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159-453: The Order of Angell , known for decades as Michigamua , was a senior honorary society recognizing student leaders and outstanding athletes at the University of Michigan . For most of its history, its practices reflected images of Native Americans drawn from Euro-American popular culture. From Michigamua's founding in 1901 until the 1970s, membership was a badge of distinction. From the 1970s on,

318-548: A 501(c)(3) independent organization, it represents students from all colleges and schools, manages student funds on campus, and has representatives from each academic unit. The Central Student Government is separate from the University of Michigan administration. Over the years, the Central Student Government has led voter registration drives, revived Homecoming events, changed a football seating policy, and created

477-571: A Michigan graduate student and member of the Nisga'a tribe of British Columbia. Addressing the Michigan Civil Rights Commission, Barner called Rope Day "demeaning and insulting to the Indian culture and heritage." By sanctioning Michigamua, the university permitted "our culture to be distorted and ridiculed because of our race and national origin". Replying to Barner, members of Michigamua said

636-576: A New Millenium" and offered to renovate the "wigwam" to remove all native references. But the latter point became moot when the university ruled that no student group should enjoy exclusive access to the tower rooms and ordered Michigamua, Adara, and Vulcans to vacate their rooms. The student government voted again to terminate Michigamua's status as a recognized student organization. The group continued to meet in private quarters off campus and to initiate new members. The stand-off between Michigamua and its critics continued for several years. Protesters demanded

795-522: A Student Advisory Council for Ann Arbor city affairs. A longstanding goal of the Central Student Government has been to create a student-designated seat on the Board of Regents. In 2000 and 2002, students Nick Waun, Scott Trudeau, Matt Petering, and Susan Fawcett ran for the Board of Regents on the statewide ballot as third-party nominees, though none were successful. A 1998 poll by the State of Michigan concluded that

954-628: A conference on higher education took place at the university, resulting in the establishment of the Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges . Under his leadership, construction boomed on campus, and enrollments increased, propelled by the prosperous economy of the Roaring Twenties . He initiated the annual honors convocation, introduced the deans' conference, and increased university income. He fell ill in 1924 and died in 1925. In this emergency, President Emeritus Hutchins

1113-523: A decade prior, and included an array of schools and libraries under a single administration, with the authority to establish additional schools across the territory. It wasn't until Michigan became a state in 1837 that the corporation focused solely on higher education. Promptly after the Territory of Michigan's formation in 1805, prominent citizens acknowledged the need for a college. In 1806, Father Gabriel Richard , who presided over several schools in

1272-541: A diploma system, and introduced coeducation. Women were first admitted in 1870, although Alice Robinson Boise Wood was the first woman to attend classes (without matriculating) in 1866–67. In 1870, Gabriel Franklin Hargo graduated from the law school as the second African American to graduate from a law school in the United States. In 1871, Sarah Killgore became the first woman to graduate from law school and be admitted to

1431-447: A fixed $ 15,000 since 1869, still required additional funding. Frustrated, Haven resigned in 1869 to become president of Northwestern , a Methodist institution, a move that sectarians viewed as a setback for secular colleges. The presidency remained vacant from 1869 to 1871, with Professor Henry Simmons Frieze serving as acting president. During this period, the university raised funds for University Hall, overhauled admissions with

1590-458: A long rope, then run them through the campus and subject them to physical ordeals, including being doused with water and smeared with red brick dust. Hazing on Rope Day varied in severity. One member reported in 1919 that "Rope Day used to be very impressive...unique and picturesque. But it...has degenerated until it has become the worst offender in the way of brutal and barbaric tortures." Early initiates were often "paddled" — struck repeatedly on

1749-508: A loss of federal funding. Students and administrators worked out a compromise. They would establish the Tower Society, a new honorary organization with two parts — Michigamua for men and Adara (later renamed Phoenix) for leading women students. Michigamua would continue to meet in the "wigwam" while Adara would meet in a room one floor below, and the two groups would hold regular joint meetings. (The Vulcans engineering honorary would later join

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1908-518: A majority of voters would approve adding a student regent position if put to a vote. However, amending the composition of the Board of Regents would require a constitutional amendment in Michigan. In addition to the Central Student Government, each college and school at the University of Michigan has its own independent student governance body. Undergraduate students in the College of Literature, Science, and

2067-425: A n*****," Sharpton said, "but you don't have the right to make me pay for it. We're talking about a permanent use of this tower that's subsidized by public funds." After 37 days, protesters left the "wigwam" with only one key issue resolved — native materials were turned over to the university's Museum of Natural History. Soon afterward, members voted to change the organization's name to "Michigamua: New Traditions for

2226-489: A new enactment, the university itself was created as a "body politic and corporate," maintaining its corporate status through various modifications to its charter. The term "Catholepistemiad," a neologism derived from a blend of Greek and Latin roots, can be loosely translated as "School of Universal Knowledge". This corporation was modeled after the Imperial University of France , an entity established by Napoleon I

2385-465: A notable incident involving the Jesse James Gang, an offshoot of Students for a Democratic Society , hosting an on-campus military recruiter in hostage. Hatcher controversially dismissed three professors for their refusal to cooperate with Joseph McCarthy 's House Un-American Activities Committee . Hatcher's successor, Robben Wright Fleming, an experienced negotiator, guided the university through

2544-454: A part of the group's identity, at least in its name and publications, and that the group continued to improperly possess authentic tribal artifacts. In the spring of 1999, Native American students submitted requests to the administration that echoed earlier demands — better efforts to recruit Native students and faculty; a Native American studies program; courses in the Anishinaabe language; and

2703-466: A pen-pal project that fostered monthly correspondence between mentors and their mentees. For several years, the Order of Angell operated with little controversy. Then, in the 2010s, several student groups began to object if their members joined the Order, citing its ancestral ties to Michigamua or its reputation for secrecy or both. Some students declined invitations. Then, in 2019, three student organizations —

2862-450: A period of limited construction funding, these structures exhibited a simple design with minimal ornamentation. However, Kahn's Hill Auditorium (1913), adequately funded by Regent Arthur Hill, features extensive Sullivanesque ornamentation and excellent acoustic design, which was rare for that period. Beginning in 1920, the university received greater funding for construction projects, thanks to President Burton's fiscal persuasiveness with

3021-616: A sharp rise in campus activism, highlighted by the increase in political dissent linked to the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War . In 1964, a group of faculty hosted the nation's first " teach-in " against U.S. policy in Southeast Asia, attended by 2,500 students. Subsequent sit-ins by campus political groups led to administrative crackdowns, further escalating tensions and confrontational tactics among radicals, including

3180-399: A sharp rise in the number of students at Michigan, from some 1,500 in the 1880s to 4,500 by 1910. With the dilution of close relations between students and faculty, students sought community in organizations of their own, including fraternities and sororities, dramatic and musical societies, publications, and athletic teams. Honorary societies arose to recognize the leaders of these groups. In

3339-541: A sophomore taught by two professors, Joseph Whiting and George Palmer Williams. In the first commencement of 1845, eleven graduates, including Judson Dwight Collins , were awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree. In subsequent years, the regents established branches across the state as preparatory schools for the university, starting with Pontiac and followed by Kalamazoo , Detroit , Niles , Tecumseh , White Pigeon , and Romeo . However, they struggled to enroll students and some merged with local colleges. Kalamazoo College

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3498-730: A student's standardized test scores, application essay and letters of recommendation to be important academic factors, with emphasis on an applicant's academic record and GPA, while ranking an applicant's high school class rank as 'not considered'. In terms of non-academic materials as of 2022, Michigan ranks character/personal qualities and whether the applicant is a first-generation university applicant as 'important' in making first-time, first-year admission decisions, while ranking extracurricular activities, talent/ability, geographical residence, state residency, volunteer work, work experience and level of applicant's interest as 'considered'. Some applicants to Music, Theatre and Dance and some applicants to

3657-426: A thorough reorganization and choose a new name. In February 2007, members announced that Michigamua would become the Order of Angell, a name selected to honor James Burrill Angell , president of Michigan from 1871 to 1909, renowned for building Michigan into a leading public university. They apologized for Michigamua's use of Native American themes and artifacts. Like Michigamua, the Order would select new members from

3816-577: A turbulent era of student protests and activism. Unlike some other universities, Michigan did not experience violent outbreaks during this period. Shortly after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968, the Black Action Movement organized an eight-day campus-wide strike at the university in 1970 to protest the lack of support for minorities on campus, successfully prompting the administration to meet several of their demands. In 1971,

3975-515: A video studio, multimedia workspaces, and a 3D virtual reality room. Other libraries located on North Campus include the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and the Bentley Historical Library . Ross Athletic Campus is the site for the university's athletic programs, including major sports facilities such as Michigan Stadium , Crisler Center , and Yost Ice Arena . The campus area is also

4134-543: A visiting professorship at the university in 1931. Stephen Timoshenko created the first U.S. bachelor's and doctoral programs in engineering mechanics when he was a faculty professor at the university. Shortly after the war, in 1947, the regents formed a War Memorial Committee to honor students who died in World War II. By 1948, they established the Phoenix Project to explore peaceful atomic energy applications, leading to

4293-592: Is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity". It consists of nineteen colleges and offers 250 degree programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . In 2021, it ranked third among American universities in research expenditures according to the National Science Foundation . The University of Michigan's athletic teams are collectively known as

4452-495: Is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan , United States. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Michigan is one of the earliest American research universities and is a founding member of the Association of American Universities . In the fall of 2023, the university employed 8,189 faculty members and enrolled 52,065 students in its programs. The university

4611-688: Is an off-campus facility, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000-square-foot (930 m ) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the Board of Regents, and to host visiting dignitaries. Another major off-campus facility is the Matthaei Botanical Gardens , which is located on the eastern outskirts of the City of Ann Arbor. The original Central Campus spanned 40 acres (16 ha), bordered by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. The master plan

4770-588: Is divided into four main areas: the Central Campus area, the North Campus area, the North Medical Campus area, and Ross Athletic Campus area. The campus areas include more than 500 major buildings, with a combined area of more than 37.48 million square feet (860 acres; 3.482 km ). The Central and Athletic Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by

4929-601: Is governed by the Board of Regents , established by the Organic Act of March 18, 1837. It consists of eight members, elected at large in biennial state elections for overlapping eight-year terms. Before the Office of President was established in 1850, the University of Michigan was directly managed by the appointed regents, with a rotating group of professors responsible for carrying out day-to-day administrative duties. The Constitution of

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5088-438: Is leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. In addition to the University of Michigan Golf Course on Ross Athletic Campus, the university operates a second golf course on Geddes Road called Radrick Farms Golf Course. The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor. The Inglis House

5247-529: Is located south of Michigan Stadium. It was designed in the late 1920s by Alister MacKenzie , the designer of Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia , home of the Masters Tournament . The course opened to the public in 1931 and has one of "the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie" according to the magazine Sports Illustrated in 2006. The University of Michigan

5406-498: Is the second-largest recipient of state appropriations for higher education in Michigan for 2022-23, trailing Michigan State University ($ 372 million). The Office of Budget and Planning reports that Michigan Medicine 's auxiliary activities are the largest funding source, contributing $ 6.05 billion to the Auxiliary Funds, which accounts for 55.1% of the total operating budget. Student tuition and fees contributed $ 1.95 billion to

5565-519: The "western" novels and movies of white popular culture. Linguists called the dialect " Native American Pidgin English " and "Hollywood Injun Pidgin." It bore little if any relation to the actual languages of Native American nations. Each cadre elected a "sachem" (president), "sagamore" (vice president), "keeper of the wampum" (treasurer), and "wiskinski" (secretary). Titles were drawn from New York's Society of St. Tammany (better known as Tammany Hall ) and

5724-547: The Catholepistemiad , or University of Michigania , which included thirteen professorships, or didaxiim . The act was enacted on August 26, 1817, with Father Richard appointed Vice-President and Rev. John Monteith as President. Woodward sought funding from the Zion Masonic Lodge , which contributed $ 250, leading to a total of $ 5,000 raised for the university. The cornerstone for the first schoolhouse, situated near

5883-526: The College of Engineering may be interviewed. A portfolio is required and considered for admission for Art, Architecture and the Ross School of Business . Submission of standardized test scores is recommended but not compulsory. Of the 52% of enrolled freshmen in 2023 who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1350–1530. Of the 18% of the incoming freshman class who submitted ACT scores;

6042-652: The Huron River . The North Medical Campus area was developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery. All four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central campus areas. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central campus areas, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor. There

6201-478: The Improved Order of Red Men . Michigamua became well known chiefly through rites of initiation held before crowds of spectators every spring. The event was called " Rope Day ." Junior men chosen as new members —"young bucks" — would be summoned to a central spot on the campus where the senior members — "fighting braves" — wearing faux -Indian costumes, with their skin stained red, would tie initiates' wrists to

6360-527: The Law School , Ross School of Business , Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy , and the School of Dentistry , are on Central Campus. Two main libraries, Hatcher Graduate Library and Shapiro Undergraduate Library , as well as the university's many museums , are also on Central Campus. The North Campus area built independently from the city on a large plot of farmland—approximately 800 acres (3.2 km )—that

6519-509: The New York Times , the civil-rights activist Al Sharpton announced plans to visit Ann Arbor to support the protesters. Spokesmen for Michigamua responded to the occupation by saying the current cadre of members wanted to fully understand the protesters' grievances and remedy past wrongs. "The space is the secondary issue," said Rishi Moudgil, a leader among the members. "The pain is the primary issue... We are questioning what has happened in

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6678-615: The Order of Angell with a vow to foster diversity and draw its members from the broadest possible array of candidates. But critics continued to denounce the Order on the grounds of its secrecy, elitism, and origins in Michigamua. In February 2021, after several current and former BIPOC members of the organization urged that the Order of Angell be dissolved, the active members disbanded the society and declared that it should never be reconstituted. The founding of Michigamua in 1901 stemmed in part from

6837-580: The Panic of 1837 . In 1841, Mason Hall, the first campus building, was completed, followed by the construction of South College, an identical building to the south, in 1849, leaving a gap for a future grand centerpiece. Asa Gray was appointed the first professor following the university's move to Ann Arbor in 1837, alongside early faculty members Douglass Houghton and Andrew Ten Brook . The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and

6996-658: The Rockefeller Church of New York . Following its completion, nearby buildings like the School of Education Building, by Malcomson and Higginbotham , and Emil Lorch's Architecture and Design Building adopted Gothic elements reflecting the style of the Law Quadrangle and Martha Cook Residence. The Central Campus is the location of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts . Most of the graduate and professional schools, including

7155-589: The School of Nursing , the School of Dentistry , the Law School , the Medical School , and the College of Pharmacy . Michigan Medicine , the university's health system, comprises the university's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education. U.S. News & World Report rates Michigan "Most Selective" and The Princeton Review rates its admissions selectivity of 96 out of 99. Admissions are characterized as "more selective, lower transfer-in" according to

7314-485: The Spectrum Center was founded as the nation's oldest collegiate LGBT student center , preceding the establishment of Penn 's center. Meanwhile, support among students for marijuana legalization was gaining traction on campus, as highlighted by the annual Hash Bash rally that began in 1972. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, campus unrest began to affect the university's academic standing, which had been ranked among

7473-462: The Town of Detroit , first petitioned for land to found a college. Although Governor William Hull and Woodward promulgated an act in 1809 to establish public school districts, this preliminary endeavor yielded negligible results. Woodward, aspiring to categorize knowledge (which he termed "encathol epistemia"), discussed this with Thomas Jefferson in 1814. In 1817, Woodward drafted a territorial act for

7632-489: The U.S. House of Representatives , 42 U.S. Cabinet secretaries , and 41 U.S. governors . The University of Michigan traces its origins to August 26, 1817, when it was established in the Territory of Michigan as the Catholepistemiad or University of Michigania through a legislative act signed by acting governor and secretary William Woodbridge , chief justice Augustus B. Woodward , and judge John Griffin . In 1821, by

7791-523: The University of Pennsylvania , among others. Members defined the group's mission as to "fight like hell for Michigan and Michigamua," which meant simply that Michigamua regarded itself as an embodiment of "school spirit", to use the expression then coming into vogue. As on other campuses, allegiance to one's university or college as a whole was promoted as a corrective to the rancorous loyalties to one's class or academic unit that often provoked rowdy and violent "rushes". Promoting school spirit also partook of

7950-632: The Wolverines . They compete in NCAA Division I ( FBS ) as members of the Big Ten Conference . The university currently fields varsity teams across 29 NCAA-sanctioned sports. As of 2022, athletes from the university have won 188 medals at the Olympic Games . Notable alumni from the university include 8 domestic and foreign heads of state or heads of government , 47 U.S. senators , 218 members of

8109-418: The "tribe" had crafted a subculture of its own out of pop-culture Indian caricatures. The Michigan Daily quoted an unnamed member of the 1975 cadre as saying: "Michigamua — unfortunately, maybe — has adopted things from the grade-B movies on TV. I don't think anybody in Michigamua considers them to be Indian. It's always Michigamua tradition, Michigamua lore, an identity of Michigamua rather than Indian." From

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8268-450: The "tribe" was "based on principles that reject any insulting or offensive actions" and promised to "eliminate all public actions of our organization". The commission ordered Michigamua to stop "playing Indian" in public. From then on, the "tribe" initiated new members without spectators at the university's off-campus Radrick Farm property. Meetings in the "wigwam" continued. Later cadres were reported to have "played Indian" in public, breaking

8427-472: The "tribe") permitted Michigamua to meet in the room at the top of the Union tower. (Other student groups, including the honor societies Druids and Vulcans, also rented space in the tower.) In the early 1930s, with the backing of Fielding Yost , then the university's powerful athletic director, the Union's officers granted Michigamua the right, at its own expense, to decorate its room for its exclusive use. In 1933,

8586-626: The 1970s through the 1990s, Michigamua continued to induct new cadres, but its standing had declined. With the departure of Rope Day from the central campus, many Michigan students were no longer even aware of the organization. It also came under scrutiny for hazing activities banned by the Michigan Student Assembly. In 1988, two new blows challenged Michigamua's grip on its traditions. The Michigan Student Assembly voted to withdraw its recognition of Michigamua as an approved student organization, citing critics' charges of racism and elitism. And

8745-591: The 1990s, Michigamua tried to adjust to a new era in which multiculturalism and gender equality had been embraced as governing principles. By the late 1990s, each class included at least a few members who identified as progressive. The greatest change came in 1999 when, under pressure from university officials who had rethought Title IX's applicability to single-sex student organizations, Michigamua admitted its first women members. Complaints about Michigamua and racism persisted. The university's Native American Student Association (NASA) asserted that "playing Indian" remained

8904-530: The Ann Arbor campus, is the official residence and office of the University President. Constructed in 1840, the three-story Italianate President's House is the oldest surviving building on the Ann Arbor campus and a University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District contributing property. The Central Student Government, housed in the Michigan Union , is the university's student government . As

9063-674: The Arts are represented by the LS&;A Student Government. Engineering Student Government manages undergraduate student government affairs for the College of Engineering. Graduate students enrolled in the Rackham Graduate School are represented by the Rackham Student Government, and law students are represented by the Law School Student Senate as is each other college with its own respective government. In addition,

9222-643: The Board of Regents and discontent with his administration, he was forced to resign in 1863. In 1863, Erastus Otis Haven took office as president, having been a professor at the time and needing to prove his right for the presidency. The campus was divided by conflicting views among students, faculty, and regents regarding Tappan's restoration, the homeopathy crisis, and the Civil War . Haven's administration faced routine administrative difficulties and struggled to garner support for increased state aid, despite achieving modest gains. The university, which had received

9381-550: The Building and Grounds Committee, leading to Albert Kahn's growing influence in the University's architectural development. Clements, impressed by Kahn's work on his industrial projects and residence in Bay City , awarded him multiple university commissions and appointed him as the university's supervising architect. The West Engineering Hall (1910), Natural Science Building (1915), and General Library (1920) were all designed by Kahn. During

9540-536: The Carnegie Classification. Michigan received over 83,000 applications for a place in the 2021–22 freshman class, making it one of the most applied-to universities in the United States. Of those students accepted to Michigan's Class of 2027, 7,050 chose to attend. Admission is based on academic prowess, extracurricular activities, and personal qualities. The university's admission process is need-blind for domestic applicants. Admissions officials consider

9699-604: The College of Engineering, the School of Music, Theatre & Dance , the Stamps School of Art & Design , the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning , and an annex of the School of Information . The campus area is served by Duderstadt Center, which houses the Art, Architecture and Engineering Library. Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs, video editing studios, electronic music studios, an audio studio,

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9858-608: The General Fund, accounting for 11% of the total budget. Research grants and contracts from the U.S. federal government contributed $ 1.15 billion to the Expendable Restricted Funds, accounting for 10.4% of the total budget. The university's current (FY 2022–23) operating budget has four major sources of funding: The university's financial endowment , known as the "University Endowment Fund", comprises over 12,400 individual funds. Each fund must be spent according to

10017-591: The Martin Luther King, Jr. Spirit Award  honoring Salma Hamamy, a pro-Palestinian student,  who shared footage of Israeli drones summarily executing unarmed Palestinians. In response 65 MLK Spirit Award Recipients returned their awards. In 2024 five Shanghai Jiao Tong University students who participated in an exchange program with the University of Michigan were charged with espionage related offenses after being caught during exerscises at Camp Grayling which included Taiwanese forces. The founding of

10176-750: The Michigamua member Edward F. Parker, the campaign established the Michigan Union , one of the earliest such organizations in the U.S., with Parker as its first president. Efforts followed to construct a building to house the organization. Completed in 1919, the Michigan Union building, a campus landmark, housed the Union's own offices and those of many other student organizations, including Michigamua, as well as facilities for dining, recreation, social events, and meetings. Michigamua's first cadres chose their successors chiefly based on popularity and "a reputation for originality and class 'deviltry,'" all to promote "good class fellowship". But leadership soon emerged as

10335-401: The Michigan Civil Rights Commission warned the state's universities that any use of Indian names, logos, or mascots violated state civil rights laws. In response, Michigamua promised in 1989 to drop nearly all faux -Native American references. Henceforth its rituals and nomenclature would refer only to University of Michigan traditions. Members would be called "fighting wolves" — a reference to

10494-733: The Order of Angell started Leaders for Life, an annual program aimed at fostering leadership skills among 100 invited sophomores and juniors. Each year until 2019, prominent figures spoke to the question: "Knowing what you know now, what advice would you give to student leaders?" Participants included three presidents of the university; Michigan's governor; varsity football coaches; and leaders of businesses, community-welfare organizations, and arts groups. In 2012, Leaders for Life surveyed some 1,200 student leaders of roughly 300 student organizations on campus to identify traits that make for effective leadership among college students. A follow-up survey in 2016 surveyed some 8,000 recent Michigan graduates to see if

10653-558: The Order told alumni by email they were considering disbanding the organization for good — a decision that any year's membership could make without interference by alumni — and solicited advice. According to the Michigan Daily , the email reported many problems in the 2020-21 academic year, including restrictions on face-to-face meetings during the COVID-19 pandemic. The email read in part: "Dealing with being labeled as racists on social media,

10812-538: The Philippines, thanks to the efforts of Michigan alumni, including Dean Conant Worcester and George A. Malcolm . Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa , who graduated as valedictorian in 1880, becoming the first Puerto Rican to earn a university degree in the United States. Ida Gray graduated from the School of Dentistry in June 1890, becoming the first African-American woman dentist in

10971-610: The Pride." In meetings, they charged, "students of color often faced a hostile environment riddled with microaggressions and tokenism". In March 2021, the Order announced its decision to disband. Members acknowledged predecessors' efforts to "rectify past harm by eliminating traditions rooted in Indigenous cultural appropriation, changing the name from Michigamua to Order of Angell, and attempting to open conversation channels with communities who expressed dissent to Order's continued existence." But

11130-452: The State of Michigan of 1850 restructured the university's administration. It established the Office of the President and transitioned the Board of Regents to an elected body. The state constitution granted the Board of Regents the power to appoint a non-voting presiding president to lead their meetings, effectively elevating the board to the level of a constitutional corporation independent of

11289-416: The Tower Society, with a meeting room two floors below the "wigwam".) This arrangement satisfied HEW but not Michigamua's critics, especially Native American students. One of them, Grace Pego , had filed a separate civil-rights claim in 1976 shortly after Blumenthal and Tanay made their Title IX complaint. Pego asserted that Michigamua — and thus the university, by supporting it— was violating an amendment to

11448-449: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services), which then administered Title IX. The issue turned in part on whether Michigamua was an honorary society or a social fraternity. If the former, its single-sex nature would violate Title IX. If the latter, it could stay males-only, since Title IX specifically excluded social fraternities and sororities from its purview. While HEW considered the complaint, university administers decided Michigamua

11607-408: The Union, special privileges to use Radrick Farm, and alleged favoritism in access to football tickets — the university was violating Title IX of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 , which forbade gender discrimination by educational institutions that received federal funding. A stand-off ensued among Michigamua, the university, and the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW, later

11766-813: The United Asian American Organizations, La Casa (a Latinx group), and the renamed Arab Student Association — denounced the Order and forbade its members to join it, saying, as the Arab Student Association put it, "an honest platform for diversity, inclusion, and transparency cannot be built on a foundation of the oppression of the Native community." Members defended the Order, saying its roster and mission were matters of public record and that roughly half its members were students of color and roughly half women. They also acknowledged past wrongs committed by Michigamua. Early in 2021, current members of

11925-562: The United States. In the early 20th century, the university emerged as a preferred option for Jewish students pursuing secular education due to quotas on Jewish admissions at denominational colleges, and it has since become a haven for the Jewish-American academic community. Angell retired in 1909, and seven years later, he died in the President's House , which had been his home for forty-five years. His successor, Harry Burns Hutchins , who

12084-679: The University of Michigan in the 19th century was influenced by the transatlantic Republic of Letters , an intellectual community that spanned Europe and the Americas. Key figures, such as Henry Philip Tappan , were instrumental in aligning the university with the ideals championed by the intellectual community, including liberty, reason, and scientific inquiry. Alumni and faculty from Michigan, like Andrew Dixon White , carried these ideals forward as they shaped other institutions. Notably, Cornell alumni David Starr Jordan and John Casper Branner later introduced these concepts to Stanford University in

12243-516: The academic year 1900-1901, 15 students in a philosophy course taught by Professor Robert Mark Wenley formed the Hot Air Club, a social group that soon declared itself a formal society of seniors that would take, as a founder put it, "an Indian tribe as the means of expression and the name Michigamua." Members believed "Michigamua" was the name of an actual indigenous tribe of the Great Lakes region and

12402-557: The addition of many extracurricular activities, such as the intercollegiate football team and the marching band . Though a reformer, Angell was not authoritarian; he encouraged open debate and aimed for near-unanimous agreement before implementing changes, rather than pushing through with only a narrow majority. In 1871-72, Charles Kendall Adams first introduced the German seminar method of study, marking its first use in America. In 1875,

12561-515: The arts. The university's 15th and current president, Santa Ono , was elected in 2022. In April 2024, Michigan  students joined other campuses across the United States in protests and setting up encampments against the Israel–Hamas war and genocide of Palestinians   in Gaza. The protestors called for the University to divest from Israel . In May 2024, the University of Michigan revoked

12720-518: The authority to either terminate the president's tenure or extend it for an additional term. The university's current president is Santa Ono , formerly the president of the University of British Columbia in Canada. After an extensive presidential search conducted by the executive search firm Isaacson, Miller, the board announced its selection of Santa Ono as the university's 15th President on July 13, 2022. Ono assumed office on October 14, 2022, succeeding

12879-479: The bar of any state in the United States. A promoter of music education, Frieze oversaw the formation of the University Musical Society . Student discipline remained problematic, with frequent class rushes and hazing. Past efforts to curb these disorders had proven ineffective, which Frieze blamed on decentralized faculty control. James Burrill Angell became president in 1871 and would remain in

13038-494: The board, and Father Richard served on the board until his death in 1832. The trustees continued to manage the schools and classical academy, but established no new schools. By 1827, all schools had closed, and the Detroit schoolhouse was leased to private teachers. In 1837, following Michigan admission to the Union, its constitution enabled the appointive regents to oversee university operations directly alongside professors, without

13197-414: The boosterism common to U.S. cities and towns in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Michigamua maintained its prestige and remained largely free of controversy through the 1960s. Several factors helped it to thrive in the long term. One was the practice of recruiting honorary "sachems" from among the university's administrators, prominent faculty and athletic directors, and coaches. These included members of

13356-418: The buttocks with a wooden paddle. Later cadres scaled back the ordeals. The smearing of red brick dust on the skin of initiates — an example of " redface " practices, which are widely castigated by Native Americans and others as the equivalent of demeaning " blackface " caricatures of Africans and African-Americans — continued into the post-World War II era. Michigamua was often called a secret society . That

13515-484: The campus was swamped with military veterans, older on average than students of pre-war years and less interested in undergraduate traditions. So Frederick C. Matthaei, a member of the university's governing board and an honorary sachem, worked with his son, Frederick C. Matthaei Jr., a member of the "tribe", to recruit a full complement of "fighting braves" for 1946-47 and to start a board of alumni to advise new members on traditions, plan alumni gatherings and raise money for

13674-481: The campus's physical growth and fundraising efforts. Duderstadt's successor, Lee Bollinger , conducted several major construction projects like the School of Social Work building and the Tisch Hall, named in honor of alumnus Preston Robert Tisch . In 2003, two lawsuits involving the university's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court: Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger . In 2002,

13833-795: The colonial and early national eras who rebelled against authority in Indian costume. A few groups evolved into political organizations, such as the Tammany societies of Philadelphia and New York, named for a Lenape [Delaware] chief named Tamanend . Other Indian-themed groups were purely fraternal, such as the Society of Red Men and its successor, the Improved Order of Red Men . Members found community and camaraderie in gatherings that partook of secret rituals, names, hierarchies and costumes drawn from European-American depictions of Native American life — all elements that would characterize Michigamua from its origins until

13992-442: The coming years, insisting that Michigamua's traditions made a racist mockery of native cultures. Confronted with such complaints, members of Michigamua usually invoked either of two points of view. Older alumni, echoing the founders, typically argued that Michigamua honored Native Americans. Younger members were more likely to say that critics were mistaking Michigamua's practices as commentary on actual Native Americans, when in fact

14151-419: The core of Michigamua's identity. Members took faux -Indian nicknames betokening some physical or personal trait (for example, "Heap Chatter" for a talkative member) or activity ("Thunder Arm" for a baseball pitcher). They were expected to use the pidgin English (for example, "me heap big chief") that had evolved in early transactions between English speakers and Native Americans, then was absorbed and modified in

14310-465: The creation of the Michigan Glee Club , the oldest student organization at the university, and the publication of the first student newspaper, The Peninsular Phoenix and Gazetteer , in 1857. Despite these accomplishments, Tappan's 11-year presidency was marked by considerable tension. His impartial stance on religion faced backlash during a time of heightened religious fervor. Due to changes in

14469-574: The dean of the law school at his alma mater, where he introduced the case method of instruction. Hutchins was acting president when Angell was absent. During his presidency, Hutchins established the Graduate School , doubled enrollment, and increased the faculty. He secured more state aid and alumni support to fund the university's capital needs, including the gothic Law Quadrangle, Martha Cook Building , Hill Auditorium , and Michigan Union , which became campus landmarks. Hutchins enhanced

14628-414: The dispute. The protest attracted significant attention on campus and in the local press. Protesters extracted Native American artifacts — some authentic, some faux -Indian souvenirs — from a storage space in the "wigwam" and displayed them on Michigamua's meeting table, then invited people in to view the materials. Rallies were held in support of NASA's demands. After a report of the occupation appeared in

14787-422: The donor's specifications. Approximately 28% of the total endowment is allocated to support academic programs, while 22% is designated for student scholarships and fellowships. Approximately 19% of the endowment was allocated to Michigan Medicine and can only be used to support research, patient care, or other purposes specified by donors. As of 2023 , the university's endowment, valued at $ 17.9 billion, ranks as

14946-534: The early 2000s, the university faced declining state funding, prompting suggestions for privatization. Despite being a state institution de jure, it adopted private funding models. A 2008 legislative panel further recommended converting it to a private institution due to its minimal ties to the state. Mark Schlissel succeeded Coleman in 2014. Before his firing in 2022, Schlissel expanded financial aid offerings, enhanced international engagement, and raised student diversity. He also led initiatives in biosciences and

15105-464: The end of all recognition of Michigamua. Those demands set the stage for a major escalation in the long-running conflict. On February 6, 2000, some 20 members of a new group, the Students of Color Coalition (SCC), gained access to the "wigwam" and announced they would stay until the university ejected Michigamua from the campus. University officials allowed a few protesters to remain pending a resolution of

15264-729: The faculty. Goudsmit mentored famous students at the university, including Robert Bacher and Wu Ta-You , the Father of Chinese Physics, who in turn taught Zhu Guangya and two Nobel laureates, Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee . From 1928 to 1941, the Summer Symposium in Theoretical Physics featured renowned physicists like Niels Bohr , Werner Heisenberg , Paul Dirac , and Erwin Schrödinger , with at least fifteen attendees being Nobel laureates or future laureates. Wolfgang Pauli held

15423-466: The federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 "by denying membership to minorities and ridiculing Native American culture." The university deflected federal action by pointing to Michigamua's induction of numerous African Americans and citing the group's assertion that it "holds the American Indian in the highest esteem." But Native American students and their non-native supporters would echo Pego's complaint in

15582-463: The governing board of regents ; four presidents of the university ( Harry Burns Hutchins , Alexander Grant Ruthven , Harlan Hatcher and Robben W. Fleming ); and the varsity football coaches Fielding H. Yost , Fritz Crisler and Bo Schembechler . Connections to the university's upper echelons helped to cement Michigamua's place in campus culture. Close contacts also were maintained with upper-level administrators, especially T. Hawley Tapping, head of

15741-606: The group go entirely out of existence. Once again Michigamua said it had ended all practices to which opponents objected except the retention of its name. Efforts were made to further diversify its membership by race, gender, sexual preference, and political ideology. But some students who were invited to join refused to do so, citing the group's controversial past. Early in 2006, three progressive student organizations ousted members who had joined Michigamua. Heated debate culminated in Michigamua's announcement in April 2006 that it would undertake

15900-499: The group refrained from any effort, as a body, to exert influence on student politics or university policies, though members often claimed to advance worthy aims as individuals working behind the scenes. The main exception to that reluctance to act as a group occurred in 1903-04 when Michigamua supported plans for a unifying social club for all Michigan men — students, faculty, and alumni alike — partly in response to tensions between undergraduate fraternity members and "independents". Led by

16059-405: The group's "historical lack of transparency and sufficient action" made it impossible to carry out its "core mission to make the Michigan campus a better place for students." The letter concluded: "In the strongest terms possible, we condemn any attempts to keep the organization alive in secret, restart the group, or build a new one that seeks to erase the history of the Order of Angell." Michigamua

16218-789: The high standard of National Honor, raised by the fathers, be lowered by their sons. Let learning, liberty and law be exalted and enthroned." With his presidency, Angell focused the university on preparing a new generation of secular leaders in public service. Angell himself was frequently called upon by the White House for diplomatic missions. In 1880, President Rutherford Hayes appointed him as Minister to China, where he successfully negotiated an immigration treaty that increased Chinese student enrollment. Later, in 1887, 1896, and 1897, President Grover Cleveland appointed him to fisheries and waterways commissions. That same year, President William McKinley named him Envoy Extraordinary to Turkey. By

16377-411: The history of Order" and cutting all ties to pre-2006 alumni. Since the reorganization of 2006, they said, the Order had failed to "engage in truth, reconciliation, or healing" or "address the deep, systemic fibers of white supremacy that form the foundation of the organization... The power within the organization was always with white students, backed by a powerful cadre of alumni who pulled strings within

16536-456: The internal push for further reforms, and the inability to engage in oral and in-person traditions have eroded confidence in selecting another Pride." The Daily reported a letter sent to the Order by current and past members who identified as BIPOC (Black and indigenous people of color). The signatories urged the current members to disband the Order or, failing that, to implement reform measures that would include "a public-facing truth-telling of

16695-491: The intersection of Bates Street and Congress Street in Detroit, was laid on September 24, 1817, and by the following year, a Lancasterian school , taught by Lemuel Shattuck , and a classical academy were operational. Additional schools were established in Monroe and Mackinaw by the end of September 1817. In 1821, a new act placed the corporation under the control of a board of trustees. Rev. Monteith, no longer President, joined

16854-481: The key criterion. By 1908, an observer reported the group "aims to draw its members, quite in the manner of the Yale senior societies, from the leaders in all prominent undergraduate activities, studious, social and athletic." Members made efforts to spread invitations roughly equally among fraternity members and "independents". University of Michigan The University of Michigan ( U-M , UMich , or simply Michigan )

17013-533: The late 19th century, the university had gained an international reputation, partly due to Angell's diplomatic efforts. During this period, over 80 subjects of the Emperor of Japan were sent to Ann Arbor to study law as part of the opening of that empire to external influence. The university was also involved in building the Philippine education, legal, and public health systems during the era of American colonization of

17172-399: The late 19th century. Early university leaders, such as James Burrill Angell , played a significant role in establishing other state universities by sharing their insights and experiences. Consequently, Clark Kerr , the first chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley , referred to Michigan as the "mother of state universities." The University of Michigan's campus in Ann Arbor

17331-551: The late 20th century. For inspiration, members of Michigamua's founding "tribe" searched the university library for ethnographic research and imaginative literature about indigenous peoples. Many such writings embraced the white image of Native Americans as "noble savages" living in harmony with nature and representing the inherent goodness of human beings untainted by European-American civilization. Other writings emphasized Indians' supposed courage and fierceness. Both sets of ideas informed Michigamua's ethos. "Playing Indian" formed

17490-403: The legislature, propelled by a prosperous economy. This allowed campus buildings to be constructed in a grand manner. Kahn's Italian Renaissance Clements Library (1923), Classical Greek Angell Hall (1924), and Art Deco Burton Memorial Tower (1936) all feature unusual and costly materials and are considered some of his most elegant university buildings. The last of Kahn's university commissions

17649-506: The library and museum collections, established the law school, and supervised the construction of the Detroit Observatory . In 1855, Michigan became the second university in the country to issue Bachelor of Science degrees. The following year, the country's first chemical laboratory was built on campus, specifically designed for chemistry education, providing additional space for classes and laboratories. Tappan's tenure also saw

17808-532: The main campus in Ann Arbor. The president retains authority over the branch campuses in Dearborn and Flint but is not directly involved in their day-to-day management. Instead, two separate chancellors are appointed by the president to serve as chief executive officers overseeing each branch campus. All presidents are appointed by the Board of Regents to serve five-year terms, at the board's discretion, and there are no term limits for university presidents. The board has

17967-606: The middle 50 percent Composite score was between 31 and 34. Matthaei Botanical Gardens The botanical gardens includes outdoor display gardens, the Gaffield Children's Garden, a 10,000+ square-foot conservatory, and natural areas with walking trails. The gardens are named after former Michigan regent Frederick C. Matthaei Sr. and his wife Mildred, who donated 200 acres (0.81 km ) of land. The gardens and hardy collections consist of several formal displays and outdoor plantings: The 10,000+ square-foot conservatory

18126-562: The nation's first academic program in nuclear science and engineering, funded by over 25,000 contributors, including the Ford Motor Company . In 1951, Harlan Hatcher succeeded Ruthven and served as president until 1968, overseeing the construction of North Campus, the founding of Flint Senior College , and the establishment of the Dearborn Center . The tenures of Hatcher and his successor, Robben Wright Fleming , were marked by

18285-517: The need for a president. The regents met in Ann Arbor and accepted the town's proposal for the university to relocate, based on a 40 acres (16 ha) grant from the Treaty of Fort Meigs . Alexander Jackson Davis devised the original campus plan in Gothic Revival style , and the regents unanimously approved his proposal; however, the plan was abandoned due to financial constraints resulting from

18444-446: The objects from the Union long before. Members held firm on retaining their space in the tower but offered to have it renovated under the supervision of a Native American elder. Joe Reilly , a Michigan senior, Native American activist, and spokesman for the protesters, said Michigamua had forfeited its credibility by breaking past promises and dragging its heels in making changes. Protesters said they would meet only with top officials of

18603-522: The oldest building on campus. The Chemical Laboratory, built by Albert Jordan in 1856 and operational until 1980, was notable for housing the nation's first instructional chemistry lab. After the completion of the Old Medical Building (1850–1914) and the Law Building (1863–1950), an open space known as The Diag began to take shape. Among the prominent structures on the original Central Campus

18762-463: The outgoing president Mark Schlissel . Ono is the first Asian American president of the university, as well as the second to have been born in Canada, since the 10th president, Harold Tafler Shapiro . Laurie McCauley has been serving as the 17th and current provost of the university since May 2022, and she was recommended by the president to serve a full term through June 30, 2027. The President's House , located at 815 South University Avenue on

18921-458: The past. We don't want to make the same mistakes." Members apologized for offending Native Americans and said they had never seen, let alone put on display, the Native American objects now on public view. The objects had been stored unseen in an attic, they said, and they agreed to hand them over to university officials. Michigamua alumni took the blame, telling reporters they should have removed

19080-425: The pledge to operate solely in private. In 1976, Michigamua's males-only tradition came under fire from two women students associated with the university's student government, the Michigan Student Assembly (MSA). They were Amy Blumenthal, MSA's vice president, and Anita Tanay, a former member. Blumenthal and Tanay asserted that by providing facilities and aid to the all-male Michigamua — including its rent-free room in

19239-403: The post for nearly four decades. Shortly after his arrival, University Hall was completed and dedicated. During his presidency, he broadened the curriculum, founded various professional schools, resolved the long-standing homeopathy problem, restored campus discipline, raised entrance and graduation requirements, and persuaded the legislature to increase state aid. Angell's tenure saw

19398-463: The power to recognize student groups. As for Michigamua's claim on space in the Union Tower, Bollinger said, that merited review by a neutral committee. As critics and supporters of the occupation traded views in the press, the occupation continued. Sharpton, appearing before SCC supporters, rebuked Bollinger for his claim that Michigamua enjoyed First Amendment protections. "You have a right to call me

19557-487: The ranks of student leaders, but with increased efforts to ensure diversity. Rosters would be made public. Their aim would be "to bridge the communication gap between the many groups on campus, to help U-M realize the potential of its diverse reputation." Its first "prexy", or president, was Sirene Abou-Chakra, a Lebanese-American student who led the Arab-American Student Association. Other members included

19716-441: The renovated space was dedicated; it was known as the wigwam . Decorations included curved birchbark coverings on the walls to simulate the interior shape and textures of a stereotypical wigwam as well as "relics and tokens of the race of redskins from whom the founders of Michigan's Tribe took their inspiration," according to the student newspaper, along with animal pelts and plaques inscribed with names of past members. From 1933 on,

19875-647: The site of the Buhr library storage facility, Revelli Hall, home of the Michigan Marching Band , the Institute for Continuing Legal Education, and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups. The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on Ross Athletic Campus. The University of Michigan Golf Course

20034-515: The society drew rising criticism for admitting only men; for the form of cultural appropriation known as "playing Indian;" and for possessing Native American artifacts. By 1999, when women were first admitted, the organization had discarded many of its faux -Native American references and practices. But in 2000, protesters took over the group's headquarters and demanded its ouster from the campus. Soon afterward, Michigamua lost its official recognition and its meeting room. In 2006-07 it reorganized as

20193-412: The state administration and making the University of Michigan the first public institution of higher education in the country so organized. As of 2021–22, the Board of Regents is chaired by Jordan B. Acker (B.A. '06). The Board of Regents delegates its power to the university president who serves as the chief executive officer responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the university, that is,

20352-668: The state to grant doctoral degrees until the late 1940s. Ann Arbor's scholarly reputation grew during this period due to the contributions of the university's intellectual community, which included philosophers like John Dewey , Charles Horton Cooley , George Herbert Mead , and Robert Ezra Park . By the turn of the 19th century, the university was the nation's second largest after Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts . "Stand up for America; devote your life to its cause; love your homes, and prove as worthy of our cherished free institutions as they are worthy of your allegiance and service. Let not

20511-509: The state's namesake. There was no such tribe, though the state's name is indeed a variant of the Ojibwe word gichigami or michigami , meaning "large water". The founders were inspired by novels featuring senior societies at Eastern colleges. The best known included three at Yale ( Skull and Bones , founded 1832; Scroll and Key , founded 1842; and Wolf's Head , founded 1884). Other such groups had emerged at Cornell , Dartmouth , Columbia , and

20670-457: The students who live in the residence halls are represented by the University of Michigan Residence Halls Association , which contains the third most constituents after Central Student Government and LS&A Student Government. In the fiscal year 2022–23, the State of Michigan spent $ 333 million on the university, which represents 3.03% of its total operating revenues of $ 11 billion. The university

20829-400: The tenth largest among all universities in the country. The university ranks 86th in endowment per student. The law school 's endowment, totaling over $ 500 million, has a significantly higher per-student value compared to that of its parent university. It ranks as the eighth wealthiest law school in the nation in 2022. There are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges. By enrollment,

20988-505: The three largest undergraduate units are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts , the College of Engineering , and the Ross School of Business . At the graduate level, the Rackham School of Graduate Studies serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university. There are 18 graduate schools and colleges. Professional degrees are conferred by the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning ,

21147-467: The top five in the nation. This standing started to decline during Fleming's tenure. Campus unrest persisted during Harold Tafler Shapiro 's presidency, which began in 1980, fueled by controversies surrounding the anti-missile Strategic Defense Initiative and investments in South Africa . President James Duderstadt would succeed Shapiro and remain president until 1996. He facilitated achievements in

21306-508: The traits identified in the initial survey were helpful after graduation. Members met for weekly discussions and encouraged constructive campus activities without officially sponsoring them. One example was Dance Marathon , a non-profit student organization that staged a major annual fundraising event for children with disabilities and serious illnesses. Another was K-grams, a mentoring program that matched Michigan students with elementary-school students in southeastern Michigan, most notably with

21465-700: The tribe paid no rent for the space. For members, the wigwam enhanced a sense of inclusion in a rarified order. It was the end point of the ritual of Rope Day, with initiates required to "duck-walk" across the campus and up the seven-story tower to the "wigwam". (This ritual was photographed for a Life magazine feature on Rope Day in 1954.) Later, the room fueled contention, since the tribe enjoyed exclusive, rent-free access and because it housed Native American artifacts. Apart from Rope Day, Michigamua's activities consisted of weekly meetings to discuss campus affairs; outings and parties with dates; and reunions with alumni members, called "Old Braves." By informal understanding,

21624-481: The university bought in 1952. Architect Eero Saarinen devised the early master plan for the North Campus area and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building . The North Campus Diag features a bell tower called Lurie Tower , which contains a grand carillon. The university's largest residence hall, Bursley Hall , is in the North Campus area. The North Campus houses

21783-547: The university elected its first female president, Mary Sue Coleman , by unanimous vote. Throughout her presidency, Michigan's endowment saw continued growth, accompanied by a major fundraising drive known as "The Michigan Difference". The Coleman's administration faced labor disputes with the university's labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization and the Graduate Employees Organization. In

21942-417: The university founded the College of Dental Surgery , followed by the establishment of the College of Pharmacy by Albert B. Prescott in 1876. That year, the university awarded its first Doctor of Philosophy degrees: to Victor C. Vaughan in chemistry and William E. Smith in zoology. They were among the first doctoral degrees to be conferred in the nation. The university remained the only institution in

22101-411: The university from legislative control, changed the regent position from appointed to elected, and established a president selected by the regents. Henry Philip Tappan became the university's first president in 1852, with the ambition to shape the institution as a model for future universities. During his decade of service, he overhauled the curriculum, secularized faculty appointments, expanded

22260-436: The university had violated Title IX by recognizing Michigamua as a student group and providing a space to meet, thus rejecting the university's claim that Michigamua was independent of the university. HEW also noted that Michigamua was widely understood to be an honorary society, not a social fraternity, so it was subject to Title IX's ban on gender discrimination. The university was ordered to enforce changes in Michigamua or risk

22419-450: The university health service, but wartime distractions plagued his presidency. The influenza epidemic, which caused student deaths from poor care, deeply troubled him. Well-liked by the regents who encouraged him to remain president, nonetheless, Hutchins retired in 1920. The 1920s at the university were marked by the brief tenures of two presidents, Marion LeRoy Burton and Clarence Cook Little . In 1920, when Burton assumed office,

22578-419: The university's alumni association from the 1930s through the 1950s, and John Feldkamp, "sachem" of Michigamua in 1960-61 and director of the university's housing office from 1966 to 1977. Michigamua's longevity also was supported by an alumni body, the " Old Braves Council, " which was founded shortly after World War II. With so many male students in the armed forces, the group's wartime rosters dwindled. Then

22737-443: The university's support violated federal rules against sex discrimination. Native Americans cited state and federal protections against racial bias. The complaints prompted Michigamua to make concessions that changed elements of the organization but preserved its recognition as a sanctioned student body through the 1990s. The earliest legal complaint came in 1972 from a chapter of American Indians Unlimited (AIU) led by Victoria Barner,

22896-550: The university's team name, the Wolverines — instead of "fighting braves". The group would refer to itself as a "pride" rather than a "tribe". There would be no more "Injun talk" in meetings. Only one explicit reference to Native Americans would remain — the name Michigamua itself, with its echo of the Ojibwe language. With these concessions, the group regained recognition as an approved student organization and fended off state penalties. In

23055-658: The university's various student organizations. Alumni Memorial Hall, funded by contributions from alumni in memory of the University's Civil War dead, was completed by Donaldson and Meier . It was designated as the University Museum of Art in 1946. The area just south of The Diag is predominantly Gothic in character, contrasting with the classical designs prevalent in many of Kahn's university buildings. The Martha Cook Building (1915), completed by York and Sawyer , Samuel Parsons , and George A. Fuller in 1915, draws inspiration from England's Knole House and Aston Hall . It

23214-435: The university. Ten days after the occupation began, the university's president, Lee Bollinger , addressed the protesters' grievances. Michigamua's agreement to turn over native artifacts to the university had put that particular matter to rest, he said. Otherwise, he said, the university would not disallow one student group because its activities offended another; the question must go to the student government, which alone held

23373-509: The upkeep of the "wigwam". (Michigamua began to hold some of its activities on Matthaei property a few miles from the university's campus. A totem pole dedicated to Michigamua was erected on the property. In 1957 and 1961, Matthaei donated the acreage to the university; it became the site of the Matthaei Botanical Gardens and the Radrick Farm golf course.) In the 1970s, critics began to challenge Michigamua's privileged status. Women argued that

23532-619: The woman president of the Michigan Student Assembly; the leader of Army ROTC; and the co-captain of the men's varsity football team. "Our diversity is our strength," said Andrew Yahkind, the Jewish leader of the LSA Student Government. "I would not have joined this organization if I saw anything that was remotely insensitive." The Order sought and received recognition as an official student organization. Meetings were held in various locations. The old tower meeting space remained closed. In 2009,

23691-485: Was University Hall (1872–1950), designed by alumnus Edwin Shannon Jennison . The Central Campus today, however, bears little resemblance to its 19th-century appearance, as most of its structures were constructed in the early 20th century. These structures are predominantly the works of Albert Kahn , the university's supervising architect during that period. In 1909, Regent William L. Clements became chairman of

23850-586: Was called by the regents to assist, with Alfred Henry Lloyd serving as acting president until Little's arrival. Clarence Cook Little was elected president in 1925, advocating for individualized education and reforming curricula, particularly for women. Little proposed a curriculum division after two years to address knowledge gaps, leading to the University College proposal, which was ultimately abandoned after his resignation in 1929. Following Little's resignation, Alexander Grant Ruthven , an alumnus,

24009-461: Was developed by Alexander Jackson Davis . The first structures built included four Greek Revival faculty residences in 1840, as well as Mason Hall (1841–1950) and South College (1849–1950), which functioned as both academic spaces and dormitories. Only one of the original faculty residences remains today; it has been renovated in the Italianate style to serve as the President's House , making it

24168-589: Was elected president by unanimous vote. He would lead the university through the Great Depression and World War II . Under Ruthven's leadership, the university administration became more decentralized with the creation of the university council, various divisions, and a system of committees For years, the university was a backwater in theoretical physics. Nonetheless, this changed under department head Harrison McAllister Randall , who brought theorists Samuel Goudsmit , George Uhlenbeck , and Otto Laporte onto

24327-536: Was indeed an honorary society and offered the "tribe" three options — 1) admit women; 2) abandon its status as a recognized student organization and leave the campus; or 3) declare itself a social fraternity and abide by the rules that governed other such organizations, which would likely end its exclusive use of the "wigwam". Michigamua said it would accept only some version of the third option. The university deferred action pending HEW's ruling. In 1979, more than three years after Blumenthal and Tanay's complaint, HEW ruled

24486-523: Was not unusual among fraternal organizations in drawing motifs from an idealized past but it was unusual among college honorary societies in its use of Native American themes. White Americans had been masquerading as Indians for various purposes since before the American Revolution. The colonists who posed as Mohawks in the Boston Tea Party of 1773 are only the best remembered of many Americans of

24645-566: Was once his student, would lead the university through World War I and the Great Influenza epidemic . In 1910, Harry Burns Hutchins assumed the presidency, becoming the first alumnus to hold that position. He had spent seven years in Ithaca, New York , where he was called by Andrew Dickson White and Charles Kendall Adams to establish the Cornell Law School . Hutchins then became

24804-459: Was one of the university’s early women’s residences. York and Sawyer also designed the Law Quadrangle, which features a flagstone courtyard by landscape architect Jacob Van Heiningan. The Lawyers' Club, part of the quadrangle, includes a clubhouse, dining hall, and dormitory, modeled after English clubs with an Elizabethan-style lounge and a dining hall inspired by the chapels of Eaton . The Law Library's main reading room showcases craftsmanship from

24963-477: Was the Kalamazoo Branch of the University of Michigan from 1840 to 1850. Furthermore, the university struggled with issues due to its regents' dependence on the legislature from 1837 to 1850. Despite several attempts to gain independence, progress was slow until the late 1840s, when regents gained leverage, supported by Michigan citizens. This led to a revision of the organic act on April 8, 1851, which freed

25122-795: Was the Ruthven Museums Building (1928), designed in the Renaissance style. Other architects who contributed to the Central Campus include Spier & Rohns , who designed Tappan Hall (1894) and the West Medical Building (1904); Smith, Hinchman and Grylls , the architects of the Chemistry Building (1910) and East Engineering Building; and Perkins, Fellows and Hamilton , who designed University High School (1924). The Michigan Union (1919) and Michigan League (1929), completed by alumni Irving Kane Pond and Allen Bartlit Pond , house

25281-452: Was true in some senses and some periods but not in others. Meetings were private, and in some periods officers' names were kept confidential. But on Rope Day, members' identities were obvious to large crowds of spectators, and the student newspaper and yearbook often published members' names. Until the early 1920s, members met in fraternities or rooms above stores. Then, for a nominal fee, the Michigan Union (whose top officers often belonged to

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