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73-633: Yu Qiwei was born in 1912 to a prominent family in Shaoxing , Zhejiang Province. His uncle Yu Ta-wei  [ zh ] later served as Minister of National Defense of the Republic of China on Taiwan. The chemist Zeng Zhaolun was also his uncle. Yu enrolled in Shandong University in Qingdao , majoring in physics. At the same time, he spent significant amount of time in underground political activism for

146-503: A body operating on consensus that executes powers normally granted to a single officeholder. The 16th Party Congress also saw Li Changchun gain a seat on the PSC without a formally defined portfolio, though he was widely considered to be the "propaganda chief". Huang Ju died in June 2007, becoming the first sitting PSC member to die in office since 1976. His vacancy was not filled ostensibly because it

219-534: A hard-and-fast rule. Overly showy or high-profile 'campaigning' for the PSC, such as the actions of former Chongqing party secretary Bo Xilai , were considered detrimental to PSC selection. The Politburo Standing Committee comprises the highest-ranked officials and is the highest political decision-making body of the Chinese Communist Party and, by extension, the People's Republic of China. The PSC members are

292-674: A journalist, Fan Jin, who, along with her friend Gong Peng , was part of Zhou Enlai ’s circle of female Chinese spies in the United States, which became close friends to Pearl S. Buck and Eleanor Roosevelt . Their son, Yu Qiangsheng , was a top Chinese intelligence officer who defected to the United States in 1985. Another son, Yu Zhengsheng , rose to become one of the seven members of the Politburo Standing Committee in 2012, which effectively rules China. In 2020, Yu Zhengsheng ’s eldest grandson married an investment banker, who

365-530: A member of the Politburo Standing Committee. According to the party's Constitution, the party's Central Committee elects the Politburo Standing Committee. In practice, however, this is only a formality. The method by which membership is determined has evolved over time. In turn, the Politburo chooses the Politburo Standing Committee through secretive negotiations. The Standing Committee functions as

438-481: A number of historical places connected with the writer Lu Xun: Historical sites: Shaoxing was the location of the official world choir games in 2010. It also hosted the world Korfball championship in late October 2011. Due to its long history, Shaoxing has accumulated and handed down a characteristic culture known as "Yue Culture". As an important part of Yue Culture and a traditional folk custom of Shaoxing, Zhufu ( Chinese : 祝福 ; lit. 'worshipping

511-422: A series of straw polls to determine their support for the candidacy of new Politburo and PSC members. These straw polls are not binding and instead reflect the evolving consensus of the group on a new member's candidacy. The Politburo may also conduct a straw poll of all incumbent Central Committee members on the candidacy of new Politburo and PSC members, but this poll is only consultative. The process of selecting

584-462: Is currently serving serving his fourth term. Policy views of ambitious aspirants are routinely concealed in order to gain the broadest level of consensus, with Hu Jintao being a prime example. Various theories have been proposed, mostly by academic outside of mainland China, to discern the 'factions' within a Standing Committee (often between "conservatives" and "reformers"), though in practice due to its opaque operations, faction membership has never been

657-444: Is responsible for convening the meetings of the PSC and decides their agenda. The PSC meets roughly every week, though its meetings are rarely publicized. The membership of the Politburo Standing Committee has ranged from five to nine people, but is currently at seven. All members of the PSC are national-level leaders . As of 2015 , Politburo Standing Committee members receive a monthly salary of approximately US$ 1,833. The following

730-520: Is something from folklore, and cannot be trusted." In 2002, apart from Hu Jintao, the entire PSC retired and was replaced. Strict age-based retirement instituted in the CCP meant de facto term limits and relatively high turnover, with the vast majority of members serving for one or two terms. Since 1989, the only two PSC members to have served more than three terms on the body has been Hu Jintao, who served for four terms between 1992 and 2012, and Xi Jinping, who

803-495: Is technically responsible to the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. In Chinese political usage, a "Standing Committee" (常务委员会, Chángwù Wěiyuánhuì ) simply refers to a body that carries out the day-to-day affairs of its parent organ, in this case, the Politburo. "Politburo Standing Committee" is the most commonly used name to refer to the body in English-language media. It is sometimes abbreviated PSC or PBSC (if "Politburo"

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876-486: Is the youngest granddaughter of former President of China Hu Jintao . Shaoxing Shaoxing is a prefecture-level city on the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay in northeastern Zhejiang province, China. Located on the south bank of the Qiantang River estuary, it borders Ningbo to the east, Taizhou to the southeast, Jinhua to the southwest, and Hangzhou to the west. As of the 2020 census, its population

949-454: Is underway. After tasks are completed, the male members of the family successively kneel down facing the main door and kowtow to the god. At that moment there are many taboos. For example, the wine should not be poured from a cup, and chopsticks should not fall into the ground. Silence is also maintained to avoid taboos. When all is prepared, the officiant pours wine for those present. They hold their wine cups high as quickly as possible to see

1022-539: Is written as "Political Bureau"). It can also be referred to informally as simply the "Standing Committee". In its official English-language press releases, Chinese state media refers to the body by its lengthier, formal name, "The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee". In turn, its members are officially referred to as "Members of Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of

1095-677: The 2024 U-23 Baseball World Cup , which was the first international baseball world cup held in mainland China. Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party The Politburo Standing Committee ( PSC ), officially the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China , is a committee consisting of the top leadership of

1168-481: The 9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party , radical supporters of Mao, Chen Boda , and Kang Sheng , gained seats on the Politburo Standing Committee, and it resumed a somewhat normal functioning. The last years of the Cultural Revolution were dominated by internal chaos. Between 1975 and 1976, PSC members Kang Sheng, Zhou Enlai , Zhu De, and Mao all died. Deng Xiaoping was purged. During this time

1241-580: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Historically it has been composed of five to eleven members, and currently has seven members. Its officially mandated purpose is to conduct policy discussions and make decisions on major issues when the Politburo , a larger decision-making body, is not in session. According to the party's constitution , the General Secretary of the Central Committee must also be

1314-508: The Chinese Communist Party . While in Qingdao, Huang Jing met and married Li Yunhe (who would later change her name to "Jiang Qing" and marry Mao Zedong ), in 1932. Huang introduced the 19-year-old Li to join the Communist Party in 1933. Soon afterwards, Huang was arrested by the government for his Communist activism. To avoid implicating Li, he sent a message asking her to leave him. Li was introduced to Shanghai film director Shi Dongshan , who

1387-569: The Chinese lunar calendar . Shaoxing people first choose an auspicious day according to the Chinese lunar calendar to hold the ceremony. In Shaoxing, the days between December 20 and December 30 of the Chinese lunar calendar are called nights instead of days so as to remind homemakers that the Spring Festival is approaching and they should hurry up to prepare for Zhufu and the Spring Festival. Thereafter,

1460-639: The Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies , rise in the Chinese political system and selection to the Standing Committee depends more on loyalty to powerful patrons than on ability. It was widely believed, for example, that the Standing Committee line-up of the 16th Party Congress included several members who were elevated based on their relationship with outgoing General Secretary Jiang Zemin, including, most notably, Zeng Qinghong , Huang Ju, and Jia Qinglin . Much has been written on

1533-747: The National People's Congress , the Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference , the Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection , the party's top anti-graft body, and the first secretary of the CCP Secretariat have consistently also been members of the Politburo Standing Committee. The portfolios of additional members varied. The Politburo Standing Committee

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1606-512: The Republic of China during the early 20th century, the prefecture was abolished and the name Shaoxing was applied to a new county comprising the former Shanyin and Kuaiji. Currently, Shaoxing is a municipality with a somewhat smaller land area than its Ming-Qing namesake prefecture, having lost Xiaoshan county to Hangzhou on the west and Yuyao county to Ningbo on the east. The prefecture-level city of Shaoxing administers three districts , two county-level cities and one county . There are

1679-527: The Taiping Rebellion Shaoxing was home to a local militia leader named Bao Lisheng who organized an armed resistance to the Taiping army in his home village of Baochun . Bao was a martial arts expert and recruited thousands of people from the surrounding area to his cause by convincing them he had supernatural powers. However, after a months-long siege, Baochun was captured by the Taiping. Under

1752-605: The surrender of Japan in 1945, the Communists took over northern Hebei Province, and Huang was appointed Mayor of Zhangjiakou . After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he became the Mayor of the Tianjin municipality, as well as the city's Communist Party Chief . In 1952, Huang was appointed Minister of the First Ministry of Machine Building , which was in charge of

1825-595: The 1980s, the PSC was restored as the party's supreme decision-making body. The committee was again organized on the basis of democratic centralism , that is, decisions were to be made based on consensus, and, failing that, decisions are taken by majority vote; once a decision is taken the entire body speaks with one voice. However, the PSC competed with retired party elders (organized as the Central Advisory Commission , though they made most of their decisions informally) for influence. Deng Xiaoping himself bridged

1898-451: The 29 Standing Committee members inaugurated to the body since 1997, only six individuals have not held regional party chief positions: Li Peng, Wen Jiabao, Li Lanqing, Luo Gan, Liu Yunshan, Wang Huning, and Ding Xuexiang; of these, only three – Li Peng, Wen Jiabao, and Wang Huning have never served in a regional leadership role. Age is also key. For instance, since 1989, all Standing Committee members have been at least 50 years old at

1971-445: The CPC Central Committee". These official forms are rarely used by English-language newspapers outside of mainland China. In official Chinese-language announcements, the most commonly used name for members of the body is Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú Chángwěi (中共中央政治局常委); this is an abbreviation of the much lengthier official title of Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú Chángwù Wěiyuánhuì Wěiyuán (中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会委员). As even

2044-508: The Cultural Revolution, the Politburo Standing Committee ceased normal operations, as many of its key members, such as Chinese President Liu Shaoqi and Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping , fell out of favour with Chairman Mao. Real power was concentrated in the Cultural Revolution Group , which was nominally reporting to the Politburo Standing Committee but in fact was a separate "centre of authority" that acted mostly on its own accord. At

2117-597: The God of Blessing') still has great influence on Shaoxing people and their lives. Zhufu is also called Zuofu and is the most prominent annual sacrificial ceremony in Shaoxing. The gods worshipped are Nanchao Shengzhong ( 南朝圣众 ) and Huangshan Xinan ( 黄山西南 ). They have been worshipped since the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368 CE). Legend holds that when the government of the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE)

2190-452: The Han people harshly, such that the Han people created and cleverly disguised their gods Nanchao Shengzhong and Huangshan Xinan in order to mourn for the lost nation and its patriotic martyrs whilst praying for their blessing. The ruling class knew only of the ostensible purpose of the annual sacrificial ceremony, believing it was the means to entertain the God of Blessing and pray for a good harvest

2263-636: The Mongolian invasion, including Emperor Huaizong of Song , last emperor of the Southern Song dynasty, Wen Tianxiang , scholar-general of Southern Song dynasty, who was captured but didn't give in to the enemy and later was killed by the Yuan Government, and Lu Xiufu , the Southern Song Prime Minister who committed suicide, together with Emperor Huaizong and 800 other officials and members of

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2336-401: The PSC occurred. At the 14th Party Congress in 1992, seven people – Jiang, Li Peng, Qiao Shi , Li Ruihuan, Zhu Rongji , Liu Huaqing , and Hu Jintao – were named to the Standing Committee, this arrangement remained unchanged until the regularly scheduled 15th Party Congress in 1997, where Qiao Shi and Liu Huaqing retired and were replaced by Wei Jianxing and Li Lanqing , showing

2409-470: The PSC, notably Premier Li Peng . In the aftermath, Zhao and Hu Qili were removed from the PSC at the Fourth Plenum in 1989, largely by fiat of Deng and the elders rather than institutional procedure, to be replaced by Jiang Zemin and Li Ruihuan . The operation of the Standing Committee has remained largely stable since Tiananmen in 1989. The 1989 Plenum was the last occasion where a major reshuffle of

2482-463: The Party's Central Committee. It was composed of the top leadership figures of the larger Political Bureau (i.e., the Politburo ). Unlike most other Communist parties in the world modeled after the party of Lenin, the CCP formed a Standing Committee because the Politburo (normally the highest organ in a communist party) was considered too large and unwieldy to make decisions effectively. In the early days of

2555-459: The Politburo and the Standing Committee. The PSC is theoretically responsible to the Politburo, which is in turn responsible to the larger Central Committee. In practice, the Standing Committee is supreme over its parent bodies. Additionally, because China is a one-party state, Standing Committee decisions de facto have the force of law. Its membership is closely watched by both the national media as well as political watchers abroad. Historically,

2628-418: The Standing Committee was expanded from seven to nine members. Some political observers speculated that the expansion was done in order to stack the new Standing Committee with loyalists of Jiang Zemin, though this characterization has been disputed. During Hu Jintao's term as General Secretary (2002–2012), the PSC could be understood as a "leadership collective" or a "joint presidency"; that is, essentially

2701-432: The active PSC members to attend. Wang and Zhang were both arrested at the meeting and accused of "counter-revolutionary crimes". Thereafter, only Ye and Hua continued their official duties. A functioning PSC was not restored until 1977. After taking power in 1978, one of the goals of Deng Xiaoping was to strengthen the power of the party and institutionalize bodies such as the Politburo and its Standing Committee. For much of

2774-687: The aftermath of the Mukden Incident . After the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, Huang moved to the Communist base in Yan'an in winter 1939. Li Yunhe, now known as Jiang Qing, had also moved to Yan'an and married the Communist leader Mao Zedong. Huang later became a department head in the Communist bases in Shanxi - Chahar - Hebei (Jin-Cha-Ji) and Shanxi-Hebei- Shandong - Henan (Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu) border areas. Following

2847-539: The body lost any semblance of a functioning policy-making or executive organ, and it met only on an ad hoc basis. By Mao's death in September 1976, the only members who still attended meetings were Hua Guofeng , Zhang Chunqiao , Wang Hongwen , and Ye Jianying , with Zhang and Wang being members of the Gang of Four . On 6 October, Hua Guofeng called a PSC meeting ostensibly to discuss Mao's legacy and memorial arrangements, inviting

2920-513: The center of political power in China. Organizationally below them are the Politburo, and then the Central Committee. According to the Party Constitution, the party's Central Committee elects the Politburo Standing Committee during a plenary session. According to the party's constitution , the General Secretary of the Central Committee must also be a member of the PSC. The General Secretary

2993-744: The civilian industry (the Second Ministry was in charge of military work). When the National Technological Commission was established in 1956, he became its first chairman. While serving in these capacities Huang praised the work of a young engineer in Shanghai named Jiang Zemin , the later General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party , who recalled that Huang invited him to a banquet at the Quanjude duck restaurant, and on another occasion, talked to him for four hours until 11 pm. Huang Jing

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3066-541: The divide between Princelings and the Tuanpai ( Youth League faction) between the 16th and 18th Congresses, though it is not precisely known to what extent factional identity played in the selection of PSC members. Seniority also played an important role. It was established convention that a member of the PSC must have served for at least one term on the Politburo prior to entry to the PSC. However, this "rule" had been broken several times by those destined for party leader or

3139-541: The end of Zhufu . Ancestor worship follows the ceremony and, although similar to Zhufu, differences do exist. After worship, the family sits down at tables and eat Fuli together, which they call Sanfu or sharing the blessings. As a featured folk custom, Zhufu has been handed down and well protected as part of Shaoxing's cultural heritage. It is reputable because of its special origin. It was widely popularized by Lu Xun (1881-1936, Shaoxing-born) in his short story Zhufu  [ zh ] ( 祝福 ), which he named after

3212-554: The epicenter of the CCP's power and leadership, and its membership has ranged from five to nine people. During the Mao Zedong era, Mao himself selected and expelled members, while during the Deng Xiaoping era consultations among party elders on the Central Advisory Commission determined membership. Since the 1990s, Politburo membership has been determined through deliberations and straw polls by incumbent and retired members of both

3285-550: The first signs that the PSC would become a term-based body operating on a fixed schedule. Liu Huaqing was also the last PSC member with a military background. In 1999, Vice President Hu Jintao also became Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission , as he was being groomed to succeed Jiang. This was the first time Vice President had occupied the post of Vice Chairman of the CMC. At the 16th Party Congress held in 2002,

3358-470: The following eight counties : urban Kuaiji and Shanyin and rural Yuyao, Zhuji, Xiaoshan, Shangyu, Xinchang, and Cheng (or Sheng). From the later Ming through the Qing, Shaoxing was famous (or notorious) for its network of native sons throughout the Chinese government bureaucracy, cooperating out of native-place loyalty. In addition to the substantial number of Shaoxing natives who succeeded in becoming officials via

3431-489: The god out. Then the officiant burns the Mazhang Stick together with golden and silver Taiding in the courtyard. He cuts the tongues from the chicken and goose then throws them on to the roof of the house at the same time and praying to the god to take away the tongues which symbolize possible calamities emanating from the spoken word. Finally, the officiant put a cup of wine with tea onto the ashes of Mazhang Stick signifying

3504-448: The imperial court. Huangshan Xinan refers to two anonymous brothers who sacrificed their lives to save civilians from being killed by the Mongolian army. In memory of the brothers, the local people named the place where they were killed after them and offered sacrifice to a portrait or statue of the brothers. Records show that the Mongolian nobility, the ruling class of the Yuan dynasty, treated

3577-611: The life of Yu the Great , the founder of the Xia . Around the early 5th century BC, the time of Yue's famous king Goujian , his people began establishing permanent centers in the alluvial plain north of the hills. Following his freedom from captivity in Wu , Goujian commissioned his advisor Fan Li to erect a major triangular fortification in the area of present-day Shaoxing's Yuecheng District . Following Yue's conquest of Wu, though, its royal court

3650-597: The local and regional officials who employed them, since their knowledge of the detailed Qing legal code permitted the officials, whose education was in the Confucian Classics, to competently perform one of their major functions, that of judging local civil and criminal cases. Coming from the same gentry social class as the officials, the legal experts were expected to adhere to the ethical dictum enunciated by Wang Huizu, Shaoxing's most famous muyou: "If not in accord [with your employer], then leave" ( Bu he ze qu ). During

3723-416: The local dialect and known as Yue opera is second in popularity only to Peking opera . In 2010, Shaoxing celebrated the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the city. Economically, the city is driven by manufacturing of textiles, electronics, and energy-efficient lighting. Zhejiang has the fifth highest per capita GDP in the nation , with the city itself at 32nd nationally by GDP per capita . The city

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3796-546: The new Politburo and PSC begins with a closed door session of the incumbent PSC at Beidaihe in the last summer before the Party Congress convenes in the fall. The list of Politburo and PSC candidates for the Central Committee to formally confirm is usually complete several weeks before the Party Congress. According to informed academic observers such as Cheng Li, a scholar at Brookings Institution , and Susan Shirk of

3869-416: The next year as well as harmony. The ceremony was handed down from generation to generation and finally became a convention whilst its political meaning gradually dimmed. It became a pure sacrificial ceremony, held annually to offer thanks to the God of Blessing for all his blessings and to pray for the next year's blessing. Zhufu is often held during the period between December 24 and December 28 according to

3942-418: The officially abbreviated terminology may still be too lengthy and unwieldy, some media outlets refer to PSC members as Zhèngzhìjú Chángwěi (政治局常委) or simply Chángwěi (常委). However, note that without any context, Changwei may still be an ambiguous term, as provincial and local party committees all have a Standing Committee, the members of which can also be known as Changwei . The first Standing Committee

4015-403: The officiant of the ceremony who is usually the man of the house, lights incense and red candles, hangs golden and silver Taiding made of paper on the left and right candleholders, puts cushions for kneeling on the ground in order, and inserts a Mazhang Stick, which represents Nanchao Shengzhong or Huangshan Xinan into the prepared holder. Females are not allowed to be present whilst the sacrifice

4088-409: The premiership, most notably with Zhu Rongji and Hu Jintao in 1992, and Li Keqiang and Xi Jinping in 2007. Jiang Zemin was also in the middle of serving out his first term on the Politburo before he was suddenly made General Secretary and thus a member of the PSC in 1989. Since the late 1990s, nearly all PSC members have experience as a party chief of a province or a direct-controlled municipality. Of

4161-578: The regular civil-service examination route, this vertical Shaoxing clique also included county-level jail wardens, plus unofficial legal specialists (muyou) working privately for officials at the county, prefectural, and provincial levels, plus clerks working in Beijing's Six Boards (central administrative offices), especially the Boards of Revenue and Punishment. The legal experts were also known as Shaoxing shiye (Shaoxing masters), and they were indispensable advisers to

4234-541: The role of the PSC has varied and evolved. During the Cultural Revolution , for example, the PSC had little power. The membership of the PSC is strictly ranked in protocol sequence . Historically, the General Secretary (or Party Chairman ) has been ranked first; the rankings of other leaders have varied over time. Since the 1990s, the General Secretary, President, Premier, first-ranked Vice Premier, Chairman of

4307-529: The rule of qi-shang, ba-xia (七上八下; lit. "seven up, eight down"), referring to the fact that if a PSC member is 68 or older at the time of a party congress, he must retire, but if he is 67 or younger, he may still enter the committee. Recently, however, doubt has been cast over this "rule". A senior party cadre named Deng Maosheng, in a statement to state-run news agency Xinhua in October 2016, stated that "The strict boundaries of 'seven up, eight down' don’t exist. This

4380-497: The sacrificial ceremony. Whilst deeply moved by the ill-fated leading character of the novel, readers get to learn the details of the Zhufu tradition. The Shaoxing Baseball & Softball Sports Centre is the largest baseball and softball venue in China conforming to international competition standards. The stadium was built for the 2022 Asian Games , which hosted the baseball and softball events. In September 2024, Shaoxing hosted

4453-502: The south shore of the bay from Qiantang (present-day Hangzhou ) to the East China Sea . The area's capital in present-day Yuecheng was then known as Kuaiji until the 12th century, when it was renamed Shaoxing. The present site of Yu's mausoleum dates to the 6th-century Southern dynasties period. Under the Ming and Qing dynasties , the area was organized as a prefecture containing

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4526-558: The spirit of Yu . The commemorative stele he erected is now lost but was visited by Sima Qian during his 1st-century BC pilgrimage of China's historical sites and was preserved in his Records of the Grand Historian . By the time of the Later Han , the lands between the Yangtze and Hangzhou Bay received their own commanderies and administration of Kuaiji —then stretching along

4599-401: The time of their appointment. Hu Jintao was 50 upon his appointment to the PSC at the 14th Party Congress in 1992. Xi Jinping was 54 and Li Keqiang was 52 at their appointment to the PSC at the 17th Party Congress in 2007. At the same time, since the 16th Party Congress in 2002, PSC members who were 68 or older at the time of a Party Congress have retired without exception. This has been known as

4672-443: The two bodies, and his informal clout translated to great political power personally. In 1987, Deng and other party elders ousted then General Secretary Hu Yaobang from the PSC, replacing him with Zhao Ziyang . In 1989, Deng and various party elders ordered the military to intervene in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests without gaining the consensus of the PSC. Zhao was opposed to declaring martial law and broke with other members of

4745-622: The vice-president. The positions of executive secretary of the Secretariat and that of "propaganda chief" were consolidated into one person, Liu Yunshan . Selection of members is believed to be largely the result of high-level deliberations among incumbent members of the party's Politburo and PSC as well as retired PSC members. Prospective candidates for membership in the PSC typically rely on individual members of this high level group to act as their patrons. The current and former Politburo members conduct several rounds of deliberations interspersed with

4818-466: Was 5,270,977 inhabitants among which, 2,958,643 (Keqiao, Yuecheng and Shangyu urban districts) lived in the built-up (or metro) area of Hangzhou –Shaoxing, with a total of 13,035,326 inhabitants. Notable residents of Shaoxing include Wang Xizhi , the parents of Zhou Enlai , Lu Xun , and Cai Yuanpei . It is also noted for Shaoxing wine , meigan cai , and stinky tofu , and was featured on A Bite of China . Its local variety of Chinese opera sung in

4891-565: Was considered a promising young star of the Communist Party, but was labelled a counterrevolutionary when the Anti-Rightist Campaign began in 1958. He died in Guangzhou that same year, at the age of only 46. The circumstances surrounding his death are unclear. It is said that he suffered from mental and physical diseases and died of heart disease in a military hospital. After his relationship with Jiang Qing ended, Huang went on to marry

4964-568: Was first named Shaoxing in 1131 A.D. during the Southern Song dynasty. The name comes from the Shaoxing reign period of Emperor Gaozong of Song , and is a poetic term meaning "inheriting the imperial task and resurging to prosperity". Modern-day Shaoxing lies north of the Kuaiji Mountains , which were an important center of the people of Yue during ancient China 's Spring and Autumn period . Chinese legend connected them with events in

5037-552: Was formed in July 1928, at a meeting of the 6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party . Between January 1934 and the 1st plenary session of the 8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1956, the Standing Committee was replaced by the Central Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party . During the early history of the CCP it was seen as the highest central body that was intended to carry out day-to-day work of

5110-438: Was in Qingdao at the time, and followed Shi to Shanghai. After Huang's release in 1934, he lived with Li for a while with his family in Shanghai. However, Huang's family was adamantly against their marriage, and they became separated. In 1935, Huang Jing, then attending Peking University , co-led the December 9th Movement with Yao Yilin and Huang Hua , demanding the Chinese government to actively resist Japanese aggression in

5183-415: Was only a few months preceding a Party Congress, making the body operate temporarily with an eight-member structure. The 17th Party Congress maintained roughly the same structure as the 16th. At the 18th Party Congress held in 2012, membership of the PSC was yet again reduced to seven members. The head of the Political and Legal Affairs Commission did not feature in the new Standing Committee, neither did

5256-427: Was overthrown by the Mongolian army and replaced by the Yuan dynasty, the original Song citizens, namely the Han people, were extremely afraid of the newly established minority political power. They secretly offered sacrifices at midnight to the emperors of South Song dynasty and those patriotic martyrs who died to save the nation. Nanchao Shengzhong refers to a group of martyrs, who died in the war of resistance against

5329-547: Was removed to its former rival's capital (present-day Suzhou ) until its own conquest by Chu in 334 BC. Following the area's conquest in 222 BC, the Qin Empire 's Kuaiji Commandery was also established in Wu (which then took the name "Kuaiji" from this role) but the First Emperor visited the town in the last year of his reign (210 BC), ascending Mount Kuaiji (present-day Mount Xianglu) and sacrificing to

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