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61-815: The climate is tropical and average annual rainfall is 1,300 millimetres (50 in). Namtu, Namle and Namsalat are main creeks and they stream from east to west. The principal town is Hsenwi . Teak , chestnut , sweet chestnut , lacquer trees , Cassia siamea , magnolia , mango , jack fruit , guava trees, bananas , lychee , green tea and oranges are grown. Paddy, corn, soya bean, ground nut, pigeon peas, sesame, belleric myrobalan, sunflower, rubber, sugarcane, chili, potato and coffee are also grown. It has 20,858 hectares (51,542 acres) of cultivable land, 1,470 hectares (3,640 acres) of un-cultivable land, 27,266 hectares (67,375 acres) of virgin and vacant land and 8,021 hectares (19,821 acres) of reserved forests and protected forest. Buffalo, cow, pig, chicken, fish were breed in

122-518: A federation with Eritrea . He dissolved it in 1962 and annexed Eritrea , resulting in the Eritrean War of Independence . The part of former Mandatory Palestine occupied by Jordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War was renamed "the West Bank ". It was annexed to Jordan in 1950 at the request of a Palestinian delegation. It had been questioned, however, how representative that delegation was, and at

183-517: A claimed annexation after World War II is the Kingdom of Norway 's southward expansion of the dependent territory Queen Maud Land . On most maps, there had been an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land's borders of 1939 and the South Pole until 12 June 2015, when Norway formally claimed to have annexed that area. On 18 September 1955 at precisely 10:16 am, Rockall was declared officially annexed by

244-492: A report to the United Nations General Assembly , Michael Lynk contrasted de jure annexation as a formal declaration by a state that it is claiming permanent sovereignty over territory and de facto annexation without the formal declaration as a descriptive term for a state establishing facts on the ground as the prelude to a future claim of sovereignty. The Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV) of 1949 amplified

305-614: A small-scale yet bloody conflict with the Indonesian military since the 1960s. North Vietnam de facto annexed South Vietnam following the military defeat and effective dissolution of its government system and military on 30 April 1975. Vietnam was officially reunited one year later as the merger of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam . One example of

366-660: A treaty in December 1974. During the British colonial rule in India, Sikkim had an ambiguous status, as an Indian princely state or as an Indian protectorate . Prior to Indian independence, Jawaharlal Nehru , acting as the leader of Executive Council, agreed that Sikkim would not be treated as an Indian state. Between 1947 and 1950, Sikkim enjoyed de facto independence. However, Indian independence spurred popular political movements in Sikkim and

427-703: Is 28 miles (45 km) north of Lashio and 2,100 feet (640 m) above sea level. After the disruption of the Dali Kingdom by Kublai Khan , Theinni seems to have been the centre of the independent Shan princely states, with various capitals in the Shweli River and Nam Tu River valleys. This kingdom of Kawsampi was ended by the Burmese in 1738 (or thereabouts), and the country was divided into various states with appointment orders from Ava . Numerous rebellions and civil wars reduced Theinni from its position as arguably

488-540: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Theinni Theinni or Hsenwi ( Shan : သႅၼ်ဝီ ; Burmese : သိန္နီ , pronounced [θèiɰ̃nì] ; Thai : แสนหวี , RTGS :  Saen Wi , pronounced [sɛ̌ːn wǐː] ) is a town in northern Shan State of Burma , situated near the north bank of the Nam Tu River and now the centre of Hsenwi Township in Lashio District . It

549-447: Is given or sold through treaty. Annexation can be legitimized if generally recognized by other states and international bodies. The illegality of annexation means that states carrying out such acts usually avoid using the word annexation in describing their actions; in each of the unresolved annexations by Israel , Morocco and Russia , the states have avoided characterizing their actions as such. International law regarding

610-594: Is now officially known as Timor-Leste . After being allied with Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War (largely due to desiring Iraqi protection from Iran ), Kuwait was invaded and annexed by Iraq (under Saddam Hussein ) in August 1990. Hussein's primary justifications included a charge that Kuwaiti territory was in fact an Iraqi province, and that annexation was retaliation for "economic warfare" Kuwait had waged through slant drilling into Iraq's oil supplies. The monarchy

671-510: Is prohibited under international law", adding that unilateral changes to borders violate "the rules-based international order and the UN Charter". In 1975, and following the Madrid Accords between Mauritania , Morocco , and Spain , the last Spanish troops withdrew from the territory and ceded the administration to Mauritania and Morocco. This was challenged by an independentist movement,

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732-426: Is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. In current international law, it is generally held to be an illegal act. Annexation is a unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, as distinct from the complete conquest of another country, and differs from cession , in which territory

793-473: Is very well watered. Considerable deposits of coal , or rather of lignite , exist in both North and South Theinni, but do not appear to be of high quality. Gold is washed in many of the streams in a fitful way. Limestone exists in large quantities. No valuable timber exists to any considerable extent. There is some teak in the Nam Yao valley, and scattered wood-oil trees exist. Pine forests cover some of

854-456: The British Crown when Lieutenant-Commander Desmond Scott RN , Sergeant Brian Peel RM , Corporal AA Fraser RM, and James Fisher (a civilian naturalist and former Royal Marine), were deposited on the island by a Royal Navy helicopter from HMS  Vidal (coincidentally named after the man who first charted the island). The team cemented in a brass plaque on Hall's Ledge and hoisted

915-480: The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 with respect to the question of the protection of civilians, and the rules regarding inviolability of rights have "an absolute character", making it much more difficult for a state to bypass international law through the use of annexation. During the 1967 Six-Day War , Israel captured East Jerusalem , a part of the West Bank , from Jordan . While Jordan had annexed

976-650: The Jerusalem Embassy Act , which recognizes Jerusalem as the united capital of Israel and requires the relocation of the U.S. embassy there in 1995. The act included a provision permitting the President to delay its implementation due to national security concerns. This waiver was used by presidents Clinton , Bush , Obama , and Trump , but was allowed to expire in 2019. Law professor Omar M. Dajani and others discuss de facto annexation (also referred to as "creeping annexation" ). The debate considers whether, in all

1037-558: The Polisario Front that waged a guerrilla war against both Mauritania and Morocco. In 1979, and after a military putsch , Mauritania withdrew from the territory that left it controlled by Morocco. A United Nations peace process was initiated in 1991, but it has been stalled, and as of mid-2012, the UN is holding direct negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario front to reach a solution to

1098-815: The Qing dynasty over Tibet was established after a Qing expedition force defeated the Dzungar Khanate which had occupied Tibet in 1720, and lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. The Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor issued in 1912 provided the legal basis for the Republic of China (ROC) to inherit all Qing territories, including Tibet. However, the ROC had no effective control over Tibet from 1912 to 1951; In

1159-406: The annexation of territories in southern and eastern Ukraine. As a result, Russia claimed sovereignty over the territories of four Ukrainian oblasts – Luhansk , Donetsk , Zaporizhzhia and Kherson – and recognised as its federal subjects Donetsk People's Republic , Luhansk People's Republic , Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Oblasts. In 1952, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie orchestrated

1220-573: The use of force by states evolved significantly in the 20th century. Key agreements include the 1907 Porter Convention , the 1920 Covenant of the League of Nations and the 1928 Kellogg–Briand Pact , culminating in Article 2(4) of Chapter I of the United Nations Charter , which is in force today: "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against

1281-502: The Brotherhood Alliance as of 30 October 2023 as a result of the 2021–2023 Myanmar civil war . It was the capital of Hsenwi State , by far the largest of the cis- Salween Shan states, and at one time included not only all the territory of the present states of North and South Hsenwi, but also Kehsi Mansam, Mong Hsu , Mong Sang , and Mong Nawng , besides having a sort of protectorate over Mang Lon and other Wa states east of

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1342-596: The Golan Heights as sovereign Israeli territory. In response, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres stated "the status of Golan has not changed", and the decision received worldwide condemnation with European members of the United Nations Security Council noting "we raise our strong concerns about the broader consequences of recognizing illegal annexation and also about broader regional consequences" and that "annexation of territory by force

1403-623: The Golan Heights in 1981, 95% of the Majdal Shams residents refused Israeli citizenship, and are still firmly of that opinion, in spite of the Syrian Civil War . On 29 November 2012, the United Nations General Assembly reaffirmed it was "[d]eeply concerned that Israel has not withdrawn from the Syrian Golan, which has been under occupation since 1967, contrary to the relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions," and "[s]tress[ed]

1464-680: The Government of Tibet and the PRC, and a military conflict in the Chamdo area of western Kham in October 1950. Many analysts consider the incorporation of Tibet into the PRC an annexation. If the actions of 1950 constituted an annexation, it was subsequently legalized by the Seventeen Point Agreement by the Government of Tibet in October 1951. From 1959 onwards, claims were made that this agreement

1525-634: The Indian Parliament for a change in Sikkim's status so that it could become a state of India. In April, the Indian Army moved into Sikkim, seizing the city of Gangtok and disarming the Palace Guards. A referendum was held in which 97.5% of the voting people (59% of the people entitled to vote) voted to join the Indian Union. A few weeks later, on 16 May 1975, Sikkim officially became the 22nd state of

1586-697: The Indian Union and the monarchy was abolished. Western New Guinea officially became part of Indonesia through the Act of Free Choice in 1969, supervised by the UN. Based on the New York Agreement (1962) between Indonesia and the Netherlands, the UN held the Act of Free Choice to determine whether Western New Guinea would join Indonesia or not. Through a deliberation of representatives, the majority voted to join, and this result

1647-553: The Irrawaddy at Amarapura . The Nam Mao or Shweli only skirts the state, but it receives a considerable tributary, the Nam Paw, which has its entire course in Theinni territory, and is large enough to be barely fordable in the dry weather, and only passable by boats in the rains. The deforestation caused by years of upland cultivation has dried up many of the springs, but as a whole North Theinni

1708-738: The Jerusalem Municipality. Although at the time, Israel informed the United Nations that its measures constituted administrative and municipal integration rather than annexation. Later rulings by the Israeli Supreme Court indicated that East Jerusalem had become part of Israel. In 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law as part of its Basic Law , which declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel. In other words, Israel purported to annex East Jerusalem. The annexation

1769-630: The Nam Tu and other valleys in the southern part of the state. The line of the Nam Mao is the lowest portion of North Theinni, being little over 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea-level. The southern valleys are about more than 500 feet (150 m) ft or higher. South Theinni is practically bisected by the huge mass of Loi Ling, nearly 9,000 feet (2,700 m) above sea-level, and by the spurs which that peak sends north and south. Apart from this it consists of broken hill-country of no great height, or open rolling downs,

1830-485: The Nam Tu there are many peaks which rise to 6,000 feet (1,800 m), and several over 7,000 feet (2,100 m). The northern portion is almost consistent enough in its altitude of about 4,000 feet (1,200 m) to be called a plateau . It has large, grassy, upland downs. This part of the state has fallen almost entirely into the hands of the Kachins. The Shans are found in the Nam Mao (Shweli or Lung Kiang) valley, and in

1891-525: The Russian Federation an "occupying power". Russia rejects the view that this was an annexation and regards it as an accession to the Russian Federation of a state that had just declared independence from Ukraine following a disputed referendum , and considers it secession as a result of irredentism . A term often used in Russia to describe these events is "re-unification" (воссоединение) to highlight

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1952-626: The Salween. These had, however, fallen away in Burmese times, and before the British annexation , Theinni was divided into five parts by name; but there was no central authority, and the whole state was in hopeless disorder. After the pacification of the region in March 1888, the colonial administration divided Theinni into two states: North Theinni , which was assigned to a successful adventurer, Hkun Sang, of Ton Hong, and South Theinni which went to Nawmong, of

2013-544: The West Bank in 1950, it was considered an illegal occupation and Jordan was recognized as the legal sovereign by the United Kingdom and possibly Pakistan. On 31 July 1988, Jordan relinquished this claim. It has remained occupied until the present day. On 27 June 1967, Israel unilaterally extended its law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem and some of the surrounding area, incorporating about 70 square kilometers of territory into

2074-662: The area, including the Shebaa farms area. This declaration was declared "null and void and without international legal effect" by United Nations Security Council Resolution 497 . The Federated States of Micronesia recognized the annexation and in 2019, the United States joined in recognition. The vast majority of Syrian Druze in Majdal Shams , the largest Syrian village in the Golan, have held onto their Syrian passports. When Israel annexed

2135-574: The areas after 36 hours of fighting, thus ending 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule in India. The action was viewed in India as a liberation of historically Indian territory; in Portugal, however, the loss of both enclaves was seen as a national tragedy. A condemnation of the action by the United Nations Security Council was vetoed by the Soviet Union . Goa and Daman and Diu were incorporated into India. Portugal recognized India's sovereignty over Goa in

2196-565: The circumstances, there is a pattern of behavior sufficient to conclude that Israel is in violation of the international prohibition against annexation, even absent a formal declaration. Israel occupied two-thirds of the Golan Heights from Syria during the 1967 Six-Day War, and subsequently built Jewish settlements in the area. In 1981, Israel passed the Golan Heights Law , which extended Israeli "law, jurisdiction, and administration" to

2257-589: The conflict. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is a partially recognized state that has claimed the entire region since 1976. In March 2014, Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula , which had been a part of Ukraine since 1991 and administers the territory as two federal subjects – the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol . The UN General Assembly considers the Russian possession of Crimea and Sevastopol to be an "attempted annexation" and

2318-722: The fact that Crimea was a part of the Russian Empire from 1783 to 1917, and part of the Russian SFSR from 1921 to 1954. Few states recognize this view. Ukraine considers Crimea and Sevastopol its own territory, and oversees the Crimea Platform , an international diplomatic initiative to restore its sovereignty. On 30 September 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Russian Federation , following referendums , declared

2379-968: The headquarters of the superintendent of the Northern Shan State, is in North Theinni. There were a total of 16 rulers in Hsenwi from 1778 to 1888. The US Air Force attacked it several times during World War II. Kokang was part of the Hsenwi Saopha territory before Myanmar's independence from the British. The town was captured by the Brotherhood Alliance during the ongoing Myanmar Civil War around 29 October 2023. The ethnic groups found in Theinni are predominantly Shan , Kokang Chinese and Jinghpaw , but there are many Chinese , Burmese , Lisu , Lahu , Wa , Palaung and Yanglam people in

2440-588: The illegality of the Israeli settlement construction and other activities in the occupied Syrian Golan since 1967." The General Assembly then voted by majority, 110 in favour to 6 against (Canada, Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, United States), with 59 abstentions, to demand a full Israeli withdrawal from the Syrian Golan Heights. On 25 March 2019, the United States recognized

2501-399: The insistence of the Arab League , Jordan was considered a trustee only. Only Pakistan and the United Kingdom recognized the annexation by Jordan. It was not condemned by the United Nations Security Council and it remained under Jordanian rule until 1967 when it was occupied by Israel . Jordan did not officially relinquish its claim to rule the West Bank until 1988. Israel has not taken

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2562-412: The latter chiefly in the eastern half of the state. It is watered by numerous streams, of which the chief is the Nam Pang, an affluent of the Salween. The chief river in the northern state, apart from the Salween , is the Nam Tu or Myitnge , which rises on the Irrawaddy - Salween watershed, not far from the latter, and flows westwards through the state into Taungbaing or Thibaw , and eventually into

2623-417: The most powerful and populous Shan state to what is perceived as a condition of fearful desolation. It later regained much population since the British occupation in 1888, but is still far from its old prosperity. The ruins of what was the old capital of Hsenwi State lie at a short distance, and show it to have been a large and well-built town. It is de jure a part of Burma, but is currently controlled by

2684-400: The old Shan ruling house . North Theinni with an area of 6,330 square metres (68,100 sq ft) had a population (1901) of 118,325 persons; estimated revenue, £6000. South Theinni with an area of 2,400 square metres (26,000 sq ft) had a population (in 1901) of 67,836; estimated revenue, £4800. Mong Yai was the capital of South Theinni, with a population of about 2000. Lashio ,

2745-467: The opinion of the Chinese government, this condition does not represent Tibet's de jure independence as many other parts of China also enjoyed de facto independence when the Chinese state was torn by warlordism , Japanese invasion , and civil war . Tibet came under the control of the People's Republic of China (PRC) after attempts by the Government of Tibet to gain international recognition, efforts to modernize its military , negotiations between

2806-420: The princely states opted to join either Pakistan or India, Hyderabad State elected instead to resume full independence. Following the expiration of ultimatums from India, the Indian military launched its Operation Polo on 13 September 1948 and invaded Hyderabad. After conquering most of Hyderabad in five days of warfare, the Nizam signed a treaty on 18 September 1948 that saw Hyderabad annexed by India. In 1954,

2867-555: The ranges, but, as elsewhere in the Shan states, varieties of the oak and chestnut are the commonest forest trees. The climate of the state as a whole is temperate. In the plains of the uplands there are yearly frosts in January, February and March, but in the greater part of the state the thermometer rarely falls to freezing-point, and in the hot weather does not exceed ninety degrees for any length of time. The average rainfall seems to be about 60 inches (1,500 mm) yearly. Annexation Annexation , in international law ,

2928-475: The residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli , a Portuguese enclave within India, ended Portuguese rule with the help of nationalist volunteers. From 1954 to 1961, the territory enjoyed de facto independence. In 1961, the territory was merged with India after its government signed an agreement with the Indian government. In 1961, India and Portugal engaged in a brief military conflict over Portuguese-controlled Goa and Daman and Diu . India invaded and conquered

2989-438: The river banks. The southern portion has much more flat land, along the, line of the Nam Tu, its tributaries the Nam Yao and the Nam Nim, and the Nam Yek flowing into the Salween. This was formerly densely populated, and still remains the most valuable portion of the state. A range running westwards from the Salween, and marking the southern border of the rift in the hills, divides North from South Theinni. Both north and south of

3050-405: The ruling Chogyal came under pressure. He requested Indian help to quell the uprising, which was offered. Subsequently, in 1950, India signed a treaty with Sikkim bringing it under its suzerainty , and controlling its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications. A state council was established in 1955 to allow for constitutional government under the Sikkimese monarch. Meanwhile, trouble

3111-422: The step of annexing the territory (except for the part of it that was made part of the Jerusalem Municipality). Rather, there were enacted a complex (and highly controversial) system of military government decrees in effect applying Israeli law in many spheres to Israeli settlements . Following an Indonesian invasion in 1975, East Timor (Timor-Leste) was annexed by Indonesia and was known as Timor Timur . It

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3172-458: The subject of legal debate. '[A]nnexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof' is an act of aggression according to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . Illegally annexed territory is considered as still occupied under international law and the provisions of international humanitarian law continue to apply. For precision, such territory may be referred to as "occupied and illegally annexed". In

3233-418: The territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations". These principles were reconfirmed by the 1970 Friendly Relations Declaration . Since the use of force against territorial integrity or political independence is illegal, the question as to whether title or sovereignty can be transferred in such a situation has been

3294-521: The town. The northern part of North Theinni is a mass of hills affected by the geological fault which has produced the rift that forms the Nam Tu or Myitnge valley, and has thrown up a series of parallel ranges which extend northwards to the Shweli River (Lung Kiang), without altogether destroying the north and south trend which is the characteristic of the Shan hills as a whole. In the valleys between these hills are numerous tracts under rice cultivation, some circular or oval, some mere ribands along

3355-485: The township. There are 1 high school, 4 high school branches, 1 middle school, 7 post primary schools and 50 primary schools. There are 1 25-bedded hospital, 2 16-bedded hospitals, 3 rural health clinics and 12 rural health clinics (branches). One of 16-bedded hospitals is in Sanlaung Village. It has been commissioned since October 2004. Hsenwi has a station on the standard gauge Kunming , China - Kyaukphyu port railway. This Shan State location article

3416-452: Was accepted by the UN General Assembly in a session in November 1969. This decision was implicitly considered to recognize Western New Guinea as part of Indonesia, because the General Assembly did not reject the report of the UN Secretary General regarding the implementation of Act of Free Choice. West Papua is the western half of the island of New Guinea and smaller islands to its west. The separatist Free Papua Movement (OPM) has engaged in

3477-419: Was brewing in the state after the Sikkim National Congress demanded fresh elections and greater representation for the Nepalese . In the 1967 Nathu La and Cho La clashes , Chinese border attacks were repulsed. In 1973, riots in front of the palace led to a formal request for protection from India. The Chogyal was proving to be extremely unpopular with the people. In 1975, the Kazi (prime minister) appealed to

3538-541: Was declared null and void by United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions 252, 267, 271, 298, 465, 476 and 478. Jewish neighborhoods have since been built in East Jerusalem, and Israeli Jews have since also settled in Arab neighborhoods there, though some Jews may have returned from their 1948 expulsion after the Battle for Jerusalem . Only Costa Rica recognized Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem, and those countries who maintained embassies in Israel did not move them to Jerusalem. The United States Congress passed

3599-450: Was deposed after annexation, and an Iraqi governor installed. United States president George H. W. Bush ultimately condemned Iraq's actions, and moved to drive out Iraqi forces. Authorized by United Nations Security Council resolutions, an American-led coalition of 34 nations fought the Gulf War to reinstate the Kuwaiti Emir . Iraq's invasion (and annexation) was deemed illegal and Kuwait remains an independent nation today. The rule of

3660-414: Was regarded by Indonesia as the country's 27th province, but this was never recognised by the United Nations . The people of East Timor resisted Indonesian forces in a prolonged guerrilla campaign. Following a referendum held in 1999 under a UN -sponsored agreement between the two sides, the people of East Timor rejected the offer of autonomy within Indonesia. East Timor achieved independence in 2002 and

3721-443: Was signed under pressure; academics have debated this ever since, but Tibet is recognized internationally as part of China. After the withdrawal of the British Empire from India, each of the Princely States of India and Pakistan that had been protectorates of the British Empire were given the choice of either 1. opting to join India, 2. opting to join Pakistan or 3. resume their former status as fully independent states. While most of

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