Nigeria 's Human Rights Violations Investigation Commission , also known as the Oputa Panel after its leader Chukwudifu Oputa , was a commission that was developed following the collapse of the military dictatorship that controlled Nigeria until 1998 . It was created by newly elected President Olusegun Obasanjo in 1999. Its mandate was to investigate human rights during the period of military rule from 1984 to 1999. In terms of reconciliation, the commission also worked towards unifying communities previously in conflict. The commission submitted its final report to President Obasanjo in 2002, but the government has not taken any action to date. Its report was not released to the public until 2005, when it was published by two activist groups, the Nigerian Democratic Movement and Nigeria-based Civil Society Forum.
44-485: Nigeria was under British rule up until 1960. After independence , there were many internal conflicts within the country that limited Nigeria’s ability to consolidate. The country was divided along religious and ethnic lines which led to mass killings and eventually, a full civil war that would last until 1970. With Nigeria under the control of a military dictatorship following the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état , other coups continued to take place. General Ibrahim Babangida ,
88-489: A change in the political structure have resulted in breakaway states. Mongolia and Finland , for example, gained their independence during the revolutions occurring in China (1911) and Russia (1917) respectively. Causes for a country or province wishing to seek independence are many, but most can be summed up as a feeling of inequality compared to the dominant power. The means can extend from intended peaceful demonstrations as in
132-440: A crucial point of discussion. The rights to nationality and self-determination allow clarification. The right of self-determination allows self-governance , as for example in the case of indigenous peoples , but is not a right of secession, except in extreme cases of oppression as a remedy from the oppression. Therefore, the right to secession is generally determined by the legislation of sovereign states and independence by
176-469: A larger government for its protection as an autonomous region. During the 20th century wave of decolonization colonies gained rights to independence through documents such as the 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples , but this right remained mostly applicable only to unfree territorial entities, such as colonies. How much these rights apply to all people has been
220-591: A part of the military, and upper-class Nigerian citizens worked together to carry out the military coups. Furthermore, the commission concluded that the Ministry of Justice played a role in protecting those who were responsible for committing human rights violations. The commission recommended that victims be given reparations . Finally, it recommended that Nigeria focus on eliminating corruption, especially corruption within government. The Human Rights Violations Investigation Commission of Nigeria submitted its final report to
264-451: A role in establishing peace agreements between various Nigerian communities. The commission produced a report which concluded that the military’s control over the politics of Nigeria was one of the primary reasons for human rights violations and for continued political, social, and economic troubles in Nigeria. The commission also concluded that those who held positions of power, those who were
308-569: A state, which as such may remain unaltered. For example, the Mexican Revolution (1910) chiefly refers to a multi-factional conflict that eventually led to a new constitution ; it has rarely been used to refer to the armed struggle (1821) against Spain. However, some wars of independence have been described as revolutions, such as the ones in the United States (1783) and Indonesia (1949), while some revolutions that were specifically about
352-887: A very high concentration of industries (the second most industrialized after Lagos State ) and has one of the lowest incidences of extreme poverty (around 5% of the population against a national average of 31%) according to World Bank data from 2018. Major companies in Ogun include the Dangote Cement factory in Ibese, Nestle , Lafarge Cement factory in Ewekoro , Memmcol in Orimerunmu, Coleman Cables in Sagamu and Arepo , Procter & Gamble in Agbara . In September 2024, The Ogun State Government announced
396-410: A year, bringing the stories of the victims and perpetrators forward to the public as these hearings were televised on every occasion. Only 150 out of the 10,000 recollections of abuse that they received from victims were heard. Limited funds meant that investigation into the human rights violations was limited to the public hearings. The commission’s investigation consisted of The commission also played
440-715: Is also home to many icons in Nigeria in particular and Africa in general. The current governor is Prince Dapo Abiodun , A member of the All Progressives Congress , who heads the Executive Council of Ogun State . On Wednesday 29 May 2019, Abiodun was sworn in as the fifth governor of Ogun State at the MKO Abiola Stadium in Kuto, Abeokuta. He was re-elected for a second term of office in March 2023. The State government
484-664: Is also the name of the god ( Orisha ) for metalworking in the local Yoruba nature religion, similar to the Greek Hephaestus or the Roman god Vulcan (since the ancient world had trade relations with present-day Nigeria, this may not be entirely coincidental). The state lives up to this name by being the Nigerian centre for metalworking. Here are two examples: Ogun also produces timber , ceramic products, bicycle tyres, carpets, adhesives and other products. Ogun benefits from its proximity to
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#1732898270877528-454: Is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Abeokuta. Ogun State borders the Republic of Benin to the west for about 185 km, Oyo State and Osun State (for 84 km) to the north, Ondo State to the east, Lagos State to the south for about 283 km, and has 16 km of coastline on
572-538: Is the 24th largest State in Nigeria with land area of 16,762 kilometer square. Ogun State is predominantly Yoruba , with the Yoruba language serving as the lingua franca of the state. The dominant religions in Ogun State are majority Christianity and minority Islam although a certain amount of traditional religion is still practiced. Ogun State is noted for being the almost exclusive site of Ofada rice production. Ogun
616-411: Is the U.S. Declaration of Independence issued in 1776. The dates of established independence (or, less commonly, the commencement of revolution), are typically celebrated as a national holiday known as an independence Day . Historically, there have been four major periods of declaring independence: Ogun State Ogun State is a state in southwestern Nigeria . As a Nigerian state, Ogun
660-500: Is the second most industrialised state after Lagos, with a focus on metal processing. It has good road and rail connections to the harbours in Lagos and Lekki . Wole Soyinka , winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature 1986, lives in Ogun. Abeokuta is both Ogun State's capital and most populous city and the capital of Egba Kingdom; other important cities in the state include Ijebu-Ode ,
704-603: Is the status of a dependent territory or colony . The commemoration of the independence day of a country or nation celebrates when a country is free from all forms of colonialism ; free to build a country or nation without any interference from other nations. Whether the attainment of independence is different from revolution has long been contested, and has often been debated over the question of violence as legitimate means to achieving sovereignty. In general, revolutions aim only to redistribute power with or without an element of emancipation, such as in democratization within
748-599: The Constitution of 1999 . After this case, it was not until 2005 that two activist groups, the Nigerian Democratic Movement and Nigeria-based Civil Society Forum, finally published the commission’s report online. The report was already in the public realm, but the government limited its availability and accessibility. Subsequently, state governments in Nigeria began to establish their own truth and reconciliation commissions. The federal government has not implemented
792-511: The Western Railway (built in 1899), which still is used for freight trains. The terminus of the "Red Line" of the Lagos suburban railway is located in Agbado, which is part of the Lagos agglomeration but belongs to the state of Ogun in administrative terms. This is why the trains and carriages of Lagos State will be parked, cleaned and maintained in Ogun. Federal Highways are: Three roads to
836-565: The Yoruba region, and Ogun in particular, was engulfed in conflict between the Ọbáfẹ́mi Awólọ́wọ̀ and Samuel Ládòkè Akíntọ́lá fractions of the AG party ("Operation Wetie", see here ). In July 1966, the then ruler of Nigeria, Johnson Agulyi-Ironsi , was assassinated in Abeokuta in the second coup of the year, which was the prelude to the Biafra War . The state was formed on 3 February 1976 from part of
880-543: The kingdom of Oyo , which sank into civil war around 1800. South of Ogun, on the tiny island of Lagos , the British had a naval base near which the town of the same name grew rapidly. Until the Berlin Congo Conference in 1885, Great Britain had focussed on a few strategically placed bases for its merchant fleet and navy, such as Lagos and Calabar , and was not interested in the communities developing there. After
924-758: The Ẹgba , Ijebu , Remo, Egbado, Awori and the Egun peoples. There are also sub groups like the Ikale, the Ketu, the Ohori and the Anago. Ogun State is divided into three senatorial districts: Ogun Central, Ogun East and Ogun West. Ogun Central consists mostly of the Egbas that occupies six local governments: Abeokuta North (Akomoje), Abeokuta south (Ake), Ewekoro (Itori), Ifo (Ifo), Obafemi owode (Owode ẹgba) and Odeda (Odeda). Ogun East consists mostly of
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#1732898270877968-450: The "Protectorate of Lagos" (as opposed to the Colony of Lagos ; the border between these two is identical to the modern border between Lagos State and Ogun State - inhabitants of a colony were treated as fully entitled subjects of the British crown, those in protectorates not) in 1893 and later of the "Protectorate of Yorubaland", in 1906 of the "Protectorate of Southern Nigeria" and in 1914 of
1012-457: The 1940s, food was strictly rationed in Nigeria. The transport of food from the more agrarian Ogun to the hungry metropolis of Lagos was severely penalised (Pullen Scheme, see here ). In the first elections in Ogun, 1954, the semi-socialist "Action Group" (AG) under Ọbáfẹ́mi Awólọ́wọ̀ became the strongest party in the Western Region, to which Ogun also belonged. After independence in 1960,
1056-461: The Bight of Benin to the south, interrupted by Araromi Beach exclave of Ondo State. Ogun has a Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate. The city's yearly average temperature is 29.34 °C (84.81 °F) and it is -0.12% lower than Nigeria's averages. Ogun typically receives about 141.58 millimeters (5.57 inches) of precipitation and has 224.18 rainy days (61.42% of the time) annually. The governor of
1100-641: The European colonial powers had staked out their spheres of interest 1885 in Berlin (these were only valid if another power had not previously brought the area in question under its control) the United Kingdom quickly expanded thusly its territory in the assigned Niger region. The British attack on the Kingdom of Oyo in 1891 was the first step, the punitive expedition against Benin 1896 the second. Today's Ogun became part of
1144-660: The Ijebus and the Remos that occupies 9 local governments: Ijebu East (Ogbẹrẹ), Ijebu North (Ijebu Igbo), Ijebu North East (Attan), Ijebu ode (Ijebu ode), Ikenne (Ikenne remo), Odogbolu (Odogbolu), Ogun waterside (Abigi), Remo North (Ilisan Remo) and Sagamu (Sagamu). Ogun West consists mostly of the Yewas (formerly Egbados) that occupies 5 local governments: Ado odo Ota (Otta), Imeko Afon (Imeko), Ipokia (Ipokia), Yewa North (Ayetoro) and Yewa South (Ilaro). In pre-colonial times, today's Ogun belonged to
1188-900: The Republic of Benin : Other major roads include: Mainly Christian and Muslim, some traditional Yoruba animism. The Anglican Province of Lagos within the Church of Nigeria includes the ten Dioceses of Awori led by Bishop Johnson Akin Atere (2009), Egba (1976) led by Bishop Emmanuel Adekunle (2009), Egba West (2007) led by Bishop Samuel Oludele Ogundeji (2010), Ifo (2007) led by Bishop Nathaniel Oladejo Ogundipe (2012), Ijebu led by Bishop Peter Rotimi Oludipe (2020), Ijebu-North led by Bishop Solomon Kuponu (2005), Remo led by Bishop Michael Fape (2004, Archbishop of Lagos 2016-21), Yewa , formerly Egbado led by Bishop Michael Adebayo Oluwarohunbi (2014), and Ijebu-South West led by Bishop Babatunde Ogunbanwo (2009). 179,014 Catholics (2020) in
1232-467: The capacity to be a state. Sometimes, a state wishing to achieve independence from a dominating power will issue a declaration of independence ; the earliest surviving example is Scotland 's Declaration of Arbroath in 1320, with the most recent examples being Azawad 's declaration of independence in 2012 and Catalan declaration of independence in 2017. Declaring independence and attaining it, however, are quite different. A well-known successful example
1276-532: The capital of the Ijebu Kingdom , and Sagamu , the capital of the Remo Kingdom and Nigeria's leading Kola nut grower. Ilaro, the capital of Yewa(Egbado Kingdom). Ogun state is covered predominantly by rain forest and has wooden savanna in the northwest. Ogun State had a total population of 3,751,140 residents as of 2006, making Ogun State the 16th most populated state in Nigeria. In terms of landmass, Ogun State
1320-571: The case of India (1947), to a violent war as in the case of Algeria (1962). In some cases, a country may also have declared independence, but may only be partially recognized by other countries; such as Kosovo (2008), whose independence Serbia , from which Kosovo has seceded, has not formally recognized . Autonomy refers to a kind of independence which has been granted by an overseeing authority that itself still retains ultimate authority over that territory (see Devolution ). A protectorate refers to an autonomous region that depends upon
1364-626: The commission;s recommendations. Following its reconciliation processes, the commission was successful in reconciling communities in Maroko village, in the Ogun State , and the various groups in Ogoni Island. Independence Independence is a condition of a nation , country , or state , in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government , and usually sovereignty , over its territory. The opposite of independence
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1408-543: The creation of the Human Rights Violations Investigation Commission. When first called into action, The Human Rights Violations Investigation Commission's main focus was human rights violations and cases of abuse under Nigeria's military regime between 1984 and 1999. The commission was also mandated to work towards reconciliation of the various communities and groups of people present in Nigeria that were in conflict with one another when under
1452-419: The establishment of a $ 5 million battery recycling plant by a British company. Mining and agriculture are among the most important economic sectors in Ogun. Limestone , chalk , phosphate and gravel are mined and grain , rice , maize , cassava , yams , bananas , cocoa , kola nuts , rubber , palm oil and palm kernels are harvested. The state is the largest producer of kolanut in Nigeria. Ogún
1496-528: The former "Western" state. Ogun state has three federal secondary schools; Federal Government Girls' College, Sagamu and Federal Government College, Odogbolu and Federal Science and Technical College, Ijebu-Imushin. Ogun state has one Federal University; the Federal University of Agriculture , Abeokuta (FUNAAB ) and one Federal college of education, FCE Osiele (both at Odeda Local government area), one state government college of education, named after
1540-432: The head of the military juntas beginning in 1985, was forced out of power in 1993 due to the riots throughout the country following his decision to cancel the election . Under Defense Minister Sani Abacha , who took his place as president, violence continued. Abacha was accused of extensive human rights violations. After his death in 1998, an election saw Olusegun Obasanjo take power. Obasanjo embarked on reforms including
1584-666: The late Nigerian educationist of international repute Augustus Taiwo Solarin in 1994 as Tai Solarin College of Education (TASCE ), (formerly known as Ogun State College of Education, Ijagun, Ijebu-Ode, one Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro). One is named after late Nigerian business mogul and winner of 12 June 1993 election, Basorun Moshood Kasimawo Olawale Abiola as Moshood Abiola Polytechnic (MAPOLY ), formerly known as Ogun State Polytechnic, Ojere, Abeokuta, Another Gateway Polytechnic Saapade, Remo (GAPOSA), Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic Ijebu-Igbo (Aapoly) (formerly known as 'The Polytechnic Ijebu-Igbo) it
1628-538: The metropolis of Lagos and the new deep-sea harbour and the new Dangote refinery in Lekki (as of 2024). The planned airport Lagos-Epe will be located next to the border to the state of Ogun. Ogun benefits from the Lagos- Abeokuta - Ibadan standard rail link since 2021. The planned Apapa-Kajola Express will connect the centre of the state with the Lagos port. Abeokuta also is connected with Lagos by 77 km of
1672-417: The military regime. Its investigation was to be carried out and completed over the course of three months. Over a period of time however, the commission shifted its main focus to "gross human rights violations" and demanded more time to carry out its investigation and to extend the period under investigation to include the events which occurred from 1966 to 1990. After this commission was created, it began with
1716-466: The president in 2002, but he did not bring the report to public attention. This decision reportedly was because of a case brought to the Supreme Court in 2003 by two former military leaders against the commission over its power to make them testify. Nigeria's Supreme Court ruled that the power to hold public hearings lies with the state governments of Nigeria and not the federal government, according to
1760-415: The process of taking into account the experiences of victims of the military regime. There was an outpouring of stories from Nigerians who explained the types or violations and abuses that they faced. The commission received up to 10,000 victim recollections with most reporting unfair treatment within the economic domain -- more specifically, unfair treatment in the work place. Public hearings spanned more than
1804-584: The state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas. Ogun State consists of twenty local government areas . They are: The main ethnic groups in Ogun State are
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1848-694: The whole of Nigeria. In 1899, it received a railway connection to Lagos, the "Boat Express" ran through Ogun to Apapa and thus connected the region with the wider world. In 1899, it was several years earlier in this than other regions in West and Central Africa that were not connected to the coast. In the 1930s, Ogun was a centre of the Nigerian women's movement under the leadership of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti ( Fela Kuti's mother). Democracy in colonial Nigeria after 1922 only existed in Lagos and Calabar; Nigerians could not participate politically elsewhere (see here ). During
1892-847: Was name after Chief Abraham Aderibigbe Adesanya who was a Nigerian politician, lawyer and activist. Two state government universities: Olabisi Onabanjo University , Ago Iwoye (formerly known as Ogun State University), and the Tai Solarin University of Education (TASUED ) Ijebu Ode . Ogun State has a total of nine registered universities , the highest of any state in Nigeria. It has five private universities . Amongst which are Chrisland University , Hallmark University in Ijebu-itele, Abeokuta Bells University of Technology in Ota , Covenant University and Babcock University in Ilisan-Remo, which
1936-555: Was the first private university in the country. The state has two major government hospitals: the Federal Medical Center at Abeokuta, and the Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital in Sagamu . The National Youth Service Corps ( NYSC ) Permanent Orientation Camp is located at Sagamu Local Government area of the state. Ogun state government has begun the itele road. The state has
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