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Horatio Greenough

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Horatio Greenough (September 6, 1805 – December 18, 1852) was an American sculptor best known for his United States government commissions The Rescue (1837–50) and George Washington (1840).

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78-612: The son of Elizabeth ( née Bender) and David Greenough, he was born in Boston on September 6, 1805, into a home with ethics for honesty and emphasis on good education. Horatio showed an early interest in artistic and mechanical hobbies. Particularly attracted to chalk , around the age of 12 he made a chalk statue of William Penn , known as his earliest work of record. Horatio also experimented with clay , which medium he learned from Solomon Willard . He also learned how to carve with marble under instruction from Alpheus Cary. Horatio seemed to have

156-483: A "more selective" institution. For the class of 2026, the college offered admission to 1,955 students out of an applicant pool of 13,028, yielding an overall acceptance of 15%. Middlebury enrolls around 600 students to begin in the fall semester and an additional 100 to begin in the spring. Those accepted for the fall admissions program begin the academic year in September and are referred to as "Regs." Those accepted for

234-421: A Vermont developer of farm-based methane energy, agreed to explore a bio-methane gas collection and delivery system that could help Middlebury further reduce its use of fossil fuels. Middlebury has agreed to purchase bio-methane gas from IES over a 10-year period, with the agreement contingent on the college raising money to build storage facilities for the gas on campus and retrofit its current heating plant to burn

312-513: A diploma upon graduation, Middlebury graduates also receive a replica of Gamaliel Painter's cane. Painter bequeathed his original cane to the college and it is carried by the college President at official occasions including first-year convocation and graduation. Alexander Twilight , class of 1823, was the first black graduate of any college or university in the United States; he also became the first African American elected to public office, joining

390-515: A distinct reason for each decision; the entire and immediate banishment of all makeshift and make-believe." Chalk Chalk is a soft, white, porous , sedimentary carbonate rock . It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic plankton that had settled to the sea floor . Chalk is common throughout Western Europe , where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet

468-561: A few are more recent. A mixture of chalk and mercury can be used as fingerprint powder . However, because of the toxicity of the mercury, the use of such mixtures for fingerprinting was abandoned in 1967. Middlebury College Museum of Art Middlebury College is a private liberal arts college in Middlebury, Vermont . Founded in 1800 by Congregationalists , Middlebury was the first operating college or university in Vermont. In

546-555: A grade of "A−" from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report Card 2008, the highest grade awarded. In 2009, Middlebury opened a state-of-the-art biomass plant on campus that is estimated to cut the college's carbon dioxide output by 40 percent and reduce its use of fuel oil by 50 percent. In 2010, the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and Middlebury announced the creation of

624-590: A greater reputation he sought out to make a portrait of President John Quincy Adams . His plan worked as he displayed a style of naturalism in this piece as he did in many other works. In 1828 he established a studio in Florence . Although Greenough was generally healthy, in December 1852 he contracted a severe fever. On December 18, after two weeks of this high fever he died at the age of 47 in Somerville , near Boston. He

702-647: A mid-year graduation for those students who complete coursework at the end of January. These students are usually "Febs," students who began their Middlebury careers as February first-years. The mid-year graduation tradition is for all graduating seniors to ski down the Middlebury College Snow Bowl in their caps and gowns to receive their diplomas. Middlebury Outdoor Programs organizes outdoor orientations for incoming students in September and February. These orientations involve several days of hiking, rock climbing, kayaking, snowshoeing, and other activities in

780-471: A mix of traditional faculty and special instructors. The Middlebury College Language Schools, which began with the establishment of the School of German in 1915, offer intensive instruction in 10 languages during six-, seven-, or eight-week summer sessions. The schools enroll about 1,350 students every summer. The Schools all use an immersion -based approach to language instruction and acquisition. All students in

858-541: A natural talent for art, yet his father wasn't fond of the idea of this as a career for Horatio. In 1814 Horatio Greenough enrolled at Phillips Academy, Andover , and in 1821 he entered Harvard University . There he found a passion in works of antiquity and devoted much of his time to reading literature and works of art. With a plan to study abroad, he learned Italian and French, but also still studied anatomy and kept modeling sculptures. While attending Harvard he came across his first crucial influence. Washington Allston

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936-724: A selection of his drawings were displayed in 1999 in the exhibition Horatio Greenough: An American Sculptor's Drawings , at the Middlebury College Museum of Art . His works are in the Art Institute of Chicago , Metropolitan Museum of Art , Museum of Fine Arts , and the Smithsonian American Art Museum . In 1939, a joint resolution introduced in Congress condemned The Rescue and recommended that it should be "ground into dust." In 1941, another resolution said it

1014-690: A traditional New England village centered on Otter Creek Falls. In the fall of 1994 the President and Board of Trustees of Middlebury College adopted a "One Percent for Art" policy. This decision set aside one percent of the cost of any renovation or new construction at the college for the purchase, installation, maintenance, and interpretation of works of art publicly displayed on campus. There are 19 works in Middlebury's campus public art collection, including Frisbee , George Rickey 's Two Open Rectangles, Excentric, Variation VI , Tony Smith 's Smog , and

1092-509: A version of Robert Indiana 's Love series. The collection also includes works by Dan Graham , Scott Burton , Jules Olitski , Joseph Beuys , Matt Mullican , Jenny Holzer , Christian Petersen , Buky Schwartz , George Rickey , Clement Meadmore , and Jonathan Borofsky . The museum opened in the Mahaney Arts Center (named after alumni Kevin P. Mahaney, '84 ) in 1992, designed by Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer 's architectural firm. It

1170-633: Is mined from chalk deposits both above ground and underground . Chalk mining boomed during the Industrial Revolution , due to the need for chalk products such as quicklime and bricks . Most people first encounter chalk in school where it refers to blackboard chalk , which was originally made of mineral chalk, since it readily crumbles and leaves particles that stick loosely to rough surfaces, allowing it to make writing that can be readily erased. Blackboard chalk manufacturers now may use mineral chalk, other mineral sources of calcium carbonate, or

1248-610: Is a fine-textured, earthy type of limestone distinguished by its light colour, softness, and high porosity. It is composed mostly of tiny fragments of the calcite shells or skeletons of plankton , such as foraminifera or coccolithophores . These fragments mostly take the form of calcite plates ranging from 0.5 to 4 microns in size, though about 10% to 25% of a typical chalk is composed of fragments that are 10 to 100 microns in size. The larger fragments include intact plankton skeletons and skeletal fragments of larger organisms, such as molluscs , echinoderms , or bryozoans . Chalk

1326-442: Is a fitting summary, informs all of Greenough's writing on art, design, and architecture. The phrase itself was coined by the architect Louis Sullivan , Greenough's much younger compatriot, in 1896, some fifty years after Greenough's death. Greenough, like Sullivan, was influenced by the transcendentalist thinking and the unitarian religion of Ralph Waldo Emerson , who wrote, e.g. in his essay on "Nature" (1836) that "Nature who made

1404-508: Is also the only form of limestone that commonly shows signs of compaction. Flint (a type of chert ) is very common as bands parallel to the bedding or as nodules in seams , or linings to fractures , embedded in chalk. It is probably derived from sponge spicules or other siliceous organisms as water is expelled upwards during compaction. Flint is often deposited around larger fossils such as Echinoidea which may be silicified (i.e. replaced molecule by molecule by flint). Chalk

1482-428: Is applied to the hands and feet to remove perspiration and reduce slipping. Chalk may also be used as a house construction material instead of brick or wattle and daub : quarried chalk was cut into blocks and used as ashlar , or loose chalk was rammed into blocks and laid in mortar. There are still houses standing which have been constructed using chalk as the main building material. Most are pre- Victorian though

1560-518: Is commonly used as a drying agent to obtain better grip by gymnasts and rock climbers. Glazing putty mainly contains chalk as a filler in linseed oil . Chalk and other forms of limestone may be used for their properties as a base . Chalk is a source of quicklime by thermal decomposition , or slaked lime following quenching of quicklime with water. In agriculture , chalk is used for raising pH in soils with high acidity . Small doses of chalk can also be used as an antacid . Additionally,

1638-478: Is entirely student-run. In 2019, the Middlebury Independent , a monthly journal, was established. The Local Noodle , a satirical student publication founded in 2016, publishes multiple times a semester and maintains a consistent online presence. WRMC-FM is Middlebury's student-volunteer-run radio station. The median family income of Middlebury students is $ 244,300, with 53% of students coming from

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1716-571: Is now usually made of talc (magnesium silicate). Chalk beds form important petroleum reservoirs in the North Sea and along the Gulf Coast of North America. In southeast England, deneholes are a notable example of ancient chalk pits. Such bell pits may also mark the sites of ancient flint mines, where the prime object was to remove flint nodules for stone tool manufacture. The surface remains at Cissbury are one such example, but perhaps

1794-586: Is so common in Cretaceous marine beds that the Cretaceous Period was named for these deposits. The name Cretaceous was derived from Latin creta , meaning chalk . Some deposits of chalk were formed after the Cretaceous. The Chalk Group is a European stratigraphic unit deposited during the late Cretaceous Period. It forms the famous White Cliffs of Dover in Kent , England, as well as their counterparts of

1872-716: Is the oldest student-run winter carnival in the country, started in 1923. The Winter Carnival is a weekend-long event and traditionally includes a bonfire and fireworks on the opening night, ski races at the Middlebury College Snow Bowl on Friday and Saturday, and the Winter Ball on Saturday night. The Winter Carnival also puts on the Winter Carnival Ice Show, a figure skating event that showcases performances from local kids and teens, Middlebury students, and guest skaters. Notable guests include Swiss Olympian Alexia Paganini in 2016 and Jimmy Ma in 2015. Middlebury offers

1950-401: Is typically almost pure calcite, CaCO 3 , with just 2% to 4% of other minerals. These are usually quartz and clay minerals , though collophane (cryptocrystalline apatite , a phosphate mineral) is also sometimes present, as nodules or as small pellets interpreted as fecal pellets. In some chalk beds, the calcite has been converted to dolomite , CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 , and in a few cases

2028-723: The Cap Blanc Nez on the other side of the Dover Strait . The Champagne region of France is mostly underlain by chalk deposits, which contain artificial caves used for wine storage . Some of the highest chalk cliffs in the world occur at Jasmund National Park in Germany and at Møns Klint in Denmark . Chalk deposits are also found in Cretaceous beds on other continents, such as the Austin Chalk , Selma Group , and Niobrara Formations of

2106-638: The Middlebury Panthers and compete in the NCAA Division III 's NESCAC . Middlebury received its founding charter on November 1, 1800, as an outgrowth of the Addison County Grammar School , which had been founded three years earlier in 1797. The college's first president— Jeremiah Atwater —began classes a few days later, making Middlebury the first operating college or university in Vermont. One student named Aaron Petty graduated at

2184-708: The Monterey Institute of International Studies , a graduate school in Monterey, California . On June 30, 2010, the Monterey Institute was officially designated as a graduate school of Middlebury College. In the summer of 2008, Middlebury and the Monterey Institute of International Studies launched a collaborative program to offer summer language immersion programs in Arabic , Chinese , French , German , Italian , and Spanish to middle and high school students through

2262-490: The Monterey Institute of International Studies . The Rohatyn Center for Global Affairs, was founded by Felix Rohatyn '49, investment banker, former U.S. Ambassador to France , and founder of Rohatyn Associates. Located at the Robert A. Jones '59 House, the center combines Middlebury's strengths in political, linguistic, and cultural studies to offer internationally focused symposia, lectures, and presentations. The Center for

2340-619: The New England Commission of Higher Education . The most popular undergraduate majors at Middlebury by number of 2021 graduates were: The academic year follows a 4–1–4 schedule of two four-course semesters in the autumn and spring plus what is known as a "Winter Term" session in January. The Winter Term, often called "J-Term" for January Term, allows students to enroll in one intensive course, pursue independent research, or complete an off-campus internship. Winter Term courses are taught by

2418-590: The Survey . Middlebury biology supervisor, professor A.E. Lambert lectured outside the college on the "Science of Modern Welfare," based on "heredity and eugenics." Middlebury biology professor Owen Wesley Mills was a member of the Second International Congress of Eugenics. The national fraternity Kappa Delta Rho was founded in Painter Hall on May 17, 1905. Middlebury College abolished fraternities in

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2496-574: The University of North Carolina, Asheville , in 2006. The C.V. Starr-Middlebury Schools Abroad began in 1949 with the school in Paris ; they now host students at 38 sites in Argentina , Brazil , China , Cameroon , Chile , France , Germany , India , Italy , Japan , Jordan , Morocco , Russia , Spain , Uruguay , United Kingdom , and Puerto Rico . The Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies (CMRS)

2574-625: The Vermont House of Representatives in 1836. At its second commencement in 1804, Middlebury granted Lemuel Haynes an honorary master's degree , the first advanced degree ever bestowed upon an African American. In 1883, the trustees voted to accept women as students in the college, making Middlebury one of the first formerly all-male liberal arts colleges in New England to become a coeducational institution. The first female graduate—May Belle Chellis—received her degree in 1886. As valedictorian of

2652-570: The Comparative Study of Race and Ethnicity engages in interdisciplinary and comparative approaches for understanding formations of race and ethnicity and their effects on human relations. The Center for Social Entrepreneurship encourages students to develop innovative solutions to address society's most pressing social problems. Programs on Creativity and Innovation (PCI) is a series of initiatives designed to encourage Middlebury students to explore ideas in nonacademic settings. In addition to

2730-706: The Language Schools must sign and abide by Middlebury's " Language Pledge ," a pledge to use their target language exclusively during the duration of their time at the school. Undergraduate instruction, available to undergraduate students, government employees and individuals from professional backgrounds, is offered in Abenaki , Arabic , Chinese , French , German , Hebrew , Italian , Japanese , Portuguese , Russian , Korean , and Spanish . The Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey , in Monterey, California became an affiliate of Middlebury following

2808-537: The McCullough Student Center. Murray had been named a white nationalist by the Southern Poverty Law Center , and has been criticized for a teenaged incident in 1960 where he burned a cross on a hill in his hometown of Newton, Iowa, an act which Murray himself later characterized as "incredibly dumb". After the protest, Murray's talk was moved to Wilson Hall and published online; however, after

2886-541: The Middlebury-Monterey Language Academy (MMLA). In January 2014, as part of a new brand identity system, Middlebury announced that the Monterey Institute of International Studies would be renamed the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. On March 2, 2017, political scientist Charles Murray was shouted down by students at a campus event, and prevented from speaking at

2964-535: The Middlebury-Monterey Language Academy. The Bread Loaf School of English is based at the college's Bread Loaf Mountain campus in Ripton, just outside Middlebury, in sight of the main ridge of the Green Mountains . The poet Robert Frost is credited as a major influence on the school. Frost "first came to the School on the invitation of Dean Wilfred Davison in 1921. Friend and neighbor to Bread Loaf, (he) returned to

3042-698: The North American interior. Chalk is also found in western Egypt (Khoman Formation) and western Australia ( Miria Formation ). Chalk of Oligocene to Neogene age has been found in drill cores of rock under the Pacific Ocean at Stewart Arch in the Solomon Islands . There are layers of chalk, containing Globorotalia , in the Nicosia Formation of Cyprus , which formed during the Pliocene . Chalk

3120-625: The School every summer with but three exceptions for 42 years." Every summer since 1920, Bread Loaf has offered students from around the United States and the world intensive courses in literature, creative writing, the teaching of writing, and theater. Many prominent faculty and staff have been associated with the college. The C.V. Starr-Middlebury Schools Abroad , operated by Middlebury College in 17 countries across 5 continents, offer overseas academic programs for undergraduates from various U.S. institutions, as well as graduate-level programs for students from Middlebury College's Language Schools and

3198-630: The Sustainable Investments Initiative, a co-mingled fiscal vehicle seeking investments that generate long-term social, environmental, and economic value. The Initiative will seek investments focused on sustainability issues such as clean energy, water, climate science, and green building projects, in an effort to identify businesses positioned to become a part of the worldwide shift to improve energy efficiency, decrease dependence on fossil fuels , and mitigate climate change. Also in 2010, Middlebury College and Integrated Energy Solutions,

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3276-684: The Vatican structure galleries and the Apollo Belvedere . During Horatio's time spent in Rome, he created many busts, such as a full-size statue of the Dead Abel, a Dead John Cranch , and a portrait of himself. He returned to Boston in May 1827 with Weir, after recovering an attack of malaria. He modeled busts such as Josiah Quincy , president of Harvard, Samuel Appleton and John Jacob Astor . In an attempt to establish

3354-790: The Writers' Conference. In 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked Middlebury as tied for 19th out of 211 liberal arts college overall in the U.S.. The previous year, Middlebury tied for 12th out of 36 in "Best Undergraduate Teaching", and 18th out of 93 for "Best Value" among liberal arts colleges for 2023.." Washington Monthly ranked the school 19th out of 199 in its 2023 liberal arts college rankings. The 2022 Parchment student choice college ranking, which tracks student college acceptances of students accepted to multiple schools in order to reveal preference for their chosen school compared to other schools, ranks Middlebury as 47th of 1055 colleges. The Carnegie Foundation classifies Middlebury as

3432-407: The anonymous allegations against Burger. Founded in 1800, the college enrolls approximately 2,500 undergraduates from all 50 states and 70 countries. The college offers 40 undergraduate departments and programs. Middlebury was the first institution of higher education in the United States to offer an environmental studies major, establishing the major in 1965. Middlebury College is accredited by

3510-408: The beauty of animal bodies, of machine constructions, and of ship design, and argued that as to architecture, formal solutions were inherent in the functions of the building; in this he anticipated the later functionalist thinking (see Functionalism ). The origin of the phrase form follows function is often, but wrongly, ascribed to Greenough, although the theory of inherent forms, of which the phrase

3588-548: The chalk came mostly form low-magnesium calcite skeletons, so the sediments were already in the form of highly stable low-magnesium calcite when deposited. This is in contrast with most other limestones, which formed from high-magnesium calcite or aragonite that rapidly converted to the more stable low-magnesium calcite after deposition, resulting in the early cementation of such limestones. In chalk, absence of this calcium carbonate conversion process prevented early cementation, which partially accounts for chalk's high porosity. Chalk

3666-460: The class entering in 2022–23, the average financial aid grant award is $ 57,078. The college is need-blind for incoming domestic students. The 350-acre (1.4 km ) main campus is located in the Champlain Valley between Vermont 's Green Mountains to the east and New York 's Adirondack Mountains to the west. The campus is situated on a hill to the west of the village of Middlebury ,

3744-526: The class of 1899, Mary Annette Anderson became the first African-American woman elected to Phi Beta Kappa . The college's centennial in 1900 began a century of physical expansion beyond the three buildings of Old Stone Row . York and Sawyer designed the Egbert Starr Library (1900), a Beaux-Arts edifice later expanded and renamed the Axinn Center, and Warner Hall (1901). Growth in enrollment and

3822-485: The dolomitized chalk has been dedolomitized back to calcite. Chalk is highly porous, with typical values of porosity ranging from 35 to 47 per cent. While it is similar in appearance to both gypsum and diatomite , chalk is identifiable by its hardness, fossil content, and its reaction to acid (it produces effervescence on contact). In Western Europe, chalk was formed in the Late Cretaceous Epoch and

3900-437: The early Palaeocene Epoch (between 100 and 61 million years ago). It was deposited on extensive continental shelves at depths between 100 and 600 metres (330 and 1,970 ft), during a time of nonseasonal (likely arid) climate that reduced the amount of erosion from nearby exposed rock. The lack of nearby erosion explains the high purity of chalk. The coccolithophores, foraminifera, and other microscopic organisms from which

3978-582: The early 1990s, but the organization continued on campus in the less ritualized form of a social house. Due to a policy at the school against single-sex organizations, the house was forced to coeducate during the same period as well. The German Language School, founded in 1915 under the supervision of then-President John Martin Thomas , began the tradition of the Middlebury College Language Schools . These Schools, which take place on campus during

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4056-446: The endowment led to continued expansion westward. McCullough Hall (1912) and Voter Hall (1913) featured gymnasium and laboratories, respectively, adopting Georgian Revival styling while confirming the campus standard of grey Vermont limestone, granite, and marble. In 1914 and subsequent decades, Middlebury College offered courses in eugenics in fields such as pedagogy, biology, and sociology. The college had "extensive involvement in

4134-529: The eugenics movement." The year-long, mandatory "Orientating Course for Freshmen" in 1925 included the subject "Eugenics" and explained that in the previous year this had been taught in this class as "What Has Civilization to Expect from Eugenics." The 1930 Fourth Annual Report of the Eugenics Survey of Vermont noted that Middlebury College President Paul Moody was Chairman of the Committee that supervised

4212-660: The fall of 2020, the college enrolled 2,773 undergraduates from all 50 states and 74 countries and offers 45 majors in the arts and humanities as well as joint engineering programs. In addition to its undergraduate liberal arts program, the school also has graduate schools, the Middlebury College Language Schools , the Bread Loaf School of English, and the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey , as well as its C.V. Starr-Middlebury Schools Abroad international programs. Middlebury's 31 varsity teams are

4290-607: The first commencement held in August 1802. The college's founding religious affiliation was loosely Congregationalist . Yet the idea for a college was that of town fathers rather than clergymen, and Middlebury was clearly "the Town's College" rather than the Church's. Chief among its founders were Seth Storrs and Gamaliel Painter , the former credited with the idea for a college and the latter as its greatest early benefactor. In addition to receiving

4368-720: The first commercial stereomicroscope. The younger Greenough's design, originally intended for dissection , is still widely used in the optics industry. His sculptures reflected truth and reality, but also ancient classical aesthetic ideals learned from Washington Allston . Many of Greenough's works were done in Florence, Italy where he spent most of his professional life. His sculpture The Rescue (1837–1850) and his over-life-size George Washington (1840) both derived from United States government commissions. Some of his other most famous and important sculptures include James Fenimore Cooper (1831), Castor and Pollux (1847), and Marquis de Lafayette (1831–32). A prolific draftsman,

4446-621: The first undergraduate Environmental Studies program in the U.S. Nationally affiliated fraternities were abolished in 1990; some chose to become co-educational social houses which continue today. In May 2004, an anonymous benefactor made a $ 50 million donation to Middlebury. It is the largest cash gift the school has ever received. The donor asked only that Middlebury name its recently built science building, Bicentennial Hall, after outgoing President John McCardell Jr . As of July 2014, Middlebury's endowment stood at approximately $ 1 billion. In 2005, Middlebury signed an affiliation agreement with

4524-565: The first year of his presidency. The Bread Loaf School of English , Middlebury's graduate school of English, was established at the college's Bread Loaf Mountain campus in 1920. The Bread Loaf Writers' Conference was established in 1926. In 1978, the Bread Loaf School of English expanded to include a campus at Lincoln College, Oxford University . In 1991, the School expanded to include a campus at St. John's College in New Mexico, and to

4602-602: The mason, made the house." He was, however, a Protestant. Greenough's writings were for a long time largely forgotten, and were rediscovered only in the 1930s; in 1947 a selection of his essays was published under the title Form and Function: Remarks on Art by Horatio Greenough . In a letter to Emerson, Greenough wrote: "Here is my theory of structure: A scientific arrangement of spaces and forms to functions and to site; an emphasis of features proportioned to their gradated importance in function; color and ornament to be decided and arranged and varied by strictly organic laws, having

4680-528: The mineral gypsum ( calcium sulfate ). While gypsum-based blackboard chalk is the lowest cost to produce, and thus widely used in the developing world , use of carbonate-based chalk produces larger particles and thus less dust, and it is marketed as "dustless chalk". Coloured chalks, pastel chalks, and sidewalk chalk (shaped into larger sticks and often coloured), used to draw on sidewalks , streets, and driveways , are primarily made of gypsum rather than calcium carbonate chalk. Magnesium carbonate chalk

4758-557: The most famous is the extensive complex at Grimes Graves in Norfolk . Chalk was traditionally used in recreation. In field sports, such as tennis played on grass, powdered chalk was used to mark the boundary lines of the playing field or court. If a ball hits the line, a cloud of chalk or pigment dust will be visible. In recent years, powdered chalk has been replaced with titanium dioxide . In gymnastics, rock-climbing, weightlifting and tug of war , chalk — now usually magnesium carbonate —

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4836-511: The new fuel. In 2013, Princeton Review ranked Middlebury as one of the top 20 schools in the US for "best quality of life." There are over 140 registered student organizations at Middlebury. Students register for organizations of interest during the Fall Activities Fair in September. The Middlebury Campus is the student weekly of Middlebury College. The Campus was founded in 1900, and

4914-474: The school would respond to the clear violations of college policy by students that occurred. Some students (and faculty ) felt that by refusing to allow Murray to speak, and by injuring Stanger, the Middlebury College student community "trod all over the ideas of free speech this country was founded upon". The school took disciplinary action against 74 students for their involvement in the incident. In

4992-551: The sea in places such as the Dover cliffs on the Kent coast of the English Channel . Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for quicklime , bricks and builder's putty , and in agriculture , for raising pH in soils with high acidity . It is also used for " blackboard chalk " for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or gypsum . Chalk

5070-706: The signing of an affiliation agreement between the two in December 2005. The Institute currently enrolls 790 graduate students in the fields of international relations , international business , language teaching , and translation and interpretation . The Middlebury College Language Schools offers a Doctor of Modern Languages. Unique to Middlebury, the D.M.L. prepares teacher-scholars in two modern foreign languages, helping them develop as teachers of second-language acquisition , literature, linguistics, and language pedagogy. Middlebury also offers summer language immersion programs in Arabic , Chinese , French , German , and Spanish to middle and high school students through

5148-501: The six-week summer program, Middlebury College's Bread Loaf campus is also the site of the Bread Loaf Writers' Conference for established authors, founded in 1926 . It was called by The New Yorker "the oldest and most prestigious writers' conference in the country." The conference is administered by director Michael Collier and assistant director Jennifer Grotz . Many prominent members of society have been associated with

5226-436: The small particles of chalk make it a substance ideal for cleaning and polishing. For example, toothpaste commonly contains small amounts of chalk, which serves as a mild abrasive . Polishing chalk is chalk prepared with a carefully controlled grain size, for very fine polishing of metals. French chalk (also known as tailor's chalk) is traditionally a hard chalk used to make temporary markings on cloth, mainly by tailors . It

5304-515: The spring admissions program begin the academic year in February and are referred to as "Febs." Students accepted to the Feb program use the fall semester, called a "Febmester," to travel, volunteer, enroll at other universities, or work. Febs graduate in the annual mid-year commencement at the Middlebury College Snow Bowl . Tuition, room, and board at Middlebury is $ 79,800 for the 2022–23 academic year. For

5382-416: The spring of 2017, the college also faced allegations of racial profiling, after a student was faced with disciplinary action despite evidence that they had not been present at the protest. Middlebury released a statement asserting that such allegations had been investigated that the college had determined that no such racial profiling had taken place. The statement also noted that an investigation had refuted

5460-642: The summer, enroll about 1,350 students in the Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish Language Schools. Middlebury President Paul Dwight Moody began the American tradition of a National Christmas Tree in 1923 when the college donated a 48-foot balsam fir for use at the White House. The tree was illuminated when Vermont native Calvin Coolidge flipped an electric switch in

5538-405: The talk there was a violent attack by protesters who attempted to obstruct and damage the vehicle of Bill Burger (the Vice President of communications at Middlebury College), Murray, and Middlebury professor Allison Stanger ; Stanger was injured in the attack, requiring her hospitalization with a neck injury and concussion. Middlebury President Laurie L. Patton responded after the event, saying

5616-471: The top 5% highest-earning families and 14.2% from the bottom 60%. Middlebury College is the ranked 5th in the country for the most share (23%) of students coming from the top 1% of family income ($ 630,000 or more per year). As of the 2022-2023 academic year, the student body consisted of 53% women and 47% men. 95% of the student population was from out of state. *Nonresidents are reported separately regardless of race/ethnicity Middlebury's Winter Carnival

5694-491: The wilderness around Middlebury. Following the New Traditions Contest initiated by President Laurie Patton in the spring of 2018, Middlebury held its first Panther Day on October 20, 2018. The new tradition was held during Homecoming Weekend and included a parade of student clubs and organizations, in an effort to build school spirit. A group of student protesters lined the side of the parade route to call attention to

5772-484: Was "an atrocious distortion of the facts of American history and a gratuitous insult" to Native Americans. In 1958, the statue had fallen into disrepair and was removed during renovation and put into storage. In 1976, it was damaged while being moved. Probably Greenough's most enduring achievements are his essays on art. Here Greenough repeatedly criticized contemporary American architecture for its imitation of European historical building styles, wrote enthusiastically about

5850-586: Was accredited by the American Association of Museums in 2005. Middlebury has incorporated environmental stewardship into its mission statement. The college is a signatory to the American College & University Presidents Climate Commitment and the Talloires Declaration . Additionally, the college has committed to be carbon neutral by 2016. Middlebury was one of six universities to receive

5928-674: Was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1843. His sketchbook is held in the Archives of American Art . In 1828 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician. His younger brother was the sculptor Richard Saltonstall Greenough . Horatio's son, biologist Horatio S. Greenough , proposed a stereo microscope design to Ernst Abbe of Carl Zeiss AG c.  1896 in Paris that led to

6006-654: Was founded as an educational charity in 1975 by Drs John and Sandy Feneley in Oxford , England, establishing a facility at St. Michael's Hall in 1978, including the Feneley Library, and close links with Keble College, Oxford ; in 2014, CMRS became part of Middlebury College Schools Abroad as Middlebury-CMRS, offering U.S. undergraduates an Oxford Humanities Research Program and Middlebury Museum Studies in Oxford. In 1965, Middlebury established its Environmental Studies program, creating

6084-502: Was more than a mentor, but a close friend who enlightened and inspired Horatio. He even molded a bust of Washington. Before graduating from Harvard, he sailed to Rome to study art where he met the painter Robert W. Weir , while living on Via Gregoriana. These two became close friends and studied together the Renaissance and works of antiquity. Favorites of theirs were the Laocoon group of

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