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52-727: After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, Houli was organized as a rural township of Taichung County named Neipu Township . On 1 October 1955, Neipu Township was renamed as Houli Township . On 25 December 2010, Taichung County was merged with Taichung City and Houli was upgraded to a district of the city . Guangfu, Renli, Yili, Yide, Houli, Houli, Duntung, Dunxi, Dunnan, Dunbei, Zhonghe, Jiushe, Liange, Taiping, Meishan, Yuemei, Gongguan and Taian Village. Military stables (后里馬場) were built in Houli in mid 1950s and function until today. Stables' main stock includes some of

104-1692: A press release that the US government regarded the status of Taiwan as unsettled, and that Cairo Declaration was a statement of purpose of the Allies and was never formally implemented or executed. As late as December 2014, the US government still considered Taiwan's status an unsettled issue. Government of the Republic of China Lai Ching-te ( DPP ) Hsiao Bi-khim ( DPP ) Cho Jung-tai ( DPP ) 11th Legislative Yuan Han Kuo-yu ( KMT ) Shieh Ming-yan acting Vacant Vacant Vacant Control Yuan Chen Chu Lee Hung-chun Local government Central Election Commission Kuomintang Democratic Progressive Party Taiwan People's Party Others New Power Party Taiwan Statebuilding Party People First Party Taiwan Solidarity Union New Party Non-Partisan Solidarity Union Newspapers United Daily News Liberty Times China Times Taipei Times Propaganda Censorship Film censorship Lin Chia-lung Cross-Strait relations Special state-to-state relations One Country on Each Side 1992 Consensus Taiwan consensus Chinese Taipei Australia–Taiwan relations Canada–Taiwan relations France–Taiwan relations Russia–Taiwan relations Taiwan–United Kingdom relations Taiwan–United States relations Republic of China (1912–1949) Chinese Civil War One-China policy China and

156-402: A separate constitutional court was established to resolve constitutional disputes, regulate the activities of political parties and accelerate the democratization process. There is no trial by jury but the right to a fair and public trial is protected by law and respected in practice; many cases are presided over by multiple judges. Capital punishment is legal. Efforts have been made by

208-776: Is based on the old Imperial examination system used in Imperial China. Based on the traditional Chinese censorate , the Control Yuan is an investigatory agency that monitors the other branches of government. It may be compared to the Court of Auditors of the European Union, the Government Accountability Office of the United States, a political ombudsman , or a standing commission for administrative inquiry. Before

260-639: Is merely binding in so far as it states the intent at that time, and therefore it cannot by itself transfer sovereignty. In March 1961, in a meeting of the House of Councillors of Japan, a councillor of the Japanese Communist Party brought up the notion that Taiwan had been returned to China according to the Cairo Declaration, Potsdam Proclamation, and Japanese Instrument of Surrender. The then- Japanese Minister for Foreign Affairs responded that: It

312-771: Is the ROC's highest judiciary . The President and Vice-President of the Judicial Yuan and fifteen Justices form the Council of Grand Justices . They are nominated and appointed by the President of the Republic, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan. The highest court, the Supreme Court , consists of a number of civil and criminal divisions, each of which is formed by a presiding Judge and four Associate Judges, all appointed for life. In 1993,

364-770: The Cairo Conference with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill , who firmly advocated that Japan be required to return all of the territory it had annexed into its empire, including Taiwan and the Penghu (Pescadores) Islands. Article 8 of the Potsdam Declaration , drafted by the United States , United Kingdom , and China in July 1945, reiterated that the provisions of the Cairo Declaration be thoroughly carried out, and

416-794: The Japanese Instrument of Surrender stated Japan's agreement to the terms of the Potsdam Proclamation. Under the authorization of American General Douglas MacArthur 's General Order No. 1 , Chen Yi (Chief Executive of Taiwan Province) was escorted by George H. Kerr to Taiwan to accept the Japanese government's surrender as the Chinese delegate. When the Japanese surrendered at the end of World War II , General Rikichi Andō , governor-general of Taiwan and commander-in-chief of all Japanese forces on

468-500: The People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) is that Taiwan and Penghu were returned to the Republic of China according to the terms of the 1945 Japanese Instrument of Surrender, which stipulated Japan's compliance with the terms of the Potsdam Declaration . The Potsdam Declaration in turn included the terms of the Cairo Declaration, which required Japan to return all conquered territories to China, including Taiwan and

520-508: The Pescadores to China had yet occurred; British officials reiterated this viewpoint in 1955, saying that "The Chinese Nationalists began a military occupation of Formosa and the Pescadores in 1945. However, these areas were under Japanese sovereignty until 1952 " and that [Cairo Declaration] was couched in the form of a statement of intention, and as it was merely a statement of intention, it

572-610: The Pescadores . The ROC clarified its understanding of the Cairo Declaration in 2014 as a legally binding instrument. Among other things, the clarification listed later treaties and documents that "reaffirmed" aspects of the Cairo Declaration as legally binding, including the Potsdam Proclamation, the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, the Treaty of San Francisco , and the Treaty of Taipei : The post-war status and jurisdiction over Taiwan and its appertaining islands, including Penghu,

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624-622: The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). The Tutelage Constitution of 1931 was replaced by the Constitution of the Republic of China in 1947. The first Chinese national government was established on 1 January 1912, in Nanjing, with Sun Yat-sen as the provisional president. Provincial delegates were sent to confirm the authority of the national government, and they later also formed the first parliament. The power of this national government

676-520: The United States . Stretched and exhausted due to the long war with the Japanese, the Kuomintang-led government faced a disciplined and ever growing communist Red Army, which numbers grew in strength and was renamed as the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in 1946. Although government forces were numerically superior and were equipped with modern weapons, they eventually lost due to low morale, defections, poor discipline as well as popular discontent with

728-612: The 1990s, it was the upper chamber of the tricameral parliament. The Government of the Republic of China was formally established in 1912 in Nanjing , with Sun Yat-sen as President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China under the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China . This government moved to Beijing in the same year with Yuan Shikai as president, and continued under his successors as

780-636: The 2005 amendments of the Additional Articles of the Constitution, the Legislative Yuan has been the de facto unicameral parliamentary body of the country. Originally established in 1912 in Nanjing , the Government of the Republic of China relocated several times before finally moving to Taipei , Taiwan , in 1949 because of its military losses in the Chinese Civil War . Up until the 1990s,

832-602: The Cairo Declaration, and later reaffirmed in the Potsdam Proclamation, the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, the San Francisco Peace Treaty, and the Treaty of Peace between the Republic of China and Japan. The Cairo Declaration is therefore a legally binding instrument with treaty status. In November 1950, the United States Department of State announced that no formal act restoring sovereignty over Formosa and

884-532: The Council of Grand Justices mandated the retirement, effective December 1991, of all remaining "indefinitely" elected members of the National Assembly, Legislative Yuan, and other bodies. In 2005, the National Assembly permanently abolished itself by ratifying a constitution amendment passed by the Legislative Yuan. Amending the ROC constitution now requires the approval of three-fourths of the quorum of members of

936-608: The ROC government due to skyrocketing inflation, corruption and administrative incompetence. The constitution was also superseded by the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion , which were a series of temporary constitutional provisions mainly to increase the powers of the president and suspended the two-term limit. The temporary provisions were passed by the National Assembly on 10 May 1948. Under intense pressure to take responsibility for

988-561: The ROC government, under the current constitutional amendments , is run by a de facto semi-presidential system , consists of the presidency and five branches (Yuan): the Executive Yuan , Legislative Yuan , Judicial Yuan , Examination Yuan , and Control Yuan . The president is the head of state , with the premier as the head of government , currently ruled by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) since 2016. Since

1040-634: The Republic of China was adopted by the National Assembly on 25 December 1946 and went into force a year later. The constitution was seen as the third and final step in Sun Yat-sen's "Three Stages of Revolution" - constitutional government. From then on, the government was known simply as the Government of the Republic of China ( traditional Chinese : 中華民國政府 ; simplified Chinese : 中华民国政府 ; pinyin : Zhōnghuá Mínguó Zhèngfǔ ). Chiang Kai-shek

1092-477: The Republic of China. Chen Yi's unilateral act, however, did not gain agreement from the US and the UK, for both considered Taiwan still under military occupation pending a peace treaty, though the US accepted Chinese authority over Taiwan at the time and viewed the Republic of China as the legal government of China. Taiwan has since been governed by the Government of the Republic of China . The official position of both

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1144-474: The United Nations Chinese unification Taiwan independence movement Taiwanese nationalism Tangwai movement The Government of the Republic of China , is the national authority whose actual-controlled territory consists of main island of Taiwan (Formosa) , Penghu , Kinmen , Matsu , and other island groups , collectively known as Taiwan Area or Free Area . A unitary state ,

1196-459: The constitution and formerly to elect the president and vice president, could be considered a parliament. However, after constitutional amendments effectively transferring almost all of the National Assembly's powers to the Legislative Yuan in the late 1990s, it has become more common for newspapers in Taiwan to refer to the Legislative Yuan as the nation's "parliament" (國會, guóhuì ). The Judicial Yuan

1248-564: The country and established the capital in Nanjing. This government gained diplomatic recognition but did not control all the territory of the Qing dynasty . The essentially one-party rule functioned under Sun's Three Principles of the People , which provided for a transitional period of "tutelage", but drew more political parties, including the Chinese Communist Party into a United Front during

1300-598: The duties of choosing the president, to amend the constitution, and to exercise the sovereignty of the citizens, but in fact, the Assembly's role in Taipei seemed to reconfirm the executive powers of President Chiang Kai-shek. The National Assembly was re-established on Taiwan when the government moved. Because it was impossible to hold subsequent elections to represent constituencies in mainland China, representatives elected in 1947-48 held these seats "indefinitely." In June 1990, however,

1352-561: The five administrative branches ( Yuan ): the Control , Examination , Executive , Judicial , and Legislative Yuans . The president appoints the members of the Executive Yuan as the cabinet , including a premier , who is officially the president of the Executive Yuan; members are responsible for policy and administration. Originally, the National Assembly of the Republic of China was elected in mainland China in 1947 to officially carry out

1404-555: The government has historically been dominated by the Kuomintang (KMT) under the one-party state Dang Guo authoritarian regime, before evolving into a multi-party democracy after martial law and the climate of White Terror gradually ended. This government was the internationally recognized official government of China until 1971 by the United Nations and until 1979 by the United States . The government formally consists of

1456-532: The government to reduce the number of executions, although they have not been able to completely abolish the punishment. As of 2006, about 80% of Taiwanese want to keep the death penalty. The Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants in the Republic of China. As a special branch of government under the Three Principles of the People . The concept of the Examination Yuan

1508-667: The government's bleak outlook during the course of the civil war, Chiang resigned as president on 21 January 1949. The presidency was passed on to Vice-President Li Zongren, who was however unable to govern effectively due to Chiang pulling the strings behind government as Director-General of the Kuomintang. With the fall of Nanjing to the PLA in April 1949, the ROC government moved south to Guangzhou , and then to its wartime capital of Chongqing, and finally to Chengdu . Sensing that he would eventually lose

1560-492: The horses that were given to Taiwan as a gift from Arabia . Taiwan High Speed Rail passes through the western part of the district, but no station is currently planned. Retrocession Day Retrocession Day is the annual observance and former public holiday in Taiwan commemorating the end of Japanese rule of Taiwan and Penghu and the claimed return of Taiwan to the Republic of China on 25 October 1945. However,

1612-574: The idea of "Taiwan retrocession" remains in dispute. Taiwan , then more commonly known to the Western world as "Formosa", became a colony of the Empire of Japan after the Qing dynasty lost the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894 and ceded the island with the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki . Japanese rule in Taiwan lasted until the end of World War II . In November 1943, Chiang Kai-shek took part in

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1664-582: The internationally recognized government of China until 1928. In the Republican period , there were a series of governments, sometimes in rivalry with each other. The Nationalist government , led by the Kuomintang (KMT) , was originally formed as a rival military government under Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou in 1917. After Sun's death in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek led the Northern Expedition (1926–1928) to unify

1716-524: The island, signed a receipt of Order No. 1 and handed it over to Governor-General of Taiwan Chen Yi, representing the Republic of China Armed Forces to complete the official turnover in Taipei (known during occupation as Taihoku) on 25 October 1945, at Taipei City Public Auditorium (now Zhongshan Hall ). Chen Yi proclaimed that day to be "Retrocession Day" and organized the island into the Taiwan Province of

1768-453: The lack of a strong veto and no direct control of most administrative policy. The leadership of the country consists of the two top officials that is directly and jointly elected by citizens of the Republic of China residing in the Taiwan Area . Under the president, two advisory and administrative agencies are established to support the work of the president. The Executive Yuan is led by

1820-491: The mainland for Taiwan. Chiang then declared Taipei as the provisional capital of the Republic of China on 7 December 1949, and left Chengdu for Taipei by air three days later when the city fell to the communists. Based on the Constitution of the Republic of China , the head of state is the president , who is elected by popular vote for a four-year term on the same ticket as the vice-president. The president has authority over

1872-423: The mainland to the communists, Chiang secretly started preparations to move the government to the island of Taiwan, which was placed under the ROC's control on 25 October 1945. Taiwan was seen as a safe haven for Chiang due to it being separated from the mainland by the 180 km or 110 mi-wide Taiwan Strait . During that period, more than two million civilians, military personnel and government officials left

1924-524: The ongoing civil war with the communists . With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the invading Imperial Japanese Army managed to capture Nanjing on 13 December 1937. The Japanese then proceeded to sack the city, and massacred hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians. With the fall of Nanjing, the government was forced to move first to Wuhan , until the city fell on 27 October 1938. It retreated further inland to Chongqing , which

1976-449: The parliament who gave up their membership in the KMT were offered 1,000 British pounds . Yuan maintained power locally by sending military generals to be provincial governors or by obtaining the allegiance of those already in power. When Yuan died, the parliament of 1913 was reconvened to give legitimacy to a new government. However, the real power of the time passed to military leaders, forming

2028-494: The premier. However, the ROC's political system does not fit traditional models. The premier is selected by the president without the need for approval from the Legislature, but the Legislature can pass laws without regard for the president, as neither the president nor the premier wields veto power. Thus, there is little incentive for the president and the legislature to negotiate on legislation if they are of opposing parties. During

2080-435: The presidency and five branches of government, modeled on Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy of Three Principles of the People . In practice, the system resembles a semi-presidential system with a uniquely strong presidency, as the president may appoint the premier , the head of government , without the consent of the legislature. The president, however, shares limitations found in other semi-presidential systems, including

2132-409: The proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties, and six seats are reserved to represent aboriginal groups. Members serve four-year terms. Although sometimes referred to as a " parliament ", the Legislative Yuan, under Sun's political theory, is a branch of government, while only the National Assembly of the Republic of China , which is now abolished, with the power to amend

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2184-526: The successful Northern Expedition led by the Kuomintang (KMT) and its leader Chiang Kai-shek , the KMT managed to unify China nominally and established the National Government of the Republic of China (also known as the Nationalist Government ; traditional Chinese : 國民政府 ; simplified Chinese : 国民政府 ; pinyin : Guómín Zhèngfǔ ) with its capital in Nanjing, whose authority

2236-399: The tenure of the pan-Green's Chen Shui-bian the continued control of the Legislative Yuan by the pan-Blue majority caused legislation to repeatedly stall, as the two sides were deadlocked. There is another curiosity of the ROC system; because the ROC was previously dominated by strongman one-party politics, real power in the system shifted from one position to another, depending on what position

2288-432: The warlord period. The impotent government still had its uses; when World War I began, several Western powers and Japan wanted China to declare war on Germany , in order to liquidate German holdings. Nevertheless, it was widely seen as weak and unstable. There were also several warlord governments and puppet states sharing the same name. See also: Wang Jingwei Government , Warlord era , Chinese Soviet Republic . After

2340-454: Was a provisional government led by the KMT to educate people about their political and civil rights, and the third stage was constitutional government. The KMT considered themselves to be at the second stage in 1928. Although the Nanjing decade was far more stable and progressive as compared to the Warlord period which preceded it, it was still marred with widespread violence, official corruption and

2392-507: Was also elected as the 1st President of the Republic of China under the constitution by the National Assembly in 1948 , with Li Zongren being elected as vice-president. Chiang and Li inaugurated at the Presidential Palace in Nanjing on 20 May 1948, formally marking the transition from political tutelage to constitutional government. However, in 1946, the civil war with the communists led by Mao Zedong resumed despite mediation by

2444-427: Was currently occupied by the leader of the state (Chiang Kai-shek and later his son, Chiang Ching-kuo ). This legacy has resulted in executive powers currently being concentrated in the office of the president rather than the premier. The main legislative body is the unicameral Legislative Yuan with one hundred and thirteen seats. Seventy-three are elected in single member districts; thirty-four are elected based on

2496-523: Was limited and short-lived, with generals controlling both central and northern provinces of China . The limited acts passed by this government included the formal abdication of the Qing dynasty and some economic initiatives. The parliament's authority became nominal; violations of the Constitution by Yuan Shikai , who became president in March 1912, were met with half-hearted motions of censure, and Kuomintang members of

2548-535: Was maintained till the full-scale outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. Known as the Nanjing Decade , the government ruled as a one-party state , as laid out by Sun Yat-sen's "Three Stages of Revolution" and his policy of Dang Guo ( literally: party-state ). The first stage was military unification, which was carried out with the Northern Expedition. The second was "political tutelage" which

2600-460: Was resolved through a series of legal instruments—the Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation, the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, the San Francisco Peace Treaty, and the Treaty of Peace between the Republic of China and Japan of 1952. The implementation of the legal obligation to return Taiwan and its appertaining islands (including the Diaoyutai Islands) to the ROC was first stipulated in

2652-435: Was specified in Potsdam Proclamation that the articles in Cairo Declaration shall be carried out, and in accordance with Japanese Instrument of Surrender we announced that we would comply with Potsdam Proclamation. However, the so-called Japanese Instrument of Surrender possesses the nature of armistice and does not possess the nature of territorial disposition. In April 1971, the U.S. Department of State spokesman stated in

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2704-425: Was the wartime capital until 1945. Although Chongqing was located in the inland western province of Sichuan , it was nevertheless heavily bombed by Japanese warplanes many times during the course of the war. With the end of the war, the National Government moved back to Nanjing. The Kuomintang then proceeded with the drafting of a new constitution for China, which were boycotted by the communists. The Constitution of

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