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54-667: Honde refers to: [REDACTED] Look up honde in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Honde, a cultivar of Karuka Honde River , a river in Zimbabwe and Mozambique Honde Valley , the African valley containing the Honde River Steph Honde (born 1975), French musician Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

108-487: A grey trunk of 30 centimetres (12 inches) in diameter and supported by prop roots or flying buttress roots up to forty feet (twelve meters) in length and six inches (15 cm) or more in diameter.. The trunk has white mottling and is generally smooth with occasional warts or small knobs as well as rings of leaf scars . Inside the trunk is pithy and lacking cambium . The top of the tree sometimes branches, producing three or four crowns of leaves. Each crown will produce

162-532: A hypanthodium, which bears numerous flowers on the inside of a convex or involuted compound receptacle. The genus Euphorbia has cyathia (sing. cyathium ), usually organised in umbels. Some species have inflorescences reduced to composite flowers or pseudanthia , in which case it is difficult to differentiate between inflorescences and single flowers. Genes that shape inflorescence development have been studied at great length in Arabidopsis . LEAFY (LFY)

216-437: A medium potential for large-scale sustainable commercialization in the region, but care must be taken in the sensitive local environments to expanded agriculture. Diets of tree owners could also be negatively influenced by rapid commercialization. The endosperm , a white kernel, is eaten raw, roasted , smoked , or mumued . Nuts that aren't immediately eaten are typically sun-dried for storage. The karuka kernels have

270-420: A panicle. The family Asteraceae is characterised by a highly specialised head technically called a calathid (but usually referred to as 'capitulum' or 'head'). The family Poaceae has a peculiar inflorescence of small spikes ( spikelets ) organised in panicles or spikes that are usually simply and improperly referred to as spike and panicle . The genus Ficus ( Moraceae ) has an inflorescence called

324-448: A peduncle. Any flower in an inflorescence may be referred to as a floret , especially when the individual flowers are particularly small and borne in a tight cluster, such as in a pseudanthium . The fruiting stage of an inflorescence is known as an infructescence . Inflorescences may be simple (single) or complex ( panicle ). The rachis may be one of several types, including single, composite, umbel, spike or raceme . In some species

378-413: A result of natural selection . The stem holding the whole inflorescence is called a peduncle . The main axis (also referred to as major stem) above the peduncle bearing the flowers or secondary branches is called the rachis . The stalk of each flower in the inflorescence is called a pedicel . A flower that is not part of an inflorescence is called a solitary flower and its stalk is also referred to as

432-524: A single cluster of nuts, typically once every other season. Production is affected by the seasonality of local rainfall. Leaves spiral up the trunk in opposite pairs. The large leathery leaves are 3–4 metres (9.8–13.1 ft) long and 8–12 centimetres (3.1–4.7 in) wide. The apex of the leaf is attenuate and doubly-pleated, with prickles pointing up at the tip and along the margins and midrib . The leaves are dark green on top and dull cyan underneath. The inflorescence on male trees

486-578: A single or a cluster of flower(s) is located at the axil of a bract, the location of the bract in relation to the stem holding the flower(s) is indicated by the use of different terms and may be a useful diagnostic indicator. Typical placement of bracts include: Metatopic placement of bracts include: There is no general consensus in defining the different inflorescences. The following is based on Focko Weberling 's Morphologie der Blüten und der Blütenstände (Stuttgart, 1981). The main groups of inflorescences are distinguished by branching. Within these groups,

540-406: A small number of people in a single settlement. 'Tabuna' and 'Henga' are some of the most important. 'Tabuna' is popular because it is high-yielding, tastes good, and has no taboos on who/what can eat it and how/if it is cooked. At least two varieties are edible raw. Named varieties include: It is possible a cultivar is listed more than once under different names, as Papua New Guinea has

594-402: A spicate (spike-like) inflorescence that is commonly called a spike . Simple inflorescences are the basis for compound inflorescences or synflorescences . The single flowers are there replaced by a simple inflorescence, which can be both a racemose or a cymose one. Compound inflorescences are composed of branched stems and can involve complicated arrangements that are difficult to trace back to

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648-452: A sweet, coconut taste, or savory and like walnuts . Smoked or cooked karuka is either stored in the rafters or sold at local marketplaces. The uncooked clusters can also be stored for months buried in waterlogged earth, which possibly ferments it. It is a regional staple food and one of the few plants in the area with a high protein content. The spongy core of the multiple fruit cluster can also be cooked and eaten after

702-536: A terminal flower is formed and where flowering starts within the inflorescence. Indeterminate and determinate inflorescences are sometimes referred to as open and closed inflorescences respectively. The indeterminate patterning of flowers is derived from determinate flowers. It is suggested that indeterminate flowers have a common mechanism that prevents terminal flower growth. Based on phylogenetic analyses, this mechanism arose independently multiple times in different species. In an indeterminate inflorescence there

756-470: A tree is at least five or six years old, and can keep producing for up to fifty years. The tree can tolerate temperatures down to 3 °C for extended periods and 0 °C for short periods. The USDA hardiness is 10–12, and is hardy to zone 10 in the UK system . In Upper Karint near Pingirip , karukas are planted as boundary lines between garden plots. In PNG's Central Province Premier Rugby League

810-728: A very high linguistic diversity . Benjamin Clemens Stone posits that P. julianettii and P. brosimos are a single species with many varieties, but does not support this point. However, Simon G. Haberle notes that the pollen of the two trees are indistinguishable by light microscopy . P. iwen may also be part of the species complex . Giulianetti's type specimens were collected from Vanapa , British New Guinea (now southern Papua New Guinea ). The tree can be found cultivated or wild on New Guinea , both in PNG and Indonesia ( Central Papua & Highland Papua ). Wild trees are found on

864-711: Is amo . The plant also has many names on the other half of the island. In Indonesian it is called pandan kelapa ( lit. coconut pandan ) and kelapa hutan ( forest coconut ), but these names can also refer to P. brosimos and P. iwen . According to field research by Kiwo et al. in Melagineri District, Lanny Jaya , the Lani people call it gawin , with woromo for P. brosimos , owandak for P. Iwen . Meanwhile according to field research by Zebua et al. in Pirime District, Lanny Jaya, woromo

918-407: Is a definite inflorescence that is increasingly more strongly and irregularly branched from the top to the bottom and where each branching has a terminal flower. The so-called cymose corymb is similar to a racemose corymb but has a panicle-like structure. Another type of panicle is the anthela . An anthela is a cymose corymb with the lateral flowers higher than the central ones. A raceme in which

972-411: Is a densely-branched spadix with a dozen long spikes, each containing many staminate phalanges. In each phalange is a column 3 mm long topped by up to 9 subsessile anthers . The male flowers are white, and the whole male flowering organ may be up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) long. The pollen has a psilate exine (unornamented outer wall) 0.8 μm thick. The ornamentation

1026-534: Is a gene that promotes floral meristem identity, regulating inflorescence development in Arabidopsis. Any alterations in timing of LFY expression can cause formation of different inflorescences in the plant. Genes similar in function to LFY include APETALA1 (AP1). Mutations in LFY, AP1, and similar promoting genes can cause conversion of flowers into shoots. In contrast to LEAFY, genes like terminal flower (TFL) support

1080-617: Is around 4 cm long. The core of the mature head ( mesocarp ) has an appearance like honeycomb and is spongy and pink. The top of the mesocarp is fibrous, from 3 cm long and up. Though Martelli did not have a complete syncarp, he knew the cluster of fruit must be large, estimating at least 30 cm in diameter. He was correct, as the fruiting cluster is typically 15 to 30 cm in diameter. A mature head and stalk weigh up to 16 kg, but average 6 kg. but weights up to sixty pounds ((27,3 kilograms) have been reported. It most closely resembles P. utilissimus , which

1134-456: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Karuka The karuka ( Pandanus julianettii , also called karuka nut and Pandanus nut ) is a species of tree in the screwpine family ( Pandanaceae ) and an important regional food crop in New Guinea . The nuts are more nutritious than coconuts , and are so popular that villagers in

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1188-555: Is found the Philippines . People also harvest and eat nuts of P. antaresensis , P. brosimos , P. dubius , P. iwen , and P. limbatus , and P. odoratissima The specific epithet " julianettii " honors naturalist Amedeo Giulianetti , who found the original type specimens . Karuka is a loanword from Tok Pisin . Sometimes the tree is called ' karuga ' or 'karuka nut pandanus'. The term 'karuka' can apply to both Pandanus julianettii and P. brosimos , though

1242-445: Is granular between echinae (short spines). The ulcerate aperture is 3 μm in diameter. Pollen grains measure an average of 30 × 14.5 μm in size. On female trees, the inflorescence is a single ellipsoid or ovoid syncarp , or fruiting head, with off-white bracts . Female flowers can produce fruit without pollination, and are typically the only trees cultivated. The tree stops making leaves when new fruit

1296-441: Is growing. The syncarp has up to a thousand densely-packed single-celled carpels that later turn into drupes. The clavate , pentagonal drupes measure up to 12 cm long and have a sharpened base, but typically are 9×1.5 cm, and are a pale blue-green color. Each cluster contains about 1000 nuts. The endocarp is bony and thin, 5½ cm long, with rounded edges about 1½ cm wide. The seed-bearing locule

1350-434: Is no true terminal flower and the stem usually has a rudimentary end. In many cases the last true flower formed by the terminal bud ( subterminal flower) straightens up, appearing to be a terminal flower. Often a vestige of the terminal bud may be noticed higher on the stem. In determinate inflorescences the terminal flower is usually the first to mature (precursive development), while the others tend to mature starting from

1404-499: Is normally called simply 'umbel'. Another kind of definite simple inflorescence is the raceme-like cyme or botryoid ; that is as a raceme with a terminal flower and is usually improperly called 'raceme'. A reduced raceme or cyme that grows in the axil of a bract is called a fascicle . A verticillaster is a fascicle with the structure of a dichasium; it is common among the Lamiaceae . Many verticillasters with reduced bracts can form

1458-405: Is often called a panicle . This definition is very different from that given by Weberling . Compound umbels are umbels in which the single flowers are replaced by many smaller umbels called umbellets . The stem attaching the side umbellets to the main stem is called a ray . The most common kind of definite compound inflorescence is the panicle (of Webeling, or 'panicle-like cyme'). A panicle

1512-665: Is unclear which dialect(s). In the Kewa pandanus language it is rumala agaa . The Kalam language term, in both standard and pandanus languages, is alŋaw , but it can also be called kumi or snay . The plant is called ama in the Wiru language . In the Pole language it's called maisene . It goes by ank in Angal language , and aenk in the Wola dialect. The Imbongu language word

1566-901: Is unknown, but the flowers can be pollinated by humans. Seed dispersal is by humans, birds , and other animals . According to the Kalam people of Madang Province , the Lorentz's mosaic-tailed rat ( Paramelomys lorentzii ) helps spread karuka seeds. A fallen syncarp will disintegrate completely in about 3 days in the forest. Fungal pests of karuka include leaf spot , diffuse leaf spot , black leaf mould ( Lembosia pandani ), sooty mold ( Meliola juttingii ), and fungus on seeds ( Macrophoma pandani ). The leaf moulds do not do much damage. The sooty mould seems to grow on insect frass . The black leaf mold only affects some varieties. The bacteria Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum can also cause bacterial soft rot and necrosis on

1620-582: Is used to refer to P. Iwen , while in another study in Jayawijaya , the Lani used woromo for P. julianettii with the Dani people call it tuke , hence the names have been used interchangeably by multiple publications from different regions and might be a separate species in the complex . There are up to 45 cultivars of karuka, many with different kernel shapes. There are likely many more, as some are known only to

1674-930: The Huon Peninsula and in the highlands of New Guinea's central cordillera . In Papua New Guinea, the tree is most commonly grown in Southern Highlands , Western Highlands , Eastern Highlands , Enga , and Chimbu Provinces , and it is found in all provinces on the mainland except East Sepik . It grows in montane forests between 1,300 and 3,300 m in elevation in areas that get 2–5 m mean annual precipitation . It grows in both dry and wet soils, but prefers good soil fertility. Trees will grow in clumped groups of 5 to 10 individuals per hectare. Karuka produces fruit around February, with an occasional secondary season in July. Typically each branch will only flower every other year. The natural pollination syndrome

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1728-626: The highlands will move their entire households closer to trees for the harvest season. The species was originally described by Ugolino Martelli from only a few drupes in the collections of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew He was hesitant to describe it as a new species from only that, but the characteristics were so salient he published his description. The tree is dioecious (individual plants either have male flowers or female ones), with male trees uncommon compared to females. It reaches 10–30 metres (33–98 ft) in height, with

1782-589: The subsection named Karuka , which is in the monotypic section also named Karuka . In New Guinea it has different names among each of the Papuan peoples . In the Ankave language it is xweebo . It is yase in the Baruya language . The Huli language word is anga , and it is also anga in the Duna language . In Kewa language it is aga , but it

1836-565: The activity of an inhibitor that prevents flowers from growing on the inflorescence apex (flower primordium initiation), maintaining inflorescence meristem identity. Both types of genes help shape flower development in accordance with the ABC model of flower development . Studies have been recently conducted or are ongoing for homologs of these genes in other flower species. Inflorescence-feeding insect herbivores shape inflorescences by reducing lifetime fitness (how much flowering occurs), seed production by

1890-421: The base of the stem. This pattern is called acropetal maturation. When flowers start to mature from the top of the stem, maturation is basipetal , whereas when the central mature first, maturation is divergent . As with leaves , flowers can be arranged on the stem according to many different patterns. See ' Phyllotaxis ' for in-depth descriptions. Similarly arrangement of leaf in bud is called Ptyxis. When

1944-590: The different axes. Some passage forms between the obvious ones are commonly admitted. Determinate simple inflorescences are generally called cymose . The main kind of cymose inflorescence is the cyme (pronounced / s aɪ m / ), from the Latin cyma in the sense 'cabbage sprout', from Greek kuma 'anything swollen'). Cymes are further divided according to this scheme: A cyme can also be so compressed that it looks like an umbel. Strictly speaking this kind of inflorescence could be called umbelliform cyme , although it

1998-622: The flowers develop directly from the main stem or woody trunk, rather than from the plant's main shoot. This is called cauliflory and is found across a number of plant families. An extreme version of this is flagelliflory where long, whip-like branches grow from the main trunk to the ground and even below it. Inflorescences form directly on these branches. Plant organs can grow according to two different schemes, namely monopodial or racemose and sympodial or cymose . In inflorescences these two different growth patterns are called indeterminate and determinate respectively, and indicate whether

2052-432: The inflorescences, and plant density, among other traits. In the absence of these herbivores, inflorescences usually produce more flower heads and seeds. Temperature can also variably shape inflorescence development. High temperatures can impair the proper development of flower buds or delay bud development in certain species, while in others an increase in temperature can hasten inflorescence development. The shift from

2106-479: The latter is usually called 'wild karuka'. Both species, as well as P. dubius , can be called 'pandanus nut'. In addition to P. brosimos , 'wild karuka' can also refer to P. antaresensis , P. iwen , and P. limbatus , but nuts from these trees are a much smaller part of the local diet. In contexts where multiple karuka species are discussed, P. julianettii is sometimes termed 'planted karuka'. P. julianettii , P. iwen , and P. brosimos are also in

2160-412: The leaves, but causes more severe damage to the related species Pandanus conoideus . Bush crickets are serious insect pests, including Segestes gracilis and Segestidea montana , which eat the leaves and can sometimes kill trees. Growers will stuff leaves and grass in between the leaves of the crown to keep insects out. An unknown species of black grub will burrow into the cluster and eat

2214-469: The main branch. A kind of compound inflorescence is the double inflorescence , in which the basic structure is repeated in the place of single florets. For example, a double raceme is a raceme in which the single flowers are replaced by other simple racemes; the same structure can be repeated to form triple or more complex structures. Compound raceme inflorescences can either end with a final raceme ( homoeothetic ), or not ( heterothetic ). A compound raceme

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2268-592: The most important characteristics are the intersection of the axes and different variations of the model. They may contain many flowers ( pluriflor ) or a few ( pauciflor ). Inflorescences can be simple or compound . Indeterminate simple inflorescences are generally called racemose / ˈ r æ s ɪ m oʊ s / . The main kind of racemose inflorescence is the raceme ( / ˈ r æ s iː m / , from classical Latin racemus , cluster of grapes ). The other kind of racemose inflorescences can all be derived from this one by dilation, compression, swelling or reduction of

2322-414: The nuts are removed. The high fat content means the nuts can be processed into an edible yellow oil . Karuka contains 52.39% oleic acid , 44.90% palmitic acid , and 0.19% stearic acid . The oil is a good source of Vitamin E ( α-tocopherol 5.03 mg/100 g). The color of the oil is from the carotenoids , which are at a concentration of 2.75 μg/g. The antioxidant activity for

2376-504: The oil is fairly low, and it is higher in saturated than unsaturated fats . Some subjective reports indicate that children are healthier after karuka season, but there may also be increased incidence of tropical ulcers and pig-bel (caused by Clostridium perfringens ). But the connections, if any, are unclear. Trunks and buttress roots are used for building. The sheets of bark are used for house walls. The leaves are used for bush shelters and raincapes . The leaves were

2430-406: The plant's flowers are formed. On a larger scale, inflorescence architecture affects quality and quantity of offspring from selfing and outcrossing, as the architecture can influence pollination success. For example, Asclepias inflorescences have been shown to have an upper size limit, shaped by self-pollination levels due to crosses between inflorescences on the same plant or between flowers on

2484-512: The preferred building material for housing in Papua New Guinea before colonial contact. The durable white spathe leaves on male inflorescences are used by the Wola people to wrap pearl shells. Karuka can be cultivated by cutting a mature branch and replanting it ( vegetative propagation ). Suckers can also be replanted. Nurseries also plant seeds directly. New nuts will grow when

2538-492: The reproductive portion of a plant that bears a cluster of flowers in a specific pattern. Inflorescences are described by many different characteristics including how the flowers are arranged on the peduncle, the blooming order of the flowers, and how different clusters of flowers are grouped within it. These terms are general representations as plants in nature can have a combination of types. Because flowers facilitate plant reproduction , inflorescence characteristics are largely

2592-650: The rural population) live in regions where karuka is commonly eaten. There is high demand for it in the New Guinea Highlands : Entire households (including pigs , who are sometimes fed the fruits ) will move from the valleys to higher elevations at harvest time, often for several weeks. Each household will average 12 to 176 trees. Trade in karuka is small-scale and not commercial. Local marketplaces typically will have 12 to 50 fruits for sale. With some coordination between state agencies and private sector, karuka could have export market access . The crop has

2646-403: The single flowers are replaced by cymes is called a (indefinite) thyrse . The secondary cymes can be of any of the different types of dichasia and monochasia. A botryoid in which the single flowers are replaced by cymes is a definite thyrse or thyrsoid . Thyrses are often confusingly called panicles . Other combinations are possible. For example, heads or umbels may be arranged in a corymb or

2700-464: The spongy core, causing the nuts to turn black and the whole bunch to fall off the tree. Woodboring beetles sometimes attack the prop root of the tree. Possums also eat the nuts, as do rodents such as squirrel-toothed rats ( Anisomys imitator ), eastern white-eared giant rats ( Hyomys goliath ), Rothschild's woolly rats ( Mallomys rothschildi ), and giant naked-tailed rats ( Uromys anak ). Growers will put platforms or other obstacles on

2754-547: The team for Goilala District is called the Karukas. Inflorescence Morphologically , an inflorescence is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed on the axis of a plant. The modifications can involve the length and the nature of the internodes and the phyllotaxis , as well as variations in the proportions, compressions, swellings, adnations , connations and reduction of main and secondary axes. One can also define an inflorescence as

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2808-407: The title Honde . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honde&oldid=869130638 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description

2862-460: The trunks of trees to keep the pests out. Harvested nuts are often beset by rats and cockroaches . Hanging nuts in the smoky areas above fires can prevent this, but after a while the taste of the nuts is affected. On New Guinea karuka is cultivated crop, and has been used as a major food source since nearly 31,000 years ago in the Pleistocene . In PNG nearly 2 million people (almost half

2916-406: The vegetative to reproductive phase of a flower involves the development of an inflorescence meristem that generates floral meristems. Plant inflorescence architecture depends on which meristems becomes flowers and which become shoots. Consequently, genes that regulate floral meristem identity play major roles in determining inflorescence architecture because their expression domain will direct where

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