have attracted tourists for many years. Tourism accounts for more than half Antigua and Barbuda's GDP, 40% of investment, and more than 46% of Antigua and Barbuda's national employment (directly and indirectly). Barbuda is served by Barbuda Codrington Airport and also has
24840-521: The residents affected in North Carolina . A few days after Isabel moved ashore, the officials sent a tractor trailer truck with 2,000 gallons (7570 L) of water and 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) of ice to North Carolina. In Vermont, the strong pressure gradient produced a peak wind gust of 55 mph (89 km/h) in Pleasant Valley , causing sporadic downed trees and power lines throughout
25024-803: The rest of Central America, Mitch's heavy rains caused mudslides and severe flooding over Guatemala . The flooding destroyed 6,000 houses and damaged 20,000 others, displacing over 730,000 and forcing over 100,000 to evacuate. In addition, the flooding destroyed 27 schools and damaged 286 others, 175 severely. Flooding caused major damage to crops, while landslides destroyed crop land across the country. The most severely affected crops for domestic consumption were tomatoes, bananas, corn, other vegetables, and beans, with damaged totaling to $ 48 million (1998 USD). Export crops such as bananas or coffee were greatly damaged as well, with damage amounting to $ 325 million (1998 USD). Damage to plantations and soil totaled to $ 121 million (1998 USD). The flooding also caused severe damage to
25208-477: The same day, the ferry between Hatteras and Ocracoke was reopened. Power workers immediately began repairing the power failures by clearing tree branches and replacing fuses and circuit breakers. Peco energy restored power to 72% of the affected customers by two days after the storm, with 85% restored by two nights. By two days after the storm, Pennsylvania Power and Light restored power to about 80% of its impacted customers, with about 93% restored by two nights after
25392-483: The second deadliest Atlantic hurricane in history after the Great Hurricane of 1780 ; at least 11,374 people were confirmed to have been killed with over 11,000 left missing by the end of 1998; the true death toll is unknown. Additionally, roughly 2.7 million were left homeless as a result of the hurricane. Total damages caused by the hurricane were estimated to be around $ 6 billion (1998 USD). The name "Mitch"
25576-519: The slow motion of the storm. It was the deadliest hurricane in Central American history, surpassing Hurricane Fifi–Orlene , which killed slightly fewer people in the same area in 1974. Mitch was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane in the satellite era, and the second-deadliest on record in the Atlantic, only behind the Great Hurricane of 1780 which killed at least 22,000 people. The thirteenth named storm , ninth hurricane, and third major hurricane of
25760-603: The slow-moving hurricane and then tropical storm dropped nearly 36 inches (900 mm) of rain. The flooding and mudslides damaged or destroyed tens of thousands of homes, with total damage amounting to over $ 5 billion (1998 USD, $ 6 billion 2006 USD), most of which was in Honduras and Nicaragua . Prior to Mitch, the deadliest hurricane in Central America was Hurricane Fifi in 1974, which killed an estimated 8,000–10,000. While offshore northern Honduras, Hurricane Mitch passed over Guanaja island. High waves eroded northern coastlines and damaged lagoons. Most of
25944-513: The soil, downed many trees and power lines across its path, leaving about 6 million electricity customers without power at some point. Parts of coastal Virginia , especially in the Hampton Roads and Northeast North Carolina areas, were without electricity for almost a month. Coastal areas suffered from waves and its powerful storm surge, with areas in eastern North Carolina and southeast Virginia reporting severe damage from both winds and
26128-618: The southern portions of Dorchester and Somerset counties and on Kent Island in Queen Anne's County. Thousands of houses were affected in Central Maryland, with severe storm surge flooding reported in Baltimore and Annapolis . Washington, D.C. sustained moderate damage, primarily from the winds. Throughout Maryland and Washington, damage totaled about $ 945 million (2003 USD), with only one direct fatality due to flooding. The effects of
26312-575: The southwestern portion of the state, knocking down trees and power lines. Allegheny Energy reported 31,184 customers in the southwest portion of the state lost power, primarily in McConnellsburg , State College , and Waynesboro . Isabel produced a storm surge along the New Jersey coastline of up to 6.5 feet (2.0 m) in Cape May . Higher amounts occurred along the Delaware River , peaking in
26496-470: The state at 10.6 feet (3.2 m) in Burlington . At its closest approach, Isabel passed within about 215 miles (346 km) of the state, and as a result the outer rainbands produced light rainfall. Wildwood along the southeast coast reported 1.3 inches (33 mm) of rain, while Lincoln Park in the northern portion of the state recorded 2.07 inches (53 mm) of precipitation. The large wind field of
26680-530: The state health department contacted hospitals to ensure generators were in working condition. The state Environmental Protection Agency prepared for the storm by monitoring the status of all dams, water treatment facilities, and nuclear plants. In addition, the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission stationed extra workers to patrol the highways in poor drainage areas, with extra equipment prepared for quick response for potential road blockage. Prior to
26864-524: The state in the event of power outages. Several flights in and out of the state were delayed or canceled, and the Cape May-Lewes Ferry canceled travel across the Delaware Bay during the duration of Isabel. In Atlantic City, casino workers prepared for coastal flooding by placing sandbags at boardwalk entrances. New Jersey Transit workers secured its buses, railways, and light rail equipment. To ensure service would remain accessible during and after
27048-615: The state the winds downed some trees. A falling tree hit and damaged a car in Cobleskill . The winds also knocked out power to about 3,000 customers in the Schoharie and eastern Mohawk Valleys . In the northeast portion of the state, a few trees and power lines were blown down in Moriah , Westport , and Lewis . Precipitation was generally light in the state, with a few scattered locations reporting over 1 inch (25 mm). In Livingston County ,
27232-609: The state were left without power. Damage in the state totaled $ 20 million (2003 USD). No deaths were reported, and three were injured from the hurricane. Isabel dropped light to moderate precipitation across the eastern half of Ohio , with isolated locations reporting over 3 in (76 mm). Moisture from Isabel dropped light rainfall across eastern Michigan and peaked at 1.55 inches (39 mm) at Mount Clemens . Additionally, Doppler weather radar estimated rainfall approached 2.5 inches (64 mm) in St. Clair County . No damage
27416-461: The state, 10 directly from the storm's effects and 22 indirectly related. About 1.24 million people lost power throughout Maryland and Washington, D.C. The worst of Isabel's effects came from its storm surge, which inundated areas along the coast and resulted in severe beach erosion. In Eastern Maryland , hundreds of buildings were damaged or destroyed by the storm surge and related tidal flooding. The most severe flooding occurred in
27600-406: The state, damage totaled to about $ 50 million (2003 USD . The pressure gradient between a ridge and Isabel produced strong northeast winds of at least tropical storm force across southeastern New York. Shinnecock Inlet recorded a peak gust of 52 mph (84 km/h). A station at LaGuardia Airport recorded a wind gust of 51 mph (82 km/h), where airplane flights averaged
27784-594: The state, the strongest of which was rated F2 . In the Florida Keys, multiple buildings that had been damaged by Hurricane Georges were leveled by Mitch. Tornadoes from the storm damaged or destroyed 645 houses across the state, in addition to injuring 65 people. Gusty winds left 100,000 without power during the storm's passage. In all, Mitch caused $ 40 million in damage (1998 USD) in Florida and two deaths from drowning when two boats capsized. As an extratropical cyclone, Mitch passed west of Ireland and
27968-668: The state. In Richmond , trees fell on and damaged three trucks, and in Salisbury a falling tree damaged a car. Damage in the state totaled about $ 100,000 (2003 USD, $ 117,000 in 2008 USD). Rainfall reached 1 inch (25 mm) in various portions of New Hampshire and Maine . Swells from Isabel produced moderate surf along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia , particularly in the Gulf of Maine . Isabel also produced rough surf in Lake Ontario, with waves reaching 4 m (13 ft) along
28152-601: The state. Prior to the arrival of Isabel, Governor Ed Rendell declared a state of emergency for the state. The Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency activated a support team to assist Urban Search and Rescue operations as part of the threat from the storm. The state's National Guard placed 2,990 guardsmen on Emergency Condition 5 status to be deployed anywhere in the state for emergency support, with other guardsmen readying equipment such as generators, heavy trucks, water trailers, and engineer equipment for deployment. State police officers were readied for deployment, while
28336-632: The storm surge. Throughout its path, Isabel resulted in $ 5.5 billion in damage (2003 USD) and 51 deaths, of which 16 were directly related to the storm's effects. The governors of Pennsylvania , West Virginia , Maryland , New Jersey , and Delaware declared states of emergency. Isabel was the first major hurricane to threaten the Mid-Atlantic States and the Upper South since Hurricane Floyd in September 1999. Isabel's greatest effect
28520-671: The storm, although many rural areas had already been experiencing water shortages. The combined damage to transportation, communication, utilities, including power and water, was estimated at $ 665 million. High water levels along the Choluteca River affected the capital, Tegucigalpa , reaching levels 10 m (33 ft) above their banks. The floods damaged about one-third of buildings, including some more than 350 years old. Across Honduras, agriculture sustained serious damage, with initial estimates of 70% of crops destroyed. About 50,000 bovine were killed, as were 60% of
28704-446: The storm, and for 15 days temporarily restricted constitutional rights to maintain order. There were outbreaks of various diseases, and many residents faced food and water shortages. Due to the slow motion from 29 October to 3 November, Hurricane Mitch dropped historic amounts of rainfall in Honduras , Guatemala , and Nicaragua , with unofficial reports of up to 75 inches (1,900 mm). Deaths due to catastrophic flooding made it
28888-452: The storm. By five days after Isabel, most power outages in southeastern Pennsylvania were repaired, with all outages restored by a week after the hurricane. Allegheny Power restored power to about 20% of its customers by two days after the storm. Most power outages for the company were restored by five days after the hurricane, with all power completely restored by a week after Isabel. On September 26, President Bush declared Chester County as
29072-1480: The surge flooded low-lying areas along the river. The large circulation of the hurricane produced moderate winds throughout the state, with wind gusts in the southeastern portion of the state reaching 60 mph (97 km/h) in Forks Township . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania also recorded a wind gust of 49 mph (79 km/h), which contributed to severe delays at the Philadelphia International Airport . The moderate wind gust downed thousands of trees, tree limbs, and power lines. PECO energy reported their worst power outage on record with about 572,425 customers losing electricity. The company estimated it would cost at least $ 20 million (2003 USD, $ 23 million 2008 USD) for it to install about 81 miles (130 km) of new cable and install about 7,600 new fuses and circuit breakers. The Metropolitan Edison power company reported 300,000 customers without power, with 500,000 Pennsylvania Power and Light customers losing electricity. Wind gusts reached 60 mph (97 km/h) in northeastern Pennsylvania, resulting in scattered reports of downed trees and power lines. Tens of thousands were left without power. A few downed trees hit cars and houses, with damage totaling about $ 350,000 (2003 USD, $ 410,000 in 2008 USD). The fallen trees also closed some roads. In
29256-652: The time hurricane Mitch made landfall, numerous people were evacuated along the western Caribbean coastline, including 100,000 in Honduras, 10,000 in Guatemala, and 20,000 in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo . Hurricane Mitch was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since the Great Hurricane of 1780 , displacing the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 as the second-deadliest on record. Nearly 11,000 people were confirmed dead, and almost as many reported missing. Deaths were mostly from flooding and mudslides in Central America, where
29440-412: The transportation infrastructure, including the loss of 37 bridges. Across the country, flooding damaged or destroyed 840 miles (1,350 km) of roads, of which nearly 400 miles (640 km) were sections of major highways. In all, Hurricane Mitch caused $ 748 million (1998 USD) and 268 deaths in Guatemala. In addition, Mitch caused 11 indirect deaths when a plane crashed during the storm. In Belize ,
29624-421: The trees and poles hitting houses. One indirect fatality occurred when a motorist drove into a downed tree. Two other vehicles in Franklin County and a fire truck in York were hit and greatly damaged by trees. Downed wires set a Family Dollar on fire in Paradise Township and was believed to have started a fire in a church in Ringtown . Falling trees hit at least eleven houses, with one tree severely damaging
29808-467: The types of training, 50.10% of participants completed on-the-job training, 9.64% completed an apprenticeship, 1.89% completed a correspondence course, 1.05% completed secondary school job training, 24.32% completed vocational/technical/trade training, 0.21% completed commercial/secretarial training, 2.10% completed business/computer training, 4.19% completed university/campus training, 1.26% completed private study, 3.56% completed another type of training, and
29992-574: The use of federal funds for rebuilding and providing aid in the aftermath of hurricane Isabel. By about four months after the passage of the hurricane, disaster aid totaled about $ 516 million (2003 USD), primarily in North Carolina and Virginia. Over 166,000 residents applied for individual assistance, with about $ 117 million (2003 USD) approved for residents to assist with temporary housing and home repairs. About 50,000 business owners applied for Small Business Administration loans, with about $ 178 million (2003 USD) approved for
30176-453: The western coast of Africa on September 1. An area of low pressure associated with the wave moved slowly westward, and its convection initially appeared to become better organized. On September 3, as it passed to the south of the Cape Verde islands, organization within the system degraded, though convection increased the next day. The system gradually became better organized, and Dvorak classifications began early on September 5. Based on
30360-458: The western portion. At Hamilton , the waves surpassed seawalls and produced spray onto coastal streets. Rainfall peaked at 59 mm (2.3 in), which caused minor flooding and led to one traffic fatality. About 27,000 people lost power, mostly near Toronto. The strong pressure gradient between Isabel and a high pressure system over eastern Canada produced strong easterly winds across lakes Ontario and Erie. A buoy in Lake Ontario reported
30544-423: Was abolished in Barbuda. Because the entire island had been covered by a single land grant, the Barbudans kept on autonomous cultivation on communal property after slavery's abolition. With a population of 1,634, and an area of 62 square miles (160 km ), Barbuda is one of the most sparsely populated islands in the Caribbean. Barbuda has a population density significantly lower than Antigua. In September 2017,
30728-406: Was closed excluding emergency staff members. The United States Navy ordered the removal of 40 ships and submarines and dozens of aircraft from naval sites near Norfolk, Virginia . A contingency plan was established at the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery that, should the winds exceed 120 mph (190 km/h), the guards could take positions in the trophy room (above
30912-430: Was colonized. The island was given to the Codrington family by the crown in 1685. The colony was intended to be a slave breeding colony but this never went through. The Codrington family held Barbuda from 1685 to 1870, and were absentee owners of the island. The Codringtons were represented on Barbuda by their resident managers . The slave population in Barbuda grew naturally from 172 in 1746 to 503 in 1831. Due to
31096-458: Was considered the starting point of the Barbuda land grab which has resulted in various policies and laws made by the Gaston Browne -led administration relating to Barbudan land. On August 1, 2023, it was announced by the Barbuda People's Movement , which controls the Barbuda seat in parliament, and controls the council, that a bill proposed and passed days earlier that would end Barbudan communal land ownership, would vow to do everything to reverse
31280-408: Was due to flood damage, the worst in some areas of Virginia since 1972's Hurricane Agnes . More than 60 million people were affected to some degree—a similar number to Floyd but more than any other hurricane in recent memory. Powerful surf affected the northern coastlines of the islands in the Greater Antilles . Strong swells also lashed the Bahamas . During most hurricanes, the location of
31464-481: Was estimated at L 52,345,000,000 ($ 3.8 billion), of which $ 2.005 billion was from direct damages and the remainder from indirect costs. The overall impact represented about 70% of Honduras's annual gross domestic product (GDP). Though Mitch never entered Nicaragua , its large circulation caused extensive rainfall, with estimates of over 50 inches (1,300 mm). In some places, as much as 25 inches (630 mm) of rain fell on coastal areas. The flank of
31648-455: Was forced to defend the people of Codrington against Kalinago raids because the Kalinago served as a deterrent to European colonization. The Kalinago called Barbuda "Wa'omoni", which is thought to mean "Island of Herons"; however, it may have also referred to frigate or weather birds, also common on Barbuda. Christopher Columbus traveled through the eastern Caribbean south of Antigua in 1493, but it's unclear if he ever sighted Barbuda. Under
31832-482: Was further compounded by a total of 75,000 live land mines —left over from the Contra insurgency of the 1980s—that were calculated to have been uprooted and relocated by the floodwaters. In all, Hurricane Mitch caused at least 3,800 fatalities in Nicaragua, of which more than 2,000 were killed in the towns of El Provenir and Rolando Rodriguez from the landslide at the Casita volcano. The mudslide buried at least four villages completely in several feet of mud. Throughout
32016-435: Was heaviest in Dare County , where storm surge flooding and strong winds damaged thousands of houses. The storm surge produced a 2,000 feet (610 m) wide inlet on Hatteras Island , unofficially known as Isabel Inlet, isolating Hatteras by road for two months. Strong winds downed hundreds of trees of across the state, leaving up to 700,000 residents without power. Most areas with power outages had power restored within
32200-504: Was later enshrined in the constitution under the Antigua and Barbuda Constitution of 1981. The Barbuda Council elects a chairperson and a vice chairperson, with Devon Warner serving as chairperson since 2024. In 1981, the island gained its independence from the United Kingdom as an integral part of Antigua and Barbuda . It remains part of the Commonwealth of Nations , and remains a constitutional monarchy , with Charles III as King of Antigua and Barbuda . The right for Barbudans to use
32384-522: Was most affected by the bacterium, where most of the deaths occurred from contaminated food. 450 cases of leptospirosis were reported in Nicaragua, killing seven people. There were over 1,357 cases of dengue reported, though no deaths were reported from the disease. While stalling over the western Caribbean Sea, Mitch's strong winds produced strong waves, damaging local coral reefs . Later, the storm's immense rainfall led to runoff polluted with debris and fresh water. This resulted in diseases occurring within
32568-423: Was not observed while the storm was active. Land interaction imparted weakening, and the hurricane made landfall on Honduras on October 29 with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). While over land, Mitch moved slowly westward through Central America, while continuing to produce deep convection over waters. The surface circulation dissipated on November 1. The next day, the remnants of Mitch reached
32752-415: Was only 36 miles (58 km), and for 48 hours in advance the average track error was 18 miles (29 km). Officials declared mandatory evacuations for 24 counties in North Carolina , Virginia , and Maryland , though in general not many left. According to a survey conducted by the United States Department of Commerce, evacuation rates were estimated as follows; 45% in the Outer Banks , 23% in
32936-457: Was recorded in the book The Ship and The Storm by Jim Carrier. The schooner, which was sailing near the center of the hurricane, experienced over 50 feet (15 m) waves and over 100 mph (160 km/h) winds, causing her to sink off the coast of Honduras. On the south coast of Cuba , the hurricane caused waves of up to 13 feet (4.0 m) high and winds gusts peaking at 42 mph (68 km/h), causing numerous tourists and workers on
33120-402: Was recovering from an economic crisis that occurred in 1996, many wished to continue the growth of the infrastructure and economy. In addition, after witnessing the vulnerability to hurricanes, the affected governments endeavored to prevent such a disaster from occurring again. Hundreds of thousands of people lost their homes, but many took this as an opportunity to rebuild stronger houses. With
33304-403: Was reported from Isabel in the region. Rainfall reached 1 inch (25 mm) in portions of western Connecticut and Massachusetts . Strong surf from Isabel caused a man to drown after losing his footing along the beach near Narragansett, Rhode Island , and being swept out to sea. Officials in Connecticut contacted a water company in Watertown and a grocer in Cheshire for donations to assist
33488-588: Was retired, and will not be used for another Atlantic tropical cyclone. Tropical Depression Thirteen formed on October 22 over the southwestern Caribbean Sea, from a tropical wave that exited Africa on October 10. It executed a small loop, and while doing so intensified into Tropical Storm Mitch. A weakness in a ridge allowed the storm to track slowly to the north. After becoming disorganized due to wind shear from an upper-level low , Mitch quickly intensified in response to extremely favorable conditions, including warm waters and good outflow . It became
33672-424: Was the GCE 'O' level/CXC General examination. Among those aged 18–59, the largest segment in the country at 50.95% had no level of examination. In comparison, Saint George had the lowest percentage of people aged 18–59 with no examination at 21.88%. Within this age group, 3.70% held a school leaving certificate, 5.16% possessed a high school certificate, 7.07% completed a Cambridge School/CXC examination, 13.69% passed
33856-401: Was unofficially known as Isabel Inlet . Damage was greatest along the Outer Banks, where thousands of homes were damaged or even destroyed. The worst of the effects of Isabel occurred in Virginia , especially in the Hampton Roads area and along the shores of rivers as far west and north as Richmond and Baltimore . Virginia reported the most deaths and damage from the hurricane. About 64% of
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