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98-594: In the early 19th century, many immigrants from Fujian Province of China came to settle in Southeast Asia, including Singapore. These immigrants established several clan associations to address the social needs of this immigrant community. The Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan was the first such organization to be established in 1840 on the grounds of the Thian Hock Keng Temple . However, the SHHK also served other members of

196-539: A Protestant mission was set up in Quanzhou. As late as the middle of the century, large Chinese junks could still access the town easily, trading in tea , sugar , tobacco , porcelain , and nankeens , but sand bars created by the rivers around the town had generally incapacitated its harbor by the First World War . It remained a large and prosperous city, but conducted its maritime trade through Anhai . After

294-668: A tributary independent kingdom. Thus Wuzhu was allowed to construct his fortified city in Fuzhou as well as a few locations in the Wuyi Mountains , which have been excavated in recent years. His kingdom extended beyond the borders of contemporary Fujian into eastern Guangdong, eastern Jiangxi , and southern Zhejiang . After Wuzhu's death, Minyue maintained its militant tradition and launched several expeditions against its neighboring kingdoms in Guangdong , Jiangxi , and Zhejiang , primarily in

392-579: A Hokkien-Dutch Dictionary from Dutch Batavia (modern-day Jakarta ) of the Dutch East Indies , the name of the Quanzhou dialect of Hokkien is transcribed as the "Tsin-tsiu dialekt" . It is uncertain which term they transcribed "Tsin-tsiu" from, specifically the first syllable, unless it was simply their attempt at giving a Hokkien term to explain the origins of "Chincheo" . On that regard though, as part of Quanzhou prefecture and directly adjacent from

490-611: A boom in Fujian's culture and economy. Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang dynasty saw several political upheavals in the Chinese heartland, prompting even larger waves of northerners to immigrate to the northern part of Fujian. As the Tang dynasty ended, China was torn apart in the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms . During this time,

588-542: A collaboration with Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) was announced by Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan, and was followed by a signing of Memorandum of Understanding. Students from the six institutions affiliated to Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan will benefit from corporate partnership through school-based programmes co-developed with SUTD. These programmes aim to inspire students to empower and embrace students with literacy in technology, design and innovation. In support of promoting Chinese literary writing and raise

686-409: A convenient weekend or day trip. By 2015 direct high-speed service has become available to a number of cities in the country's interior, from Beijing to Chongqing and Guiyang. Long-distance bus services also run daily/nightly to Shenzhen and other major cities. Quanzhou bus station operated from 1990 to 2020. Colleges and universities with Undergraduate education : Vocational school : Quanzhou

784-543: A large influx of refugees and another 20 years of sea trade ban under the Kangxi Emperor , a measure intended to counter the refuge Ming government of Koxinga in the island of Taiwan . The sea ban implemented by the Qing forced many people to evacuate the coast to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This has led to the myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water". Incoming refugees did not translate into

882-597: A major labor force, owing to their re-migration into prosperous regions of Guangdong . In 1683, the Qing dynasty conquered Taiwan in the Battle of Penghu and annexed it into Fujian province, as Taiwan Prefecture . Many more Han Chinese then settled in Taiwan. Today, most Taiwanese are descendants of Hokkien people from Southern Fujian. Fujian and Taiwan were originally treated as one province ( Fujian-Taiwan-Province ), but starting in 1885, they split into two separate provinces. In

980-622: A massacre of the city's foreign communities in 1357. Economic dislocations—including piracy and an imperial overreaction to it during the Ming and Qing —reduced its prosperity, with Japanese trade shifting to Ningbo and Zhapu and other foreign trade restricted to Guangzhou . Quanzhou became an opium-smuggling center in the 19th century but the siltation of its harbor hindered trade by larger ships. Because of its importance for medieval maritime commerce, unique mix of religious buildings, and extensive archeological remains, " Quanzhou: Emporium of

1078-559: A population of 8,782,285 as of the 2020 census . Its built-up area is home to 6,669,711 inhabitants, encompassing the Licheng , Fengze , and Luojiang urban districts ; Jinjiang , Nan'an , and Shishi cities ; Hui'an County ; and the Quanzhou District for Taiwanese Investment. Quanzhou was China's 12th-largest extended metropolitan area in 2010. Quanzhou was China's major port for foreign traders, who knew it as Zaiton , during

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1176-439: A second major wave of immigration arrived in the safe haven of Fujian, led by Wang Brothers ( Wang Chao , Wang Shengui  [ zh ] and Wang Shenzhi ), who set up an independent Kingdom of Min with its capital in Fuzhou. After the death of the founding king, however, the kingdom suffered from internal strife, and was soon absorbed by Southern Tang , another southern kingdom. Parts of northern Fujian were conquered by

1274-568: Is Mount Huanggang in the Wuyi Mountains, with an altitude of 2,157 metres (1.340 mi). Quanzhou Quanzhou is a prefecture-level port city on the north bank of the Jin River, beside the Taiwan Strait in southern Fujian , People's Republic of China . It is Fujian's largest most populous metropolitan region, with an area of 11,245 square kilometers (4,342 sq mi) and

1372-571: Is Guan Yue Memorial Hall ( 通淮關岳廟 ) that is dedicated to Lord Yue and famous Lord Guan , who is honored for his righteousness and the spirit of brotherhood. Jinjiang also preserves the Cao'an monastery ( 草庵寺 ), originally constructed by Manicheans under the Yuan but now used by New Age spiritualists , and a Confucian Memorial Hall ( 文庙 , Wenmiao ). Locals speak the Quanzhou dialect of Hokkien ( Min Nan ) partly

1470-642: Is a major exporter of agricultural products such as tea , banana , lychee , and rice . It is also a major producer of quarry granite and ceramics . Other industries include textiles , footwear , fashion and apparel , packaging, machinery, paper and petrochemicals . Its GDP ranked first in Fujian Province for 20 years from 1991 to 2010. In 2008 Quanzhou's textile and apparel production accounted for 10 percent of China's overall apparel production, stone exports account for 50 percent of Chinese stone exports, resin handicraft exports account for 70 percent of

1568-579: Is above the national average, at CN¥126,829 ( US$ 18,856 in nominal), the second highest GDP per capita of all Chinese provinces after Jiangsu . It has benefited from its geographical proximity with Taiwan. As a result of the Chinese Civil War , a small portion of Historical Fujian is now within the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan). The Fujian province of the ROC consists of three offshore archipelagos, namely

1666-453: Is derived from the avenues of tung oil -bearing tung trees ordered to be planted around the city by the city's 10th-century ruler Liu Congxiao . Variant transcriptions from the Arabic name include Caiton , Çaiton , Çayton , Zaytún , Zaitûn , Zaitún , and Zaitūn . The etymology of satin derives from "Zaitun". Quanzhou proper lies on a split of land between the estuaries of

1764-718: Is listed as one of the 24 famous historic cultural cities first approved by the Chinese government . Notable cultural practices include: The city hosted the Sixth National Peasants' Games in 2008. Signature local dishes include rice dumplings and oyster omelettes . Notable Historical and cultural sites (the 18 views of Quanzhou as recommended by the Fujian tourism board) include the Ashab Mosque and Kaiyuan Temple mentioned above, as well as: Notable Modern cultural sites include: Relics from Quanzhou's past are preserved at

1862-904: Is now still an important Chinese port for exporting. There is a passenger ferry terminal in Shijing, Nan'an, Fujian , with regular service to the Shuitou Port in the ROC -controlled Kinmen Island. Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport is Quanzhou's sole airport, served by passenger flights within mainland China and other regional/international destinations throughout southeast Asia, including Hong Kong, Macau, Manila, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok etc. Major airlines operated in JJN are Xiamen Air, Shenzhen Airlines and West Air. The Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo railway connects several cargo stations within Quanzhou Prefecture with

1960-528: Is served by the high-speed Fuzhou–Xiamen railway , part of the Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway , which runs along China's southeastern sea coast. High-speed trains on this line stop at Quanzhou railway station (in Beifeng Subdistrict of Fengze District , some 10 miles north of Quanzhou city center) and Jinjiang railway station . Trains to Xiamen take under 45 minutes, making it

2058-486: Is the biggest automotive market in Fujian. It has the highest rate of private automobile possession. Quanzhou is connected by major roads from Fuzhou to the north and Xiamen to the south. Quanzhou is an important transport hub within southeastern Fujian province. Many export industries in the Fujian interior cities will transport goods to Quanzhou ports. Quanzhou Port was one of the most prosperous port in Tang dynasty and

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2156-691: Is the old name of the Jiulong River (Hokkien: 九龍江 ; Kiú-liông-kang ) that surrounds the historic city of Zhangzhou . Its Arabic name Zaiton or "Zayton" ( Arabic : زيتون , lit.   'olive (fruit or tree)'), once popular in English, means "[City] of Olives " and is a calque of Quanzhou's former Chinese epithet , Hokkien Chinese : 刺桐城 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chhì-tông Siâⁿ or Mandarin Chinese : 刺桐城 ; pinyin : Cìtóng Chéng ; lit. 'thorny tung tree city', which

2254-545: The Bay of Amoy , which the term later stuck and continued due to the language barrier among Hokkien speakers and those who do not speak the language. Another by Duncan (1902) claims that it comes from a supposed previous "Tsuien-chow" Mandarin romanization (Mandarin Chinese : 泉州 ; pinyin : Quánzhōu ; IPA : /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/). In the Chineesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek van het Emoi dialekt (1882),

2352-606: The Chen State before he was subdued by the Sui general Yang Su in the AD   590s. Quanzhou proper was established under the Tang in 718 on a spit of land between two branches of the Jin River . Muslim traders reached the city early on in its existence, along with their existing trade at Guangzhou and Yangzhou . In the early period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , Quanzhou

2450-473: The Chinese Civil War , Kinmen became disconnected from Quanzhou with the Nationalists successfully defended Kinmen in battle from a Communist takeover attempt . The prefecture-level city of Quanzhou administers four districts , three county-level cities , four counties , and two special economic districts. The People's Republic of China claims Kinmen Islands (Quemoy) (administered and also claimed by

2548-506: The Chinese Civil War , the People's Republic of China unified the country and took over most of Fujian, excluding the Quemoy and Matsu Islands . In its early days, Fujian's development was relatively slow in comparison to other coastal provinces due to potential conflicts with Kuomintang-controlled Taiwan. Today, the province has the highest forest coverage rate while enjoying a high growth rate in

2646-548: The First Opium War , Governor Henry Pottinger proposed using Quanzhou as an official opium depot to keep the trade out of Hong Kong and the other treaty ports but the rents sought by the imperial commissioner Qiying were too high. When Chinese pirates overran the receiving ships in Shenhu Bay to capture their stockpiles of silver bullion in 1847, however, the traders moved to Quanzhou Bay regardless. Around 1862,

2744-598: The Hokkien language. The dialects of Hokkien itself that they speak are similar but have different tones and sometimes different pronunciation and vocabulary. Quanzhou has been a source for Chinese emigration to Southeast Asia and Taiwan . Some of these communities date to Quanzhou's heyday a millennium ago under the Song and Yuan dynasties. About 6 million overseas Chinese trace their ancestry to Quanzhou and Tong'an county. Most of them live in Southeast Asia, including Singapore ,

2842-522: The Ispah Rebellion , advancing northward and even capturing Putian and Fuzhou before the rebellion was crushed by the Yuan. Afterward, Quanzhou city lost foreign interest in trading and its formerly welcoming international image as the foreigners were all massacred or deported. Yuan dynasty General Chen Youding , who had put down the Ispah Rebellion, continued to rule over the Fujian area even after

2940-429: The Jin River and Luoyang River as they flow into Quanzhou Bay  [ zh ] on the Taiwan Strait . Its surrounding prefecture extends west halfway across the province and is hilly and mountainous. Along with Xiamen and Zhangzhou to its south and Putian to its north, it makes up Fujian Province 's Southern Coast region. In its mountainous interior, it borders Longyan to the southwest and Sanming to

3038-793: The Kinmen Islands , the Matsu Islands , and the Wuqiu Islands . Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 45 cities in the world (Xiamen 38th and Fuzhou 45th) by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index . The name Fujian ( 福建 ) originated from the combination of the city names of Fuzhou ( 福州 ) and nearby Jianzhou ( 建州 , or present-day Nanping ( 南平 )). Recent archaeological discoveries in 2011 demonstrate that Fujian had entered

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3136-641: The Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells , bones , jades , and ceramics (including wheel-made ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels , which is definitive evidence of weaving . The Tanshishan ( 曇石山 ) site (5500–4000 BP) in suburban Fuzhou spans

3234-458: The Philippines , Malaysia , Indonesia , Myanmar , and Thailand . Historically Quanzhou exported black tea , camphor , sugar, indigo , tobacco, ceramics , cloth made of grass , and minerals. As of 1832 Quanzhou imported, primarily from Guangzhou , wool cloth, wine, and watches. The East India Company was exporting an estimated £150,000 a year in black tea from Quanzhou. Today Quanzhou

3332-408: The Republic of China ) as Kinmen County under the administration of Quanzhou. As of the 2010 census, Quanzhou has a population of 8,128,530. Its built-up area is home to 6,107,475 inhabitants, encompassing the Licheng , Fengze , and Luojiang urban districts ; Jinjiang , Nan'an , and Shishi cities ; Hui'an County ; and the Quanzhou District for Taiwanese Investment. Medieval Quanzhou

3430-561: The State of Yue , a Spring and Autumn period kingdom in Zhejiang to the north. This is because the royal family of Yuè fled to Fujian after its kingdom was annexed by the State of Chu in 306 BC. Mǐn is also the name of the main river in this area, but the ethnonym is probably older. The Qin deposed the King of Minyue, establishing instead a paramilitary province there called Minzhong Commandery. Minyue

3528-452: The Sui and Tang eras a large influx of migrants settled in Fujian. During the Sui dynasty, Fujian was again part of Yang Province . During the Tang, Fujian was part of the larger Jiangnan East Circuit , whose capital was at Suzhou . Modern-day Fujian was composed of around 5 prefectures and 25 counties. The Tang dynasty (618–907) oversaw the next golden age of China, which contributed to

3626-649: The Wuyue Kingdom to the north as well, including the Min capital Fuzhou. Quanzhou city was blooming into a seaport under the reign of the Min Kingdom . Qingyuan Jiedushi was a military/governance office created in 949 by Southern Tang 's second emperor Li Jing for the warlord Liu Congxiao , who nominally submitted to him but controlled Quan ( 泉州 , in modern Quanzhou , Fujian) and Zhang ( 漳州 , in modern Zhangzhou , Fujian) Prefectures in de facto independence from

3724-470: The imperial Chinese Quan (" Spring ") Prefecture . Ch'üan-chou was the Wade-Giles romanization of the same name; other forms include Chwanchow-foo , Chwan-chau fu , Chwanchew , Ts'üan-chou , Tswanchow-foo , Tswanchau , T'swan-chau fu , Ts'wan-chiu , Ts'wan-chow-fu , Thsiouan-tchéou-fou , and Thsíouan-chéou-fou . The romanizations Chuan-chiu , Choan-Chiu , and Shanju reflect

3822-456: The local Hokkien pronunciation. The Postal Map name of the city was "Chinchew", an English variant of Chincheo , which is also the historical Spanish , Portuguese (and later also Dutch and French ) name for the city. The exact etymon of the term is uncertain with multiple explanations on the matter. Historically, "Chincheo" or also "Chengchio" or "Chenchiu" was likely a name that originally referred to neighboring Zhangzhou , due to

3920-535: The sea trade ban , and the area was superseded by nearby ports of Guangzhou , Hangzhou , Ningbo and Shanghai despite the lifting of the ban in 1550. Large-scale piracy by Wokou was eventually wiped out by the Chinese military. An account of the Ming dynasty Fujian was written by No In (Lu Ren 鲁认 ). The Pisheya appear in Quanzhou Ming era records. The late Ming and early Qing dynasty symbolized an era of

4018-520: The 11th through 14th centuries. It was visited by both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta ; both travelers praised it as one of the most prosperous and glorious cities in the world. It was the naval base from which the Mongol attacks on Japan and Java were primarily launched and a cosmopolitan center with Buddhist and Hindu temples , Islamic mosques , and Christian churches , including a Catholic cathedral and Franciscan friaries. A failed revolt prompted

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4116-630: The 12th century Anping Bridge is also well known. Quanzhou initially continued to thrive under the Southern Song . A 1206 report listed merchants from Arabia , Iran , the Indian subcontinent , Sumatra , Cambodia , Brunei , Java , Champa , Burma , Anatolia , Korea , Japan and the city-states of the Philippines . One of its customs inspectors, Zhao Rugua , completed his compendious Description of Barbarian Nations c.  1225 , recording

4214-717: The 1890s, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan via the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the First Sino-Japanese War . In 1905–1907 Japan made overtures to enlarge its sphere of influence to include Fujian. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the Open Door Policy . Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respects the Open Door principles and does not violate China's territorial integrity. The Xinhai revolution overthrew

4312-491: The 2nd century BC. This was stopped by the Han dynasty as it expanded southward . The Han emperor eventually decided to get rid of the potential threat by launching a military campaign against Minyue. Large forces approached Minyue simultaneously from four directions via land and sea in 111 BC. The rulers in Fuzhou surrendered to avoid a futile fight and destruction and the first kingdom in Fujian history came to an abrupt end. Fujian

4410-491: The Chinese community who came from other parts of China. In 1929, the philanthropist Tan Kah Kee became the president of Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan. In 1986, SHHK became one of the seven founding members of the Singapore Federation of Chinese Clan Associations . SHHK represented the interests of Hokkien -speaking Chinese Singaporean, while Sam Kiang Huay Kuan catered to those from Zhejiang , Jiangsu , and Jiangxi ;

4508-463: The Hulushan culture ( 葫芦山文化 ) from 2050 to 1550 BC. Fujian was also where the kingdom of Minyue was located. The word "Mǐnyuè" was derived by combining "Mǐn" ( simplified Chinese : 闽 ; traditional Chinese : 閩 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : bân ), which is perhaps an ethnic name (simplified Chinese: 蛮 ; traditional Chinese: 蠻 ; pinyin: mán ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bân ), and " Yuè ", after

4606-447: The Ispah garrison for five more years until his defeat by the Yuan authorities. Nawuna was killed in turn by Chen Youding . Chen began a campaign of persecution against the city's Sunni community—including massacres and grave desecration—that eventually became a three-days anti-foreign massacre. Emigrants fleeing the persecution rose to prominent positions throughout Southeast Asia, spurring

4704-833: The Min Dong linguistic and cultural region of Northeastern Fujian. Hakka Chinese is also spoken, by the Hakka people in Fujian. Min dialects, Hakka and Standard Chinese are mutually unintelligible. Due to emigration, a sizable amount of the ethnic Chinese populations of Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines speak Southern Min (or Hokkien). With a population of 41.5 million, Fujian ranks 15th in population among Chinese provinces. In 2022, Fujian's GDP reached CN¥5.31 trillion (US$ 790 billion by nominal GDP), ranking 4th in East China region and 8th nationwide in GDP. Fujian's GDP per capita

4802-693: The Mongols. In the mid-1320s Friar Odoric noted the town's two Franciscan friaries, but admitted the Buddhist monasteries were much larger, with over 3000 monks in one. Between 1357 and 1367 the Yisibaxi Muslim Persian garrison started the Ispah rebellion against the Yuan dynasty in Quanzhou and southern Fujian due to increasingly anti-Muslim laws. Persian militia leaders Sayf ad-Din  [ zh ] (賽甫丁) and Amir ad-Din  [ zh ] (阿迷里丁) led

4900-405: The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Age where semi-underground circular buildings were found in the lower level. The Huangtulun ( 黃土崙 ) site ( c.  1325 BC ), also in suburban Fuzhou, was of the Bronze Age in character. Tianlong Jiao (2013) notes that the Neolithic appeared on the coast of Fujian around 6,000 B.P. During the Neolithic, the coast of Fujian had a low population density, with

4998-423: The Qing dynasty and brought the province into the rule of the Republic of China . The anarchist Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian was established by Chen Jiongming from 1918 to 1920. Fujian briefly established the independent Fujian People's Government in 1933. It was re-controlled by the Republic of China in 1934. Fujian came under a Japanese sea blockade during World War II . After

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5096-446: The SHHK-run pre-school and a cultural centre. Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan is actively involved in the education scene in Singapore since its founding. It established its first school, Tao Nan School in 1906. Subsequently, it established Ai Tong School in 1912, Chong Hock Girls' School (current Chongfu School) in 1915, Nan Chiau Girls' High School in 1947 and Kong Hwa School in 1953. Today, all 6 schools continue to be affiliated to

5194-488: The Singapore Hock Chew Association promoted the Fuzhou dialect ; the Singapore Kiung Chow Hwee Kuan to Hainanese ; Singapore Kwangtung Hui Kuan to Cantonese ; Singapore Nanyang Khek Community Guild promoted Hakka culture ; and Singapore Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan for Teochew . In 2014, the clan moved its headquarters from Telok Ayer Street, where it had been based at for 174 years, to the former premises of Changkat Changi Secondary School . Its new headquarters also houses

5292-399: The Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan, and emphasize the teaching of Chinese culture and values. The schools are all highly regarded by Singaporeans. The SHHK also donated land for the construction of the Nanyang University (now Nanyang Technological University ) campus in 1955. In 2010, the clan also set up a pre-school with an emphasis on Chinese and bilingual education . On 16 February 2019,

5390-431: The Southern Song in an attempt to restrict the outflow of copper and bronze currency from areas forced to use hyperinflating paper money . The increasing importance of Japan to China's foreign trade also benefited Ningbonese merchants at Quanzhou's expense, given their extensive contacts with Japan's major ports on Hakata Bay on Kyushu . In 1277 under the Mongolian Yuan dynasty a superintendent of foreign trade

5488-430: The Southern Tang state. (Zhang Prefecture was, at times during the circuit's existence, also known as Nan Prefecture ( 南州 ).) Starting in 960, in addition to being nominally submissive to Southern Tang, Qingyuan Circuit was also nominally submissive to Song , which had itself become Southern Tang's nominal overlord. After Liu's death, the circuit was briefly ruled by his biological nephew/adoptive son Liu Shaozi , who

5586-407: The Western Jin dynasty. Like other southern provinces such as Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , and Yunnan , Fujian often served as a destination for exiled prisoners and dissidents at that time. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties era, the Southern Dynasties ( Liu Song , Southern Qi , Liang ( Western Liang ), and Chen ) reigned south of the Yangtze River , including Fujian. During

5684-401: The World in Song-Yuan China  [ zh ] " was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2021. Quanzhou (also known as Zayton or Zaiton in British and American historical sources) is the atonal pinyin romanization of the city's Chinese name 泉州 , using its pronunciation in the Mandarin dialect . The name derives from the city's former status as the seat of

5782-428: The country's total, ceramic exports account for 67 percent of the country's total, candy production accounts for 20 percent, and the production of sport and tourism shoes accounts for 80% of Chinese, and 20 percent of world production. Quanzhou is known today as China's shoe city . Quanzhou's 3,000 shoe factories produce 500 million pairs a year, making nearly one in every four pairs of sneakers made in China. Quanzhou

5880-509: The development of Islam on Java and elsewhere. The Yuan were expelled in 1368, and they turned against Pu Shougeng's family and the Muslims and slaughtered Pu Shougeng's descendants in the Ispah rebellion. Mosques and other buildings with foreign architecture were almost all destroyed and the Yuan imperial soldiers killed most of the descendants of Pu Shougeng and mutilated their corpses. The Ming discouraged foreign commerce other than formal tributary missions . By 1473 trade had declined to

5978-416: The east. Its capital is Fuzhou and its largest prefecture city by population is Quanzhou , with other notable cities including the port city of Xiamen and Zhangzhou . Fujian is located on the west coast of the Taiwan Strait as the closest province geographically and culturally to Taiwan . Certain islands such as Kinmen are only approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Xiamen in Fujian. While

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6076-443: The economy. The GDP per capita in Fujian is ranked 4-6th place among provinces of China in recent years. Development has been accompanied by a large influx of population from the overpopulated areas to Fujian's north and west, and much of the farmland and forest, as well as cultural heritage sites such as the temples of king Wuzhu, have given way to ubiquitous high-rise buildings. Fujian faces challenges to sustain development while at

6174-481: The end of the 11th century the descendants of a fisherman named Trần Kinh, whose hometown was in Tức Mạc village in Đại Việt (Modern day Vietnam), would marry the royal Lý clan, which was then founded the Vietnam Tran dynasty in 1225. In Vietnam, the Trần served as officials. The surnames are found in the Trần and Lý dynasty Imperial exam records. Chinese ethnic groups are recorded in Trần and Lý dynasty records of officials. Clothing, food, and languages were fused with

6272-438: The first four remain the most popular surnames in Fujian. Nevertheless, isolation from nearby areas owing to rugged terrain contributed to Fujian's relatively undeveloped economy and level of development, despite major population boosts from northern China during the "barbarian" rebellions. The population density in Fujian remained low compared to the rest of China. Only two commanderies and sixteen counties were established by

6370-405: The historic city of Quanzhou over the Jin River lies Jinjiang , called in Hokkien Chinese : 晉江 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chìn-kang ; Tâi-lô : Tsìn-kang , which is now also a county-level city . The now county-level city of Jinjiang (Hokkien: 晉江 ; Chìn-kang ) has the exact same name in Hokkien as the Jin River (Hokkien: 晉江 ; Chìn-kang ; IPA : /t͡sin⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/), directly in between

6468-439: The historic city of Quanzhou to its west and to the north of Jinjiang , which both the river and the county-level city got their name from the Jin dynasty (晉朝) from when the earliest Min -speaking Chinese settlers coming from the Min River area settled the banks of the Jin River around 284 AD. Zhou ( 州 ) or at least Hokkien Chinese : 州 / 洲 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : chiu originally referred to alluvial islands in

6566-409: The interior of Fujian and the rest of the country. Until 2014 this line also had passenger service, with fairly slow passenger trains from Beijing. Passenger trains from China terminated at the Quanzhou East Railway Station, a few kilometers northeast of the center of the city. Passenger service on this line was terminated, and Quanzhou East railway station closed 9 December 2014. Since 2010 Quanzhou

6664-448: The local Vietnamese in Vân Đồn district where the Chinese ethnic groups had moved after leaving their home province of what is now Fujian, Guangxi, and Guangdong. In 1172, Fujian was attacked by Pi-she-ye pirates from Taiwan or the Visayas , Philippines . After the establishment of the Yuan dynasty , Fujian became part of Jiangzhe province , whose capital was at Hangzhou . From 1357 to 1366 Muslims in Quanzhou participated in

6762-473: The major Fujianese port in the 16th and 17th centuries, specifically the old port of Yuegang in Haicheng, Zhangzhou , trading with Spanish Manila and Portuguese Macao . It is uncertain when exactly and why Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and later also British and French sailors first applied the name to Quanzhou, but perhaps there were initially some confusion due to miscommunication on first language contact by European sailors with Hokkien speakers around

6860-484: The major items of trade being pepper and other spices , gemstones, pearls , and porcelain . Marco Polo recorded that the Yuan emperors derived "a vast revenue" from their 10 percent duty on the port's commerce; he called Quanzhou's port "one of the two greatest havens in the world for commerce" and "the Alexandria of the East ". Ibn Battuta simply called it the greatest port in the world. Polo noted its tattoo artists were famed throughout Southeast Asia. It

6958-465: The middle of rivers or at the mouth of rivers, which can somewhat geographically describe the historic city of Quanzhou's geographic position in between the Jin River and the Luoyang River . Similarly, Zhangzhou ( 漳州 ; Chiang-chiu ) is also named with Hokkien Chinese : 州 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : chiu with Hokkien Chinese : 漳 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chiang referring to Hokkien Chinese : 漳江 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chiang-kang , which

7056-482: The name generally being used by European sailors to denote the Bay of Amoy and its hinterland, or even the whole Fujian province. The confusion is also discussed by Charles R. Boxer (1953) and the 1902 Encyclopedia in that it is apparently the transcription of the local Quanzhou Hokkien pronunciation of the name of Zhangzhou , Quanzhou Hokkien Chinese : 漳州 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Cheng-chiu ; lit. ' Zhangzhou ' ( IPA : /t͡ɕiɪŋ³³ t͡ɕiu³³/),

7154-477: The noble class arrived in the province in the early 4th century when the Western Jin dynasty collapsed and the north was torn apart by civil wars and rebellions by tribal peoples from the north and west. These immigrants were primarily from eight families in central China : Chen ( 陈 ), Lin ( 林 ), Huang ( 黄 ), Zheng ( 郑 ), Zhan ( 詹 ), Qiu ( 邱 ), He ( 何 ), and Hu ( 胡 ). To this day,

7252-407: The northwest. The city features a humid subtropical climate . Quanzhou has four distinct seasons. Its moderate temperature ranges from 0 to 38 degrees Celsius. In summer, there are typhoons that bring rain and some damage to the city. Major earthquakes have been experienced in 1394 and on 29 December 1604. Wang Guoqing  [ zh ] ( 王國慶 ) used the area as a base of operations for

7350-526: The operations of four temples in Singapore: SHHK has two wholly owned real-estate development subsidiaries, Yunnan Realty Pte. Ltd. and Balestier Realty Pte. Ltd., which develop properties for sale and rental. Fujian Province Fujian is a province located in South China . Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to

7448-473: The outbreak of the Red Turban Rebellion . Forces loyal to the eventual Ming dynasty founder Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor) defeated Chen in 1367. After the establishment of the Ming dynasty , Fujian became a province, with its capital at Fuzhou. In the early Ming era, Fuzhou Changle was the staging area and supply depot of Zheng He 's naval expeditions . Further development was severely hampered by

7546-509: The people, places, and items involved in China's foreign trade in his age. Other imperial records from the time use it as the zero mile for distances between China and foreign countries. Tamil merchants carved idols of Vishnu and Shiva and constructed Hindu temples in Quanzhou . Over the course of the 13th century, however, Quanzhou's prosperity declined due to instability among its trading partners and increasing restrictions introduced by

7644-495: The point that Quanzhou was no longer the headquarters of the imperial customs service for Fujian. The Wokou , who came from many different ethnicities, including Japanese, Korean, and Chinese, forced Quanzhou's Superintendency of Trade to close completely in 1522. During the Qing dynasty the Sea Ban did not help the city's traders or fishermen. They were forced to abandon their access to

7742-499: The population depending on mostly on fishing and hunting, along with limited agriculture. There were four major Neolithic cultures in coastal Fujian, with the earliest Neolithic cultures originating from the north in coastal Zhejiang . There were two major Neolithic cultures in inland Fujian, which were highly distinct from the coastal Fujian Neolithic cultures. These are the Niubishan culture ( 牛鼻山文化 ) from 5000 to 4000 years ago, and

7840-583: The population predominantly identifies as Han , it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China. The dialects of the language group Min Chinese are most commonly spoken within the province, including the Fuzhou dialect and Eastern Min of Northeastern Fujian province and various Southern Min and Hokkien dialects of southeastern Fujian. The capital city of Fuzhou and Fu'an of Ningde prefecture along with Cangnan county-level city of Wenzhou prefecture in Zhejiang province make up

7938-557: The revolt. Arabic official Yawuna  [ zh ] (那兀纳) assassinated Amir ad-Din in 1362 and took control of the Muslim rebel forces. The Muslim rebels tried to strike north and took over some parts of Xinghua but were defeated at Fuzhou . Yuan provincial loyalist forces from Fuzhou defeated the Muslim rebels in 1367. Sayf ad-Din and Amir ad-Din fought for Fuzhou and Xinghua for five years. They both were murdered by another Muslim called Nawuna in 1362 so he then took control of Quanzhou and

8036-557: The same as the Amoy dialect spoken in Xiamen, and similar to Malaysian Hokkien , Singaporean Hokkien , Philippine Hokkien , and Quanzhou-descended Taiwanese dialects. It is unintelligible with Mandarin . Many overseas Chinese whose ancestors came from the Quanzhou area, especially those in Southeast Asia, often speak mainly Hokkien at home. Around the " Southern Min triangle area ," which includes Quanzhou, Xiamen and Zhangzhou , locals all speak

8134-461: The same time preserving Fujian's natural and cultural heritage. The province is mostly mountainous and is traditionally said to be "eight parts mountain, one part water, and one part farmland" ( 八山一水一分田 ). The northwest is higher in altitude, with the Wuyi Mountains forming the border between Fujian and Jiangxi . It is the most forested provincial-level administrative region in China, with a 62.96% forest coverage rate in 2009. Fujian's highest point

8232-496: The sea for years at a time and coastal farmers forced to relocate miles inland to inner counties like Yongchun and Anxi. Violent large scale clan fights with the thousands of non-native families from Guangdong who were deported to Quanzhou city by the Qing immediately occurred. In the 19th century, the city walls still protected a circuit of 7–8 miles (11–13 km) but embraced much vacant ground. The bay began to attract Jardines' and Dents' opium ships from 1832. Following

8330-757: The standard of Chinese Language in Singapore, the SHHK Literacy Awards were established since 2003 as an amalgamation of the SHHK Primary Schools Chinese Essay Writing Competition (since 1984), National Secondary School Chinese Creative Writing Competition – Xin Lei Jiang (since 2003), as well as the Singapore Tertiary Chinese Literary Awards (since 2002), which SHHK is the main sponsor. SHHK manages

8428-622: The starting point of the Maritime Silk Road into the Yuan , eclipsing both the overland trade routes and Guangzhou . A 1095 inscription records two convoys , each of twenty ships, arriving from the Southern Seas each year. Quanzhou's maritime trade developed the area's ceramics , sugar , alcohol , and salt industries. Ninety per cent of Fujian's ceramic production at the time was jade -colored celadon , produced for export. Frankincense

8526-702: The surname Trần (陳) migrated to Vietnam from what is now Fujian or Guangxi. They settled along the coast of Vietnam and the capital's southeastern area. The Vietnamese Trần clan traces their ancestry to Trần Tự Minh (227 BC). He was a Qin General during the Warring state period who belonged to the indigenous Mân, a Baiyue ethnic group of Southern China and Northern Vietnam. Tự Minh also served under King An Dương Vương of Âu Lạc kingdom in resisting Qin 's conquest of Âu Lạc. Their genealogy also included Trần Tự Viễn (582 – 637) of Giao Châu and Trần Tự An (1010 - 1077) of Đại Việt. Near

8624-518: Was a de facto kingdom until one of the emperors of the Qin dynasty , the first unified imperial Chinese state, abolished its status. In the aftermath of the Qin dynasty's fall, civil war broke out between two warlords, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang . The Minyue king Wuzhu sent his troops to fight with Liu and his gamble paid off. Liu was victorious and founded the Han dynasty . In 202 BC, he restored Minyue's status as

8722-748: Was a part of Min state. After Min was destroyed by the Southern Tang , the Qingyuan Circuit rose up in the original southern territory of Min. The Qingyuan Circuit was a de facto independent entity that lasted 29 years (949-978) with 4 rulers. Its territory included present-day southern Fujian and Putian , with Quanzhou as its capital. Its founder, Liu Congxiao , the Prince of Jinjiang and Jiedushi (military governor) of Qingyuan Circuit, vigorously expanded overseas trade and city development. Erythrina trees were planted throughout Quanzhou city, so Quanzhou

8820-632: Was called Erythrina City. In 964, the circuit was renamed the Pinghai Circuit. In 978, Chen Hongjin , the Jiedushi of Pinghai Circuit, was forced to surrender to the Northern Song to avoid war and ravage. Already connected to inland Fujian by roads and canals , Quanzhou grew to international importance in the first century of the Northern Song . It received an office of the maritime trade bureau (shibosi, 市舶司) in 1079 or 1087 and functioned as

8918-400: Was established in the city. The superintendent Pu Shougeng was Muslim and used his contacts to restore the city's trade under its new rulers. He was broadly successful, restoring much of the port's former greatness. His office became hereditary to his descendants. Into the 1280s Quanzhou sometimes served as the provincial capital for Fujian. Its population was around 455,000 in 1283,

9016-462: Was long one of the most cosmopolitan Chinese cities, with Chinese folk religious temples , Buddhist temples , Taoist temples and Hindu temples ; Islamic mosques ; and Christian churches , including Nestorian and a cathedral (financed by a rich Armenian lady) and two Franciscan friaries. Andrew of Perugia served as the Roman Catholic bishop of the city from 1322. Odoric of Pordenone

9114-683: Was part of the much larger Yang Province (Yangzhou), whose provincial capital was designated in Liyang (歷陽; present-day He County, Anhui ). The Han dynasty collapsed at the end of the 2nd century AD, paving the way for the Three Kingdoms era. Sun Quan , the founder of the Kingdom of Wu , spent nearly 20 years subduing the Shan Yue people, the branch of the Yue living in mountains. The first wave of immigration of

9212-570: Was reorganized into the Fujian Circuit in 985, which was the first time the name "Fujian" was used for an administrative region. Many Chinese migrated from Fujian's major ports to Vietnam's Red River Delta . The settlers then created Trần port and Vân Đồn . Fujian and Guangdong Chinese moved to the Vân Đồn coastal port to engage in commerce. During the Lý and Trần dynasties , many Chinese ethnic groups with

9310-482: Was responsible for relocating the relics of the four Franciscans martyred at Thane in India in 1321 to the mission in Quanzhou. English Presbyterian missionaries raised a chapel around 1862. The Qingjing Mosque dates to 1009 but is now preserved as a museum. The Buddhist Kaiyuan Temple has been repeatedly rebuilt but includes two 5-story 13th-century pagodas . Among the most popular folk or Taoist memorial hall

9408-407: Was such a coveted import that promotions for the trade superintendents at Guangzhou and Quanzhou were tied to the amount they were able to bring in during their terms in office. During this period it was one of the world's largest and most cosmopolitan seaports. By 1120, its prefecture claimed a population of around 500,000. Its Luoyang Bridge was formerly the most celebrated bridge in China and

9506-518: Was the point of departure for Marco Polo's 1292 return expedition, escorting the 17-year-old Mongolian princess Kököchin to her fiancé in the Persian Ilkhanate ; a few decades later, it was the point of arrival and departure for Ibn Battuta. Kublai Khan 's invasions of Japan and Java sailed primarily from its port. The Islamic geographer Abulfeda noted, in c.  1321 , that its city walls remained ruined from its conquest by

9604-419: Was then overthrown by the officers Zhang Hansi and Chen Hongjin . Zhang then ruled the circuit briefly, before Chen deposed him and took over. In 978, with Song's determination to unify Chinese lands in full order, Chen decided that he could not stay de facto independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Song's Emperor Taizong , ending Qingyuan Circuit as a de facto independent entity. The area

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