89-738: Alauddin Humayun Shah Bahmani was the sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate , who reigned between 1458 and 1461. Also known as Humayun Shah Zalim ( lit. ' Humayun Shah the cruel ' ), he is described as a cruel ruler, known for executing people in torturous ways. Humayun was the eldest son of Alau'd-din Ahmad Shah . Upon Alauddin's death, a group of noblemen, including Saif Khan, Mallu Khan, and Shah Habibullah installed Hasan Khan, Humayun's younger brother as king. Humayun, along with his personal guard of eighty horsemen managed to secure
178-586: A Kannada language encyclopedia on the beliefs and rites of the Veerashaiva faith, and Guru Charitra . Afanasy Nikitin , a Russian merchant and traveler, traveled through the Bahmani Sultanate in his journeys. He contrasts the huge "wealth of the nobility with the wretchedness of the peasantry and the frugality of the Hindus". The Bahmani dynasty patronized Indo-Muslim and Persian culture from Northern India and
267-719: A necropolis known as the Bahmani Tombs . The exterior of one of the tombs is decorated with coloured tiles. Arabic, Persian and Urdu inscriptions are inscribed inside the tombs. The Bahmani Sultans built many mosques, tombs, and madrasas in Bidar and Gulbarga, the two capitals. They also built many forts in Daulatabad , Golconda and Raichur . The architecture was highly influenced by Persian architecture , as they invited architects from Persia, Turkey and Arabia. The Persianate Indo-Islamic style of architecture developed during this period
356-513: A "peasant convert to Islam", with historians such as V. K. Agnihotri and Abbas Rizvi even writing that Sadhāran was a Jat convert to Islam. It is said that Zafar Khan's father Wajih-ul-Mulk (Saharan) and his brother were influential Chaudharis who were agriculturists by profession but could also muster thousands of fighting men on their call. Delhi Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq appointed Malik Mufarrah, also known as Farhat-ul-Mulk and Rasti Khan governor of Gujarat in 1377. In 1387, Sikandar Khan
445-605: A Chishti saint who had immigrated from Dehli to Daulatabad, were prominent in court and daily life. He was the first author to write in the Dakhni dialect of Urdu . The Dakhni language became widespread, practised by various milieus from the court to the Sufis. It was established as a lingua franca of the Muslims of the Deccan, as not only the aspect of a dominant urban elite, but an expression of
534-532: A Mughal subah . Muzaffar Shah III was taken prisoner to Agra. In 1583, he escaped from the prison and with the help of the nobles succeeded to regain the throne for a short period before being defeated by Akbar's general Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana in January 1584. He fled and finally took asylum under Jam Sataji of Nawanagar State . The Battle of Bhuchar Mori was fought between the Mughal forces led by Mirza Aziz Koka and
623-418: A contingent of troops, or they were set apart as crown domains and managed by paid officers. The officers placed in charge of districts set apart as crown domains were called muktiă . Their chief duties were to preserve the peace and to collect the revenue. For the maintenance of order, a body of soldiers from the army headquarters at Áhmedábád was detached for service in each of these divisions, and placed under
712-514: A free man, and that when the accountant was a slave the district governor should be chosen from some other class. This practise was maintained till the end of the reign of Muzaffar Sháh II, when, according to the Mirăt-i-Áhmedi , the army became much increased, and the ministers, condensing the details of revenue, farmed it on contract, so that many parts formerly yielding one rupee now produced ten, and many others seven eight or nine, and in no place
801-449: A long list of ancestors that eventually traced to Rāmacandra . This claim of the sultans' links with the solar lineage is not found very often in texts and inscriptions they patronised. Although Sikandar does not state the Tanks were Rajputs, Misra suggests that the Tanks were probably considered ignoble Rajputs. American historian Richard M. Eaton simply described Zafar Khan being the son of
890-468: A march towards Golconda . Humayun proceeded to meet the rebels, and offered terms of peace to Sikandar, which were refused. Sikandar was killed in the ensuing battle, and his army defeated. While Humayun was in Telangana , Hasan Khan was released from prison by means of fraud. Hasan Khan proclaimed himself the king at Bir , but was defeated by Humayun's forces and Hasan fled towards Vijayanagara . However, he
979-644: A navy off the coast of Diu . In 1509, the Portuguese Empire wrested Diu from the Sultanate in the Battle of Diu (1509) . The Mughal emperor Humayun attacked Gujarat in 1535 and briefly occupied it, during which Bombay, Bassein & Daman would become a Portuguese colony, thereafter Bahadur Shah was killed by the Portuguese while making a deal in 1537. The end of the sultanate came in 1573, when Akbar annexed
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#17328947701991068-468: A result, in 1408, Tatar imprisoned him in Ashawal (future Ahmedabad) and declared himself sultan under the title of Muhammad Shah I (r. 1403–1404). He marched towards Delhi, but on the way he was poisoned by his uncle, Shams Khan. After the death of Muhammad Shah, Muzaffar was released from the prison and he took over the control over administration. In 1407, he declared himself as Sultan Muzaffar Shah I , took
1157-446: A servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named Gangu , giving him the name Hasan Gangu, and says that he was from North India. Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend, but Barani , who was the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah , as well as some other scholars have also called him Hasan Gangu. Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahmin origin, and that Bahman (his given name following
1246-469: A siege of the capital, ending in the expansion of the Sultanate. Mahmud Gawan would later lead campaigns against Malwa, Vijayanagar, and the Gajapatis , and extended the sultanate to its maximum extent. The sultanate began to decline under Mahmood Shah . Through a combination of factional strife and the revolt of five provincial governors ( tarafdars ), the Bahmani Sultanate split up into five states, known as
1335-492: A small assignment of land was set apart in the neighbourhood of the post. On the arrival of the tribute-collecting army the governors of the districts through which it passed were expected to join the main body with their local contingents. At other times the district governors had little control over the feudatory chiefs in the neighbourhood of their charge. The Gujarat Sultanate had comprised twenty-five sarkar s (administrative units). For fiscal purposes each district or sarkár
1424-399: A small mosque, mausoleum, and palaces, alongside the water tank. Spanning 72 acres, it comprised these edifices, as well as gardens teeming with flowering plants and fruit trees. Serving as a focal point of royal life, it hosted gatherings, religious ceremonies, and spiritual discussions within its palaces, pavilions, and water tanks. Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat presages many of
1513-515: Is a metal handicraft from the city of Bidar in Karnataka . It was developed in the 14th century during the rule of the Bahmani Sultans. The term "bidriware" originates from the township of Bidar, which is still the chief center of production. The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work on copper and silver that it came to be known as Bidri. The metal used is white brass that
1602-646: Is blackened and inlaid with silver. As a native art form, Bidriware obtained a geographical Indications (GI) registry on 3 January 2006. The Bahmani Sultans patronized many architectural works, although many have since been destroyed. The Gulbarga Fort , Haft Gumbaz , and Jama Masjid in Gulbarga, the Bidar Fort and Madrasa Mahmud Gawan in Bidar, and the Chand Minar in Daulatabad are some of their major architectural contributions. The later Sultans were buried in
1691-552: The Dada Harir Stepwell in Ahmedabad. The Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park , the 16th century capital of Gujarat Sultanate, documents the early Islamic and pre- Mughal city that has remained without any change. Upon his passing at the age of 111, Ahmed Shah 's son erected a mausoleum and mosque in his honor. Sultan Mahmud Begada, enamored with the site as a summer retreat, expanded it with additional structures such as
1780-565: The Deccan sultanates . The initial revolts of Yusuf Adil Shah , Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I , and Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk in 1490 and Qasim Barid I in 1492 saw the end of any real Bahmani power, and the last independent sultanate, Golkonda , in 1518, ended the Bahmanis' 180 year rule over the Deccan . The last four Bahmani rulers were puppet monarchs under Amir Barid I of the Bidar Sultanate , and
1869-540: The Delhi Sultanate , Delhi was devastated and its rule weakened considerably, leading Muzaffar Shah to declare himself independent in 1394, and formally established the Sultanate. The next sultan, his grandson Ahmad Shah I , moved the capital to Ahmedabad in 1411. His successor Muhammad Shah II subdued most Rajput chieftains. The prosperity of the sultanate reached its zenith during the rule of Mahmud Begada . He also subdued most Gujarati Rajput chieftains and built
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#17328947701991958-841: The Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad , which fell down in an earthquake in 1819 . This carving draws on the traditional skills of local stone-carvers, previously exercised on Hindu temples in the Māru-Gurjara and other local styles. The Gujarat Sultans built lavishly, particularly in the capital, Ahmedabad. The sultanate commissioned mosques such as the Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad , Jama Masjid at Champaner , Qutbuddin Mosque , Rani Rupamati Mosque , Sarkhej Roza , Sidi Bashir Mosque , Kevada Mosque , Sidi Sayyed Mosque , Nagina Mosque and Pattharwali Masjid, as well as structures such as Teen Darwaza , Bhadra Fort and
2047-576: The Persian language , culture and literature , and some members of the dynasty became well-versed in the language and composed its literature in the language. The first sultan, Alauddin Bahman Shah , is noted to have captured 1,000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he battled the northern Carnatic chieftains. The later Bahmanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars; many of them were converted to Islam in captivity. Bidriware
2136-464: The 15th century, the Indo-Islamic style of Gujarat is especially notable for its inventive and elegant use of minarets . They are often in pairs flanking the main entrance, mostly rather thin and with elaborate carving at least at the lower levels. Some designs push out balconies at intervals up the shaft; the most extreme version of this was in the lost upper parts of the so-called "shaking minarets" at
2225-586: The Afaqis favored the Persian language. Mahmud Gawan had tried to reconcile with the two factions over his fifteen-year prime ministership, but had found it difficult to win their confidence; the party strife could not be stopped. His Afaqis opponents, led by Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri and motivated by anger over Mahmud's reforms which had curtailed the nobility's power, fabricated a treasonous letter to Purushottama Deva of Orissa which they purported to be from him. Mahmud Gawan
2314-460: The Bahmani Sultan. The sultanates of Golconda and Bidar would become in practice independent as well. In 1501, Mahmood Shah Bahmani united his amirs and wazirs in an agreement to wage annual Jihad against Vijayanagara. The expeditions were financially ruinous. The last Bahmani Sultans were puppet monarchs under their Barid Shahi prime ministers, who were the de facto rulers. After 1518
2403-569: The Bahmani Sultanate led by Mohammed Shah I used a train of artillery against the Vijayanagara Empire who was led by Harihara II . Following the initial use of gunpowder weapons in 1368, they became the backbone of the Bahmani army. The scholar Iqtidar Alam Khan claims, however, that based on a differing translation of a passage of medieval historian Firishta 's text Tarikh-i Firishta , in which he describes early use of gunpowder weapons in
2492-523: The Bahmani Sultanate's founder, was "born in very humble circumstances" and that "For the first thirty years of his life he was nothing more than a field laborer." He was made a commander of a hundred horsemen by the Delhi Sultan , Muhammad bin Tughluq , who was pleased with his honesty. This sudden rise in the military and socio-economic ladder was common in this era of Muslim India. Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu
2581-534: The Bahmani army and they fled to Daulatabad. The Bahmani Sultan Ahmad Shah sent strong reinforcements and the Khandesh army also joined them. They were again defeated by the Gujarat army. Finally, Ahmad Shah annexed Thana and Mahim from Bahmani Sultanate . At the beginning of his reign, he founded the city of Ahmedabad which he styled as Shahr-i-Mu'azzam (the great city) on the banks of Sabarmati River . He shifted
2670-572: The Bahmani court identified as Shi'ites or had significant Shi'ite inclinations. Alauddin was succeeded by his son Mohammed Shah I . His conflicts with the Vijayanagar empire were singularly savage wars, as according to the historian Ferishta , "the population of the Carnatic was so reduced that it did not recover for several ages." The Bahmanids' aggressive confrontation with the two main Hindu kingdoms of
2759-638: The Deccan, the Bahmani Kingdom came to power in 1347 during the rebellion of Ismail Mukh against Muhammad bin Tughlaq , the Sultan of Delhi . Ismail Mukh then abdicated in favour of Zafar Khan , who established the Bahmani Sultanate. The Bahmani Kingdom was perpetually at war with its neighbours, including its rival to the south, the Vijayanagara Empire , which outlasted the sultanate. The Bahmani Sultans also patronized architectural works. The Mahmud Gawan Madrasa
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2848-489: The Gujarat Sultanate into his empire. The last ruler, Muzaffar Shah III , was taken a prisoner to Agra . In 1583, he escaped from the prison, and with the help of the nobles, succeeded to regain the throne for a short period before being defeated by Akbar's minister Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan . The Muzaffarid dynasty was founded by Zafar Khan . As per Zafar Khan's lineage, according to André Wink and S.C. Misra, he
2937-593: The Indian Subcontinent, it can be inferred that both the Delhi Sultanate and non-Muslim Indian states had the gunpowder weapons that the Bahmani Sultanate began to use in 1368, and that the Bahmanis had acquired the weapons from the Delhi Sultanate. Contemporary evidence shows the presence of gunpowder for pyrotechnic uses in the Delhi Sultanate, and Alam Khan states that their usage in the Battle of Adoni in 1368
3026-558: The Middle East. However, the society of the Bahmnanis was dominated prominently by Iranians, Afghans, and Turks. They also had considerable and social influence such as with the celebration of Nowruz by Bahmani rulers. This also comes as Mohammed Shah I ascended the throne on Nowruz. According to Khafi Khan and Ferishta , musicians flocked to the court from Lahore , Delhi , Persia and Khorasan . The Bahmani Sultans were patrons of
3115-661: The Sultan of their innocence. Ashamed of his own folly, the Sultan punished the Dakhani leaders who were responsible for the massacre, putting them to death or throwing them in prison, and reduced their families to beggary. The accounts of the violent events likely included exaggerations as it came from the pen of the chroniclers who were themselves mainly foreigners and products of Safavid Persia . The eldest sons of Humayun Shah, Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III and Muhammad Shah III Lashkari ascended
3204-456: The Sultanate's treasuries, greatly damaging its prestige, Sanga also annexed northern Gujarat and appointed one of his Rajput vassals to rule there. The invasion of Rana weakened Gujarat, however after Rana Sanga's death, the sultans of Gujarat freed their kingdom from Rajputs and grew even more powerful as they sacked Chittor fort in 1535. He died on 5 April 1526 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Sikandar. After few months, Sikandar Sháh
3293-525: The administrative burden from previous expansion of the state. Gawan was considered a great statesman, and a poet of repute. Mahmud Gawan was caught in a struggle between a rivalry between two groups of nobles, the Dakhanis and the Afaqis. The Dakhanis made up the indigenous Muslim elite of the Bahmanid dynasty, being descendants of Sunni immigrants from Northern India, while the Afaqis were foreign newcomers from
3382-496: The beauty of his daughter, who was accomplished in music and arts, and had introduced her to the Sultan at a feast. He was succeeded by Shamsuddin, who was a puppet king under Taghalchin. Firuz and Ahmed , the sons of the fourth sultan Daud , marched to Gulbarga to avenge Ghiyasuddin. Firuz declared himself the sultan, and defeated Taghalchin's forces. Taghalchin was killed and Shamsuddin was blinded. Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah became
3471-494: The capital from Anhilwada Patan to Ahmedabad. The Jami Masjid (1423) in Ahmedabad were built during his reign. Sultan Ahmad Shah died in 1443 and succeeded by his eldest son Muhammad Shah II . Muhammad Shah II (r. 1442–1451) first led a campaign against Idar and forced its ruler, Raja Hari Rai or Bir Rai to submit to his authority. He then exacted tribute from the Rawal of Dungarpur . In 1449, he marched against Champaner , but
3560-481: The central authority; the other, on payment of tribute in service or in money, left under the control of its former rulers. The amount of tribute paid by the different chiefs depended, not on the value of their territory, but on the terms granted to them when they agreed to become feudatories of the king. This tribute was occasionally collected by military expeditions headed by the king in person and called mulkgíri or country-seizing circuits. The internal management of
3649-472: The combined Kathiawar forces in 1591 to protect him. He finally committed suicide when he was surrendered to the Mughal. The Gujarat Sultanate was the second empire in the Indian subcontinent to utilize and invent firearms and gunpowder artillery extensively, following the Bahmani Sultanate . Gujarát was divided politically into two main parts; one, called the khálsah or crown domain administered directly by
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3738-480: The command of the district governor. At the same time, in addition to the presence of this detachment of regular troops, every district contained certain fortified outposts called tháná s, varying in number according to the character of the country and the temper of the people. These posts were in charge of officers called thánadár s subordinate to the district governor. They were garrisoned by bodies of local soldiery, for whose maintenance, in addition to money payments,
3827-470: The conqueror of two forts, probably after conquering Girnar and Champaner forts. Mahmud died on 23 November 1511. Khalil Khan, son of Mahmud Begada succeeded his father with the title Muzaffar Shah II . In 1519, Rana Sanga of Chittor defeated a joint army of Malwa and Gujarat sultanates and took Mahmud Shah II of Malwa captive. Muzaffar Shah sent an army to Malwa but their service was not required as Rana Sanga had generously restored Mahmud Shah II to
3916-503: The conquest of Kampili . Before the establishment of his kingdom, Hasan Gangu (Zafar Khan) was Governor of Deccan and a commander on behalf of the Tughlaqs . On 3 August 1347, during the rebellion by the Amirs of the Deccan , Ismail Mukh, the leader of the rebellion (whom the rebel amirs of the Deccan placed on the throne of Daulatabad in 1345), abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan, resulting in
4005-478: The empire quite independent of either the non-Muslim Hindus, or the Muslim foreign immigrants. However, the later Bahmani Sultans, mainly starting from his father Ahmad Shah Wali I, began to recruit foreigners from overseas, whether because of depletion among the ranks of the original settlers, or the feelings of dependency upon the Persian courtly model, or both. This resulted in factional strife that first became acute in
4094-617: The establishment of the Bahmani Kingdom. The Sultan of Delhi had besieged the rebels at the citadel of Daulatabad. As another rebellion had begun in Gujarat , the Sultan left and installed Shaikh Burhan-ud-din Bilgrami and Malik Jauhar and other nobles in charge of the siege. Meanwhile, as these nobles were unable to stop the Deccani amirs from pursuing the imperial army, Hasan Gangu, a native of Delhi, then being pursued by Governor of Berar Imad-ul-Mulk,
4183-464: The establishment of the sultanate) is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman, with Hasan Gangu being a Hindu Brahman who became Muslim. However this view has been discredited by S.A.Q. Husaini, who considers the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam from Punjab untenable. Ziauddin Barani , the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah , states that Hasan Gangu ,
4272-458: The feudatory states was unaffected by their payment of tribute. Justice was administered and the revenue collected in the same way as under the Chaulukya kings. The revenue consisted, as before, of a share of the crops received in kind, supplemented by the levy of special cesses, trade, and transit dues. The chief's share of the crops differed according to the locality; it rarely exceeded one-third of
4361-650: The first Bahmani sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah used. The Bahmani Sultanate was likely the first state to invent and utilize gunpowder artillery and firearms within the Indian Subcontinent . Their firearms were the most advanced of their time, surpassing even those of the Yuan Dynasty and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt . The first recorded use of firearms in South Asia was at the Battle of Adoni in 1368, where
4450-471: The fugitive Mughal prince made his claim on the ground that Bahadur's mother adopted him as her son. The nobles selected Bahadur's nephew Miran Muhammad Shah of Khandesh as his successor, but he died on his way to Gujarat. Finally, the nobles selected Mahmud Khan, the son of Bahadur's brother Latif Khan as his successor and he ascended to the throne as Mahmud Shah III in 1538. Mahmud Shah III had to battle with his nobles who were interested in independence. He
4539-406: The head revenue officer at court. As a check on the internal management of his charge, and especially to help him in the work of collecting the revenue, with each district governor was associated an accountant. Further that each of these officers might be the greater check on the other, Ahmad Shah I enforced the rule that when the governor was chosen from among the royal slaves the accountant should be
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#17328947701994628-453: The host society, so they could begin military careers within the Bahmanid empire. Ghiyasuddin succeeded his father Muhammad II at the age of seventeen in April 1397, but was blinded and imprisoned by a Turkic slave called Taghalchin, who had held a grudge on the Sultan for the latter's refusal to appoint him as a governor. He had lured the Sultan into putting himself in the former's power, using
4717-459: The insignia of royalty and issued coins in his name. After his death in 1411, he was succeeded by his grandson, the son of Tatar Khan, Ahmad Shah I . Soon after his accession, Ahmad Shah I was faced with a rebellion of his uncles. The rebellion was led by his eldest uncle Firuz Khan, who declared himself king. Ultimately Firuz and his brothers surrendered to him. During this rebellion Sultan Hushang Shah of Malwa Sultanate invaded Gujarat. He
4806-454: The kingdom formally dissolved in 1527. The Bahmani Kingdom was founded by Zafar Khan , who was of either Afghan or Turk origin. Encyclopedia Iranica states him to be a Khorasani adventurer, who claimed descent from Bahrām Gōr . According to the medieval historian Ferishta , his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth. Ferishta further writes, Zafar Khan had earlier been
4895-462: The land of the Bahmanids into being recognized as Dar ul-Islam , while it was previously considered Dar ul-Harb . Turkish or Indo-Turkish troops, explorers, saints, and scholars moved from Delhi and North India to the Deccan with the establishment of the Bahmanid sultanate. How many of these were Shi'ites is unclear. Nonetheless, there is enough evidence to demonstrate that a number of nobility at
4984-504: The leader to whom the Deccani Amirs had re-assembled against, attacked and slew the latter and marched on towards Daulatabad. Here Hasan Gangu and the Deccani amirs put to flight the imperial forces which had been left to besiege. The rebels at Daulatabad had the sense to see Hasan Gangu as the man of the hour, and the proposal to crown Hasan Gangu, entitled Zafar Khan, was accepted without a dissentient voice on 3 August 1347. His revolt
5073-430: The nobles raised his uncle Daud Khan , son of Ahmad Shah I, to the throne. But within a short period of seven or twenty-seven days, the nobles deposed Daud Khan and set on the throne Fath Khan, son of Muhammad Shah II. Fath Khan, on his accession, adopted the title Abu-al Fath Mahmud Shah, popularly known as Mahmud Begada. He expanded the kingdom in all directions. He received the sobriquet Begada , which literally means
5162-835: The people of authority. Other Persian works of the history of Gujarat Sultanate are Tarikh-i-Muzaffar Shahi about reign of Muzaffar Shah I, Tarik-i-Ahmad Shah in verse by Hulvi Shirazi, Tarikh-i-Mahmud Shahi , Tabaqat-i-Mahmud Shahi , Maathi-i-Mahmud Shahi about Mahmud I, Tarikh-i-Muzaffar Shahi about Muzaffar Shah II's conquest of Mandu, Tarikh-i-Bahadur Shahi aka Tabaqat-i-Husam Khani , Tarikh-i-Gujarat by Abu Turab Vali, Mirat-i-Ahmadi . Other important work in Arabic about history of Gujarat includes Zafarul-Walih bi Muzaffar wa Alih by Hajji Dabir. The distinctive Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat drew micro-architectural elements from earlier Maru-Gurjara architecture and employed them in mihrab , roofs, doors, minarets and facades. In
5251-453: The produce, it rarely fell short of one-sixth. From some parts the chief's share was realised directly from the cultivator by agents called mantris ; from other parts the collection was through superior landowners. The Áhmedábád kings divided the portion of their territory which was under their direct authority into districts or sarkár s. These districts were administered in one of two ways. They were either assigned to nobles in support of
5340-452: The prophet Muhammad . The extension of the Sufi's notion of spiritual sovereignty lent legitimacy to the planting of the sultanate's political authority, where the land, people, and produce of the Deccan were merited state protection, no longer available for plunder with impunity. These Sufis legitimized the transplantation of Indo-Muslim rulership from one region in South Asia to another, converting
5429-499: The regional religious identity. Firuz Shah was succeeded by his younger brother Ahmad Shah I Wali . Following the establishment of Bidar as capital of the sultanate in 1429, Ahmad Shah I converted to Shi'ism . Ahmad Shah's reign was marked by relentless military campaigns and expansionism. He imposed destruction and slaughter on Vijayanagara and finally captured the remnants of Warangal. Alauddin Ahmad II succeeded his father to
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#17328947701995518-632: The reign of his son Alauddin Ahmad Shah II. In 1446, the powerful Dakhani nobles persuaded the Sultan that the Persians were responsible for the failure of the earlier invasion of the Konkan . The Sultan, drunk, condoned a large-scale massacre of Persian Shi'a Sayyids by the Sunni Dakhani nobles and their Sunni Abyssinian slaves. A few survivors escaped the massacre dressed in women's clothing and convinced
5607-565: The ruler of Champaner, Raja Kanak Das, with the help of Malwa Sultan Mahmud Khilji forced him to retreat. On the return journey, he fell seriously ill and died in February 1451. After his death, he was succeeded by his son Qutb-ud-Din Ahmad Shah II (r. 1451–1458). Ahmad Shah II defeated Khilji at Kapadvanj . He helped Firuz Khan ruling from Nagaur against Rana Kumbha of Chittor 's attempt to overthrow him. After death of Ahmad Shah II in 1458,
5696-422: The simple villages of the south they were known as Desai . They arranged for the final distribution of the total demand in joint villages among the shareholders, and in simple villages from the individual cultivators. The sub-divisional officer presented a statement of the accounts of the villages in his sub-division to the district officer, whose record of the revenue of his whole district was in turn forwarded to
5785-502: The sobriquet Zalim . According to modern scholars such as Haroon Khan Sherwani and Ghulam Yazdani , the accounts of Humayun's cruelty have been exaggerated. Sherwani described him as a ruler of the "ordinary Bahmani type", albeit a strict disciplinarian. Bahmani Sultanate The Bahmani Kingdom or the Bahmani Sultanate was a late medieval kingdom that ruled the Deccan plateau in India. The first independent Muslim sultanate of
5874-742: The southern Deccan, Warangal and Vijayanagara in the First Bahmani–Vijayanagar War , made them renowned among Muslims as warriors of the faith. The Vijayanagara empire and the Bahmanids fought over the control of the Godavari-basin, Tungabadhra Doab, and the Marathwada country, although they seldom required a pretext for declaring war, as military conflicts were almost a regular feature and lasted as long as these kingdoms continued. Military slavery involved captured slaves from Vijayanagara whom were then converted to Islam and integrated into
5963-650: The sultan in November 1397. Firuz Shah fought against the Vijayanagara Empire on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and in 1406 , but a defeat in 1417. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to the daughter of Deva Raya , the Vijayanagara Emperor. Firuz Shah expanded the nobility by enabling Hindus and granting them high office. In his reign, Sufis such as Gesudaraz ,
6052-412: The sultanate formally broke up into the five states of Ahmednagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda. They are collectively known as the Deccan sultanates . Modern scholars like Haroon Khan Sherwani and Richard M. Eaton have based their accounts of the Bahmani dynasty mainly upon the medieval chronicles of Firishta and Syed Ali Tabatabai. Other contemporary works were the Sivatattva Chintamani,
6141-399: The throne in 1436. The Chand Minar , a minaret in Daulatabad , was constructed under his reign, and was commemorated in his honour in 1445 for his victory against Deva Raya II of Vijayanagara in 1443, the last major conflcit between the two powers. For the first half-century after the establishment of the Bahmanids, the original North Indian colonists and their sons had administered
6230-427: The throne successively, while they were young boys. The vizier Mahmud Gawan ruled as regent during this period, until Muhammad Shah reached age. Mahmud Gawan is known for setting up the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa , a center of religious as well as secular education, as well as achieving the sultanate's greatest extent during his rule. He also increased the administrative divisions of the sultanate from four to eight to ease
6319-490: The throne. Saif Khan was executed, Mallu Khan fled to the Carnatic , and Hasan Khan and Shah Habibullah were imprisoned. Upon his enthronement, Humayun appointed Mahmud Gawan lieutenant of the kingdom and governor of Bijapur, ennobling him with the title of Malik-ut-Tujjar . Sikandar Khan, a cousin of Humayun, was given charge of Telangana. Still dissatisfied by the appointment, he began a rebellion, supported by his father Jalal Khan and local Velama chiefs. The rebels began
6408-454: The throne.However,Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi of Delhi at Battle of Dholpur around the same time and Conquered Much of Malwa along with Chanderi and he bestowed it to his Vassal Medini Rai who ruled over Malwa under his lordship with Chanderi as his capital. The victory brought Rajputs within day's march of Agra and Delhi and made them contender of supremacy of Northern India . Rana Sanga later invaded Gujarat and plundered
6497-507: The title of Bahádur Sháh . Bahadur Shah expanded his kingdom and made expeditions to help neighbouring kingdoms. In 1532, Gujarat came under attack of the Mughal Emperor Humayun and fell. Bahadur Shah regained the kingdom in 1536 but he was killed by the Portuguese on board the ship when making a deal with them. Bahadur had no son, hence there was some uncertainty regarding succession after his death. Muhammad Zaman Mirza ,
6586-450: The west such as Gawan, who were mostly Shi'is. The Dakhanis believed that the privileges, patronage and positions of power in the sultanate should have been reserved solely for them. The divisions included sectarian religious divisions where the Afaqis were looked upon as heretics by the Sunnis as the former were Shi'as. Eaton cites a linguistic divide where the Dakhanis spoke Dakhni while
6675-407: Was among the inhabitants of Delhi who were forced to migrate to the Deccan, to build a large Muslim settlement in the region of Daulatabad . Zafar Khan was a man of ambition and looked forward to the adventure. He had long hoped to employ his body of horsemen in the Deccan as the region was seen as the place of bounty in Muslim imagination at the time. He was rewarded with an Iqta for taking part in
6764-462: Was created by Mahmud Gawan , the vizier regent who was prime minister of the sultanate from 1466 until his execution in 1481 during a conflict between the foreign (Afaqis) and local (Deccanis) nobility. Bidar Fort was built by Ahmad Shah I ( r. 1422–36 ), who relocated the capital to the city of Bidar . Ahmad Shah led campaigns against Vijayanagar and the sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat . His campaign against Vijayanagar in 1423 included
6853-431: Was distributed among a certain number of sub-divisions or parganáh s, each under a paid official styled ámil or tahsildár . These sub-divisional officers realised the state demand, nominally one-half of the produce, by the help of the headmen of the villages under their charge. In the sharehold and simple villages of North Gujarát these village headmen were styled Patel or according to Muslim writers mukaddam s and in
6942-561: Was from the Tank (Persian tāk or tānk ) Khatri ( khtry ) caste of Punjab but was born in Delhi . However, Aparna Kapadia states that Sahāran (Sadhāran), the father of Zafar Khan, was a Tank Rajput who lived in Thanesar in modern-day Haryana . According to Shaikh Sikandar Ibn Muhammad's Mirati Sikandari , who was a contemporary of Gujarat Sultans, Sadhāran was a Khatri of the Tank subdivision and had
7031-423: Was imprisoned by Siraj Khan Junaidi and sent to the capital. In 1460, Hasan and his party were brought to Bidar. It is at this time that the cruel punishments of Humayun were described—Hasan Khan was thrown before a tiger, which proceeded to maul and devour him, while some of his followers were cast into boiling cauldrons. Elephants and other wild animals were released upon others. Humayun died, either naturally, or
7120-606: Was killed by a maid-servant in his sleep on 1 September 1461. He was succeeded by his son Nizamuddin. His tomb is located within the Bahmani tombs complex, and is partially collapsed. According to legend, the tomb split open when Humayun's body was interred, thus signifying that god refused protection for his remains. In fact, the damage to the tomb is due to a lightning strike in the 19th century. He had at least two sons: Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III and Muhammad Shah III Lashkari . Firishta describes Humayun as an especially cruel figure, with
7209-751: Was killed in 1554 by his servant. Ahmad Shah III succeeded him but now the reigns of the state were controlled by the nobles who divided the kingdom between themselves. He was assassinated in 1561. He was succeeded by Muzaffar Shah III . Muzaffar Shah III's army was legendary in some parts of Africa and the Asian mainland with the exception of China , and free soldiers , mercenaries , and slaves forced to join wars alike came from these places. Its stealth specialists performed several duties including bodyguard work and skirmish combat. Many stealth warriors were Habshi or Africans. However, Mughal Emperor Akbar annexed Gujarat in his empire in 1573 and Gujarat became
7298-424: Was later adopted by the Deccan sultanates as well. The Turquoise Throne was a jeweled royal throne mentioned by Firishta . It was the seat of the sultans of the Bahmani Sultanate since Mohammed Shah I ( r. 1358–1375). It was a gift of Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka , a Telugu King in post-Kakateeya era. It was mentioned by Firishta that on 23 March 1363, this throne replaced an earlier silver throne that
7387-406: Was murdered by a noble Imád-ul-Mulk, who seated a younger brother of Sikandar, named Násir Khán, on the throne with the title of Mahmúd Shah II and governed on his behalf. Other son of Muzaffar Shah II, Bhadur Khan returned from outside of Gujarat and the nobles joined him. Bahádur marched at once on Chámpáner, captured and executed Imád-ul-Mulk and poisoning Násir Khán ascended the throne in 1527 with
7476-665: Was ordered executed by Muhammad Shah III, an act that the latter regretted until his death in 1482. Upon his death, Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri, the father of the founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty became the regent of the Sultan as prime minister. Muhammad Shah III Lashkari was succeeded by his son Mahmood Shah Bahmani II , the last Bahmani ruler to have real power. The tarafdars of Ahmednagar , Bijapur , and Berar , Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I , Yusuf Adil Shah , and Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk agreed to assert their independence in 1490, and established their own sultanates but maintained loyalty to
7565-674: Was rather the first military usage of gunpowder-derived objects in the Subcontinent. Gujarat Sultanate The Gujarat Sultanate or Sultanate of Guzerat was a late medieval Islamic Indian kingdom in Western India , primarily in the present-day state of Gujarat . The kingdom was established in 1394 when Muzaffar Shah I , the Governor of Gujarat, declared independence from the Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi . Following Timur 's invasion of
7654-516: Was repelled this time but he invaded again in 1417 along with Nasir Khan, the Farooqi dynasty ruler of Khandesh and occupied Sultanpur and Nandurbar. Gujarat army defeated them and later Ahmad Shah led four expeditions into Malwa in 1419, 1420, 1422 and 1438. In 1429, Kanha Raja of Jhalawad with the help of the Bahmani Sultan Ahmad Shah ravaged Nandurbar. But Ahmad Shah's army defeated
7743-541: Was sent to replace him, but he was defeated and killed by Farhat-ul-Mulk. In 1391, Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad bin Tughluq appointed Zafar Khan, the son of Wajih-ul-Mulk as governor of Gujarat and conferred him the title of Muzaffar Khan (r. 1391–1403, 1404–1411). In 1392, he defeated Farhat-ul-Mulk in the battle of Kamboi, near Anhilwada Patan and occupied the city of Anhilwada Patan. In 1403, Zafar Khan's son Tatar Khan urged his father to march on Delhi, which he declined. As
7832-521: Was successful, and he established an independent state on the Deccan within the Delhi Sultanate's southern provinces with its headquarters at Hasanabad ( Gulbarga ), where all his coins were minted. With the support of the influential Indian Chishti Sufi Shaikhs , he was crowned "Alauddin Bahman Shah Sultan – Founder of the Bahmani Dynasty". They bestowed upon him a robe allegedly worn by
7921-515: Was there a less increase than from ten to twenty per cent. Many other changes occurred at the same time, and the spirit of innovation creeping into the administration the wholesome system of checking the accounts was given up and mutiny and confusion spread over Gujarát. Mirat-i-Sikandari is a Persian work on the complete history of Gujarat Sultanate written by Sikandar, son of Muhammad aka Manjhu, son of Akbar who wrote it soon after Akbar conquered Gujarat. He had consulted earlier works of history and
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