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66-558: Until recently it was believed that this alkaline steppe was formed by the clear cutting of huge forests in the Middle Ages , followed by measures to control the course of the Tisza River, allegedly resulting in the soil's current structure and pH . However, Hortobágy is much older, with alkalinization estimated to have started ten thousand years ago, when the Tisza first found its way through

132-505: A cancer cure, which the American Cancer Society has warned against due to both its unproven effectiveness and potential danger in use. Edzard Ernst has called the promotion of sodium bicarbonate as a cancer cure "one of the more sickening alternative cancer scams I have seen for a long time". Sodium bicarbonate can be added to local anaesthetics , to speed up the onset of their effects and make their injection less painful. It

198-506: A civilian context and in armour-piercing projectiles. DU is not removed by normal laundering; washing with about 6 ounces (170 g) of baking soda in 2 gallons (7.5 L) of water will help wash it out. It is often claimed that baking soda is an effective odor remover and recommended that an open box be kept in the refrigerator to absorb odor. This idea was promoted by the leading U.S. brand of baking soda, Arm & Hammer , in an advertising campaign starting in 1972. Though this campaign

264-420: A dry or wet deodorant . Sodium bicarbonate may be used as a buffering agent , combined with table salt, when creating a solution for nasal irrigation . It is used in eye hygiene to treat blepharitis . This is done by adding a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently boiled followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton swab dipped in the solution. Sodium bicarbonate

330-575: A long snake-like ash as a combustion product of the other main component, sucrose . Sodium bicarbonate also delays combustion reactions through the release of carbon dioxide and water, both of which are flame retardants, when heated. It has weak disinfectant properties and it may be an effective fungicide against some organisms. As baking soda will absorb musty smells, it has become a reliable method for used booksellers when making books less malodorous. Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish small grease or electrical fires by being thrown over

396-444: A mild saponification effect, producing a soapy foam that can help smother the fire. Sodium bicarbonate reacts spontaneously with acids, releasing CO 2 gas as a reaction product. It is commonly used to neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid spills in chemical laboratories. It is not appropriate to use sodium bicarbonate to neutralize base even though it is amphoteric , reacting with both acids and bases. Sodium bicarbonate

462-461: A paste made from baking soda with minimal water as a gentle scouring powder. Such a paste can be useful in removing surface rust because the rust forms a water-soluble compound when in a concentrated alkaline solution. Cold water should be used since hot-water solutions can corrode steel. Sodium bicarbonate attacks the thin protective oxide layer that forms on aluminium, making it unsuitable for cleaning this metal. A solution in warm water will remove

528-715: A poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physico-chemical properties mainly to the dominating presence of sodium carbonate , which causes the soil to swell and difficult to clarify/settle. They derive their name from the alkali metal group of elements, to which sodium belongs, and which can induce basicity . Sometimes these soils are also referred to as alkaline sodic soils . Alkaline soils are basic , but not all basic soils are alkaline . The causes of soil alkalinity can be natural or man-made: Alkaline soils are difficult to take into agricultural production. Due to

594-428: A source of Ca ions to replace the sodium at the exchange complex. Gypsum also reacts with sodium carbonate to convert into sodium sulphate which is a neutral salt and does not contribute to high pH. There must be enough natural drainage to the underground, or else an artificial subsurface drainage system must be present, to permit leaching of the excess sodium by percolation of rain and/or irrigation water through

660-406: A yellow color. Baking powder , also sold for cooking, contains around 30% of bicarbonate, and various acidic ingredients that are activated by the addition of water, without the need for additional acids in the cooking medium. Many forms of baking powder contain sodium bicarbonate combined with calcium acid phosphate , sodium aluminium phosphate , or cream of tartar . Baking soda is alkaline;

726-704: Is sodium chloride ), but they do not have a very high pH nor a poor infiltration rate. Upon leaching they are usually not converted into a (sodic) alkali soil as the Na ions are easily removed. Therefore, saline (sodic) soils mostly do not need gypsum applications for their reclamation. Since 1990s, research and experimentation have been conducted in China and elsewhere for remediation and utilization of alkali land via combined agriculture and aquaculture practices, with considerable success and experiences. Aquaculture technology of utilizing inland saline-alkali water for seafood production

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792-526: Is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda ( sodium carbonate ). The natural mineral form is nahcolite , although it is more commonly found as a component of the mineral trona . As it has long been known and widely used, the salt has many different names such as baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, brewing soda and bicarbonate of soda and can often be found near baking powder in stores. The term baking soda

858-591: Is able to reduce/leach the soil salts to comfortable levels if proper rainwater harvesting methods are followed. In some agricultural areas, the use of subsurface "tile lines" are used to facilitate drainage and leach salts. Continuous drip irrigation would lead to alkali soils formation in the absence of leaching / drainage water from the field. It is also possible to reclaim alkaline soils by adding acidifying minerals like pyrite or cheaper alum or aluminium sulfate . Alternatively, gypsum ( calcium sulfate , CaSO 4 · 2 H 2 O ) can also be applied as

924-470: Is acidic, making a lighter product with a less acidic taste. Since the reaction occurs slowly at room temperature, mixtures (cake batter, etc.) can be allowed to stand without rising until they are heated in the oven. Heat can also by itself cause sodium bicarbonate to act as a raising agent in baking because of thermal decomposition , releasing carbon dioxide at temperatures above 80 °C (180 °F), as follows: When used this way on its own, without

990-461: Is also a component of Moffett's solution , used in nasal surgery. It has been proposed that acidic diets weaken bones. One systematic meta-analysis of the research shows no such effect. Another also finds that there is no evidence that alkaline diets improve bone health, but suggests that there "may be some value" to alkaline diets for other reasons. Antacid (such as baking soda) solutions have been prepared and used by protesters to alleviate

1056-474: Is also used to reduce the soil alkalinity / salinity primarily. The ammonium ( NH 4 ) cation produced by urea hydrolysis which is a strongly sorbing cation exchanges with the weakly sorbing Na cation from the soil structure and Na is released into water. Thus alkali soils adsorb / consume more urea compared to other soils. To reclaim the soils completely one needs prohibitively high doses of amendments. Most efforts are therefore directed to improving

1122-411: Is an effective gastrointestinal lavage preparation and laxative prior to gastrointestinal surgery, gastroscopy , etc. Intravenous sodium bicarbonate in an aqueous solution is sometimes used for cases of acidosis , or when insufficient sodium or bicarbonate ions are in the blood. In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer of plasma to

1188-448: Is an important stopover site for migrating common cranes , dotterels , and lesser white-fronted geese . Hortobágy is also a center for the breeding of Taurus cattle, one of several attempts to re-create the extinct aurochs . 47°36′N 21°06′E  /  47.600°N 21.100°E  / 47.600; 21.100 Alkaline soil Alkali , or alkaline , soils are clay soils with high pH (greater than 8.5),

1254-477: Is becoming mature, covering wide-range of seafood species including shrimps, crabs, shellfish and fish such as sea bass and grouper. In recent years, aquaculture (or salt-alkali land aquaculture ) has been recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China as a successful model for the transformation and utilization of saline-alkali land. FAO noted in a recent newsletter that alkaline land

1320-407: Is considered a classic of marketing, leading within a year to more than half of American refrigerators containing a box of baking soda, there is little evidence that it is effective in this application. An educational science experiment known as the "Baking Soda and Vinegar Volcano" uses the acid-base reaction with vinegar acid to mimic a volcanic eruption. The rapid production of CO 2 causes

1386-494: Is faster at 200 °C (392 °F): Most bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction . Further heating converts the carbonate into the oxide (above 850 °C/1,560 °F): The generation of carbon dioxide and water partially explain the fire-extinguishing properties of NaHCO 3 , although other factors like heat absorption and radical scavenging are more significant. In nature, sodium bicarbonate occurs almost exclusively as either nahcolite or trona . Trona

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1452-406: Is in sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ). The modern chemical formulas of these compounds now express their precise chemical compositions which were unknown when the name bi-carbonate of potash was coined (see also: bicarbonate ). In cooking, baking soda is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent . When it reacts with acid or is heated, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of

1518-515: Is increased as illustrated in the same figure. Na is more mobile and has a smaller electric charge than Ca so that the thickness of the DDL increases as more sodium ions occupy it. The DDL thickness is also influenced by the total concentration of ions in the soil moisture in the sense that higher concentrations cause the DDL zone to shrink. Clay particles with considerable ESP (> 16), in contact with non-saline soil moisture have an expanded DDL zone and

1584-461: Is mentioned in the novel Captains Courageous by Rudyard Kipling as being used extensively in the 1800s in commercial fishing to prevent freshly caught fish from spoiling. In 1919, US Senator Lee Overman declared that bicarbonate of soda could cure the Spanish flu . In the midst of the debate on 26 January 1919, he interrupted the discussion to announce the discovery of a cure. "I want to say, for

1650-645: Is more common in the United States, while bicarbonate of soda is more common in Australia, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand. Abbreviated colloquial forms such as sodium bicarb , bicarb soda , bicarbonate , and bicarb are common. The prefix bi- in "bicarbonate" comes from an outdated naming system predating molecular knowledge. It is based on the observation that there is twice as much carbonate (CO 3 ) per sodium in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) as there

1716-534: Is more common, as nahcolite is more soluble in water and the chemical equilibrium between the two minerals favors trona. Significant nahcolite deposits are in the United States, Botswana and Kenya, Uganda, Turkey, and Mexico. The biggest trona deposits are in the Green River basin in Wyoming. Nahcolite is sometimes found as a component of oil shale . If kept cool ( room temperature ) and dry (an airtight container

1782-419: Is one area that there are innovative ways and opportunities for aquaculture to expand. Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate ( IUPAC name : sodium hydrogencarbonate ), commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda , is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO 3 . It is a salt composed of a sodium cation ( Na ) and a bicarbonate anion ( HCO 3 ). Sodium bicarbonate

1848-409: Is recommended to keep out moist air), sodium bicarbonate can be kept without a significant amount of decomposition for at least two or three years. The word natron has been in use in many languages throughout modern times (in the forms of anatron , natrum and natron ) and originated (like Spanish , French and English natron as well as ' sodium ') via Arabic naṭrūn (or anatrūn ; cf.

1914-553: Is sometimes used to treat aspirin overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic environment for proper absorption, and a basic environment will diminish aspirin absorption in cases of overdose. Sodium bicarbonate has also been used in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose . It can also be applied topically as a paste, with three parts baking soda to one part water, to relieve some kinds of insect bites and stings (as well as accompanying swelling). Some alternative practitioners, such as Tullio Simoncini , have promoted baking soda as

1980-779: Is taken as a sports supplement to improve muscular endurance. Studies conducted mostly in males have shown that sodium bicarbonate is most effective in enhancing performance in short-term, high-intensity activities. Sodium bicarbonate can prevent the growth of fungi when applied on leaves, although it will not kill the fungus. Excessive amounts of sodium bicarbonate can cause discolouration of fruits (two percent solution) and chlorosis (one percent solution). Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can be used as an antacid to treat acid indigestion and heartburn . Its reaction with stomach acid produces salt , water, and carbon dioxide : A mixture of sodium bicarbonate and polyethylene glycol such as PegLyte, dissolved in water and taken orally,

2046-409: Is that the former types of clay have larger specific surface areas ( i.e. the surface area of the soil particles divided by their volume) and higher cation exchange capacity (CEC). The quality of the irrigation water in relation to the alkalinity hazard is expressed by the following two indexes: which must not be much higher than 1 and preferably less than 0.5. The above expression recognizes

Hortobágy National Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

2112-761: Is the Nine-holed Bridge . Traditional T-shaped sweep wells dot the landscape, as well as the occasional mirage of trees shimmering in the reflected heat of the puszta (steppe). Part of the national park is a dark sky preserve . Hortobágy has also had more negative connotations, as a site of forced labor under the communist regime . Hortobágy is a steppe , a grassy plain with Hungarian Grey cattle , racka , water buffalo , and horses tended by mounted herdsmen called Csikós . It provides habitat for various species including 342 species of birds. The red-footed falcon , stone curlew , great bustard and European roller are represented by breeding populations. The area

2178-597: Is to cultivate glasswort or saltwort or barilla plants. These plants sequester the sodium carbonate they absorb from alkali soil into their tissues. The ash of these plants contains good quantity of sodium carbonate which can be commercially extracted and used in place of sodium carbonate derived from common salt which is highly energy intensive process. Thus alkali lands deterioration can be checked by cultivating barilla plants which can serve as food source, biomass fuel and raw material for soda ash and potash , etc. Saline soils are mostly also sodic (the predominant salt

2244-430: Is used as a cattle feed supplement, in particular as a buffering agent for the rumen . Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process to remove paint and corrosion called sodablasting . As a blasting medium, sodium bicarbonate is used to remove surface contamination from softer and less resilient substrates such as aluminium, copper, or timber that could be damaged by silica sand abrasive media. A manufacturer recommends

2310-714: The Great Hungarian Plain , cutting off many streams from their sources in the Northern Mountains. The formation was finished by grazing animals and wild horses during the Ice Age , followed by domesticated animals. The site was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999 because of its long cultural history (stretching back more than four millennia), its scenery, and its testimony to traditional methods of pastoralism . One of its most iconic sites

2376-428: The soil profile . Calcium chloride is also used to reclaim alkali soils. CaCl 2 converts Na 2 CO 3 into NaCl precipitating CaCO 3 . NaCl is drained off by leaching water. Calcium nitrate has a similar effect, with NaNO 3 in the leachate. Spent acid (HCl, H 2 SO 4 , etc.) can also be used to reduce the excess Na 2 CO 3 in the soil/water. Where urea is made available cheaply to farmers, it

2442-470: The tarnish from silver when the silver is in contact with a piece of aluminium foil . Baking soda is commonly added to washing machines as a replacement for water softener and to remove odors from clothes. When diluted with warm water, it is also almost as effective in removing heavy tea and coffee stains from cups as sodium hydroxide . During the Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear bomb in

2508-662: The Lower Egyptian “Natrontal” Wadi El Natrun , where a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate for the dehydration of mummies was used ) from Greek nítron (νίτρον) (Herodotus; Attic lítron (λίτρον) ), which can be traced back to ancient Egyptian ntr . The Greek nítron (soda, saltpeter) was also used in Latin (sal) nitrum and in German Salniter (the source of Nitrogen , Nitrat etc.). The word saleratus , from Latin sal æratus (meaning "aerated salt"),

2574-496: The above chemical reaction. The remaining sodium carbonate, and hence the presence of CO 3 ions, causes CaCO 3 (which is only slightly soluble) to precipitate as solid calcium carbonate (limestone), because the product of the CO 3 concentration and the Ca concentration exceeds the allowable limit. Hence, the calcium ions Ca are immobilized. The presence of abundant Na ions in

2640-442: The acid used in baking powder avoids a metallic taste when the chemical change during baking creates sodium carbonate. It is often used in conjunction with other bottled water food additives to add taste. Its European Union E number is E500. Sodium bicarbonate is one of the main components of the common "black snake" firework . The effect is caused by the thermal decomposition, which produces carbon dioxide gas to produce

2706-441: The adjusted SAR for calculating water sodicity. Alkaline soils with solid CaCO 3 can be reclaimed with grass cultures , organic compost, waste hair / feathers, organic garbage, waste paper, rejected lemons/oranges, etc. ensuring the incorporation of much acidifying material (inorganic or organic material ) into the soil, and enhancing dissolved Ca in the field water by releasing CO 2 gas. Deep ploughing and incorporating

Hortobágy National Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-436: The batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in cakes, quick breads , soda bread , and other baked and fried foods. When an acid is used, the acid–base reaction can be generically represented as follows: Acidic materials that induce this reaction include hydrogen phosphates , cream of tartar , lemon juice, yogurt , buttermilk , cocoa , and vinegar . Baking soda may be used together with sourdough , which

2838-513: The benefit of those who are making this investigation," he reported, "that I was told by a judge of a superior court in the mountain country of North Carolina they have discovered a remedy for this disease." The purported cure implied a critique of modern science and an appreciation for the simple wisdom of simple people. "They say that common baking soda will cure the disease," he continued, "that they have cured it with it, that they have no deaths up there at all; they use common baking soda, which cures

2904-401: The calcareous subsoil into the top soil also helps. Many times salts' migration to the top soil takes place from the underground water sources rather than surface sources. Where the underground water table is high and the land is subjected to high solar radiation, ground water oozes to the land surface due to capillary action and gets evaporated leaving the dissolved salts in the top layer of

2970-463: The disease." Sodium bicarbonate is produced industrially from sodium carbonate : It is produced on the scale of about 100,000 tonnes/year (as of 2001) with a worldwide production capacity of 2.4 million tonnes per year (as of 2002). Commercial quantities of baking soda are also produced by a similar method: soda ash, mined in the form of the ore trona , is dissolved in water and treated with carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate precipitates as

3036-404: The early 1940s, the chemical toxicity of uranium was an issue. Uranium oxides were found to stick very well to cotton cloth and did not wash out with soap or laundry detergent . However, the uranium would wash out with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate. Clothing can become contaminated with toxic dust of depleted uranium (DU), which is very dense, hence it is used for counterweights in

3102-442: The effects of exposure to tear gas during protests. Similarly to its use in baking, sodium bicarbonate is used together with a mild acid such as tartaric acid as the excipient in effervescent tablets: when such a tablet is dropped in a glass of water, the carbonate leaves the reaction medium as carbon dioxide gas (HCO 3 + H → H 2 O + CO 2 ↑ or, more precisely, HCO 3 + H 3 O → 2 H 2 O + CO 2 ↑). This makes

3168-439: The equilibrium between calcium carbonate and dissolved carbon dioxide are in equilibrium in soil solution. H 2 CO 3 ( carbonic acid ) is unstable and produces H 2 O (water) and CO 2 ( carbon dioxide gas, escaping into the atmosphere). This explains the remaining alkalinity (or rather basicity ) in the form of soluble sodium hydroxide and the high pH or low pOH . Not all the dissolved sodium carbonate undergoes

3234-409: The equilibrium of carbonate-bicarbonate-carbon dioxide. The above reactions are similar to the dissolution of calcium carbonate , the solubility of the two salts being the only difference. Na 2 CO 3 is about 78 000 times more soluble than CaCO 3 , so it can dissolve far larger amounts of CO 3 , thus rising the pH to values higher than 8.5, which is above the maximum attainable pH when

3300-403: The field soon after cutting the crop is also advised to prevent salt migration to the top soil and conserve the soil moisture during the intense summer months. This is done to break the capillary pores in the soil to prevent water reaching the surface of the soil. Clay soils in high annual rain fall (more than 100 cm) areas do not generally suffer from high alkalinity as the rain water runoff

3366-542: The fire, as heating of sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide. However, it should not be applied to fires in deep fryers ; the sudden release of gas may cause the grease to splatter. Sodium bicarbonate is used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an alternative to the more corrosive monoammonium phosphate in ABC extinguishers. The alkaline nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it the only dry chemical agent, besides Purple-K , that

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3432-707: The formation of carbonic acid and hydroxide ion: Sodium bicarbonate can sometimes be used as a mild neutralization agent and a safer alternative to strong bases like sodium hydroxide . Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an acid produces a salt and carbonic acid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water: Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid (found in vinegar), producing sodium acetate , water, and carbon dioxide : Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form carbonates: At temperatures from 80–100 °C (176–212 °F), sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate , water, and carbon dioxide. The conversion

3498-403: The left, and thus raises the pH. For this reason, sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary resuscitation . Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only when the blood pH is markedly low (< 7.1–7.0). HCO 3 is used for treatment of hyperkalemia , as it will drive K back into cells during periods of acidosis. Since sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis , it

3564-411: The liquid to foam up and overflow its container. Other ingredients such as dish soap and food coloring can be added to enhance the visual effect. If this reaction is performed inside of a closed vessel (such as a bottle) with no way for gas to escape, it can cause an explosion if the pressure is high enough. Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric compound. Aqueous solutions are mildly alkaline due to

3630-424: The low infiltration capacity , rain water stagnates on the soil easily and, in dry periods, cultivation is hardly possible without copious irrigated water and good drainage. Agriculture is limited to crops tolerant to surface waterlogging (e.g. rice , grass) and the productivity is lower. Soil alkalinity is associated with the presence of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) in

3696-408: The plants from water stress and leaf burns. Where the ground water quality is not alkaline / saline and ground water table is high, salts build up in the soil can be averted by using the land throughout the year for growing plantation trees / permanent crops with the help of lift irrigation. When the ground water is used at required leaching factor , the salts in the soil would not build up. Plowing

3762-425: The presence of bicarbonates ( HCO 3 ), the form in which most carbonates are dissolved. While calculating SAR and RSC, the water quality present at the root zone of the crop should be considered which would take into account the leaching factor in the field. The partial pressure of dissolved CO 2 at the plants root zone also decides the calcium present in dissolved form in the field water. USDA follows

3828-424: The presence of an acidic component (whether in the batter or by the use of a baking powder containing acid), only half the available CO 2 is released (one CO 2 molecule is formed for every two equivalents of NaHCO 3 ). Additionally, in the absence of acid, thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate also produces sodium carbonate , which is strongly alkaline and gives the baked product a bitter, soapy taste and

3894-446: The soil solution and the precipitation of Ca ions as a solid mineral causes the clay particles, which have negative electric charges along their surfaces, to adsorb more Na in the diffuse adsorption zone (DAZ, also more commonly called diffuse double layer (DDL), or electrical double layer (EDL), see the corresponding figure) and, in exchange, release previously adsorbed Ca , by which their exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)

3960-645: The soil swells ( dispersion ). The phenomenon results in deterioration of the soil structure , and especially crust formation and compaction of the top layer. Hence the infiltration capacity of the soil and the water availability in the soil is reduced, whereas the surface-water-logging or surface runoff is increased. Seedling emergence and crop production are badly affected. Alkalinity problems are more pronounced in clay soils than in loamy, silty or sandy soils. The clay soils containing montmorillonite or smectite (swelling clays) are more subject to alkalinity problems than illite or kaolinite clay soils. The reason

4026-435: The soil, either as a result of natural weathering of the soil particles or brought in by irrigation and/or flood water. This salt is extremely soluble, when it undergoes hydration , it dissociates in: The carbonate anion CO 3 , is a weak base accepting a proton, so it hydrolyses in water to give the bicarbonate ion and a hydroxyl ion : which in turn gives carbonic acid and hydroxyl: See carbonate for

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4092-399: The soil. Where the underground water contains high salts, it leads to acute salinity problem. This problem can be reduced by applying mulch to the land. Using poly-houses or shade netting during summer for cultivating vegetables/crops is also advised to mitigate soil salinity and conserve water / soil moisture. Poly-houses filter the intense summer solar radiation in tropical countries to save

4158-521: The tablet disintegrate, leaving the medication suspended and/or dissolved in the water together with the resulting salt (in this example, sodium tartrate ). Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in some mouthwashes. It has anticaries and abrasive properties. It works as a mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralizes the production of acid in the mouth, and also acts as an antiseptic to help prevent infections. Sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can be used to make

4224-732: The top layer only (say the first 10 cm of the soils), as the top layer is most sensitive to deterioration of the soil structure . The treatments, however, need to be repeated in a few (say 5) years' time. Trees / plants follow gravitropism . It is difficult to survive in alkali soils for the trees with deeper rooting system which can be more than 60 meters deep in good non-alkali soils. It will be important to refrain from irrigation (ground water or surface water) with poor quality water. In viticulture, adding naturally occurring chelating agents such as tartaric acid to irrigation water has been suggested, to solubilize calcium and magnesium carbonates in sodic soils. One way of reducing sodium carbonate

4290-460: Was used in large-scale fire suppression systems installed in commercial kitchens. Sodium bicarbonate has several fire-extinguishing mechanisms that act simultaneously. It decomposes into water and carbon dioxide when heated, an endothermic reaction that deprives the fire of heat. In addition, it forms intermediates that can scavenge the free radicals which are responsible for the propagation of fire . With grease fires specifically, it also has

4356-727: Was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate . In 1791, French chemist Nicolas Leblanc produced sodium carbonate (also known as soda ash). Pharmacist Valentin Rose the Younger is credited with the discovery of sodium bicarbonate in 1801 in Berlin. In 1846, two American bakers, John Dwight and Austin Church , established the first factory in the United States to produce baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide . Saleratus , potassium or sodium bicarbonate,

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