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30-571: Honaz is about 20 km (12 mi) east of the city of Denizli on the slopes of the mountain of the same name – Mount Honaz ( Honaz Dağı ). The mountain is the highest peak in Turkey's Aegean Region (2517 m). Just north of Honaz is Honaz Stream ( Honaz Çayı ), known in ancient times as the Lycus . In antiquity it was known as Colossae . At 500 BC Colossae was founded by the Phrygians , and then passed into

60-746: A 1206 agreement with Kaykhusraw I. There is a Seljuk fortress in Honaz, and the Murat Mosque which dates back to the reign of Ottoman Sultan Murat II ( imperabat 1404–1451). In the 20th century, Honaz was one of the places where the Vallahades or Valaades (ethnic Greek Muslims from southwest Greek Macedonia) were forced to resettle during the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1922–23. There are 22 neighbourhoods in Honaz District: Today

90-549: A Christian basilica. During the Byzantine period, the city continued to flourish and also remained an important centre for Christianity. The museum contains historical artifacts from Hierapolis, as well as those from Laodiceia, Colossae , Tripolis , Attuda and other towns of the Lycos (Çürüksu) valley. The museum also has a section devoted to artifacts found at Beycesultan Hüyük that includes examples of Bronze Age craft. Artifacts from

120-627: A bishopric of Chonai was established at the location of the present Honaz township by the Byzantines during the Arab invasions of the 7th century. Being further up the mountain the location was easier to defend. Following centuries of Byzantine rule the town was first captured by the Seljuk Turks in 1070, but was then reconquered during the Komnenian period . During the reign of Manuel I Komnenos it prospered as

150-700: A direct manner. Following World War I , during the Turkish War of Independence , the Greek Army managed to capture and come as close as Sarayköy , a small town 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Denizli, but did not venture into Denizli. They were then ousted from the region by Mustafa Kemal Pasha . The most widespread symbols of Denizli province are of textile industry. Denizli has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa or Trewartha : Cs ), with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, rainy winters. The inland areas, like Çardak, Bozkurt, Çivril, and Çal districts/counties of

180-565: A frontier town, a trading and pilgrimage venue for both Christians and Muslims. The forces of Louis VII of France , en route to the Holy Land as part of the Second Crusade , were attacked here by the Turks in the battle of Mount Cadmus of 1148. The Byzantine chronicler Niketas Choniates (c. 1155-1215/1216) was a native of the city. Chonai was plundered twice by local independent warlords backed by

210-603: A healing centre where doctors used the thermal springs as a treatment for their patients. The city began minting bronze coins in the 2nd century BC. These coins give the name Hieropolis . It remains unclear whether this name referred to the original temple ( ἱερόν , hieron ) or honoured Hiera , the wife of Telephus , son of Heracles and the Mysian princess Auge . This name eventually changed into Hierapolis ("holy city"). In 133 BC, when Attalus III died, he bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. Hierapolis thus became part of

240-570: A major domestic tourism destination due to the various types of thermal waters in Sarayköy , Central/Denizli (where Karahayıt and Pamukkale towns are located), Akköy (Gölemezli), Buldan (Yenicekent), and Çardak districts. The ancient ruined city of Hierapolis , as well as ruins of the city of Laodicea on the Lycus , the ancient metropolis of Phrygia , are nearby. Also in the vicinity of Honaz , about 10 mi (16 km) west of Denizli is, what was, in

270-584: Is a city in Aegean Turkey , and seat of the province of Denizli . The city forms the urban part of the districts Merkezefendi and Pamukkale , with a population of 651,200 in 2022. Denizli has seen economic development in the last few decades, mostly due to textile production and exports. Denizli also attracts visitors to the nearby mineral-coated hillside hot spring of Pamukkale , and with red color thermal water spa hotels Karahayıt , just 5 kilometres (3 miles) north of Pamukkale. Recently, Denizli became

300-638: Is a natural site in Denizli Province in southwestern Turkey . The area is famous for a carbonate mineral left by the flowing of thermal spring water. It is located in Turkey's Inner Aegean region, in the River Menderes valley, which has a temperate climate for most of the year. The ancient Greek city of Hierapolis was built on top of the travertine formation which is in total about 2,700 metres (8,860 ft) long, 600 m (1,970 ft) wide and 160 m (525 ft) high. It can be seen from

330-682: Is about 45 minutes drive from the city center. The extension of İzmir-Aydın highway to Denizli has been announced for several years. Initial infrastructure was laid in Aydın , but the rest is still forthcoming. The present Aydın-Denizli road, has a very high level of traffic, especially trucks, with each town along the road possessing its own industrial zone. Denizli is twinned with: Denizli also cooperates with Bursa and Tokat in Turkey. Pamukkale Pamukkale , ( Turkish pronunciation: [pamuk̚'kalɛ] ) meaning "cotton castle" in Turkish ,

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360-423: Is deposited by the water as a soft gel which eventually crystallizes into travertine. There are only a few historical facts known about the origin of the city. No traces of the presence of Hittites or Persians have been found. The Phrygians built a temple, probably in the first half of the 7th century BC. This temple, originally used by the citizens of the nearby town of Laodicea , would later form

390-407: Is transported 320 metres (1,050 ft) to the head of the travertine terraces and deposits calcium carbonate on a section 60 to 70 metres (200 to 230 ft) long covering an expanse of 24 metres (79 ft) to 30 metres (98 ft). When the water, supersaturated with calcium carbonate, reaches the surface, carbon dioxide de-gasses from it, and calcium carbonate is deposited. Calcium carbonate

420-479: The Caria , Pisidia and Lydia regions are also on display. The museum's exhibition space consists of three halls of the vaulted Hierapolis Bath buildings and the open-air areas in the eastern side which are known to have been used as the library and gymnasium. The artifacts in open exhibition space are mostly marble and stone. Pamukkale is recognized as a World Heritage Site together with Hierapolis. Hierapolis-Pamukkale

450-478: The 1st century AD, the city of Colossae . The weather is hot in Denizli in summers, whereas in winters, it may occasionally be very cold with snow on the mountains that surround the city. Some years, snow can be observed in the urban areas. Springs and autumns are rainy, with a mild warm climate. The word deniz means 'sea, large lake'. No sea or lake can be found near Denizli. However, the original Turkish name for

480-668: The East, new Mosque gate in the South, and vineyard gate in the West. There are some fifty armed watchmen in the fortress, and they attend the shop. The main city is outside the fortress with 44 districts and 3600 houses. There are 57 small and large mosques and district mosques, 7 madrasahs , 7 children's schools, 6 baths and 17 dervish lodges. As everybody lives in vineyards the upper classes and ordinary people do not flee from each other." The city lived in peace for centuries without being involved in wars in

510-618: The Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi visited Denizli and recorded the town as follows: "The city is called by Turks as (Denizli) (which means has abundant of water sources like sea in Turkish) as there are several rivers and lakes around it. In fact it is a four-day trip from the sea. Its fortress is of square shape built on flat ground. It has no ditches. Its periphery is 470 steps long. It has four gates. These are: painters gate in North, saddle-makers gate in

540-626: The Roman province of Asia . In AD 17, during the rule of Emperor Tiberius , a major earthquake destroyed the city. Through the influence of the Christian Apostle Paul , a church was founded here while he was at Ephesus . The Christian Apostle Philip spent the last years of his life here. The town's Martyrium was alleged to have been built upon the spot where Philip was crucified in AD 80. His daughters were also said to have acted as prophetesses in

570-450: The Seljuk period. Ibn Battuta visited the city, noting that "In it there are seven mosques for the observance of Friday prayers, and it has splendid gardens, perennial streams, and gushing springs. Most of the artisans there are Greek women, for in it are many Greeks who are subject to the Turks and who pay dues to the sultan, including the jizya , and other taxes." In the 17th century,

600-789: The Turks (by Theodoros Mankaphas in late 1180s and by Pseudo-Alexios in 1192). It finally fell to the Seljuks soon afterwards. Kaykhusraw I promised to return it to the Byzantines, but in view of the collapse of imperial power caused by the Fourth Crusade and the Latin conquest of Constantinople he decided rather to assign it to his father-in-law, the Byzantine renegade Manuel Maurozomes . The latter held it as an autonomous lordship together with Laodikeia , near present-day Denizli , from 1205 until his death ca. 1230. Theodore I Laskaris came to accept it in

630-572: The centre of Hierapolis . Hierapolis was founded as a thermal spa early in the 2nd century BC within the sphere of the Seleucid Empire . Antiochus the Great sent 2,000 Jewish families to Lydia and Phrygia from Babylon and Mesopotamia , later joined by more from Judea . The Jewish congregation grew in Hierapolis and has been estimated as high as 50,000 in 62 BC. Hierapolis became

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660-484: The city was called Dun Ghuzluh . The latter is said to mean 'the town of the swine'. In antiquity, it was an important Greek town, called Attouda (Αττούδα), that existed through the ancient Greek and Roman eras; it was near the cities ( Hierapolis and Laodicea on the Lycus ) and flourished through the Byzantine period. The city was conquered by the Seljuk Turks . Inhabitants of Laodicea were also resettled here in

690-446: The economy of Honaz is centred on growing cherries , 80% of the crop being exported from Turkey, generating up to 35 million dollars of income per annum. There is an annual cherry festival in the town. Tomatoes and other fruits and vegetables are grown too including a local variety of oleaster . Honaz is also the homeland of a number of well-known pehlivans ( oil wrestlers ) including the 3-time national champion Hüseyin Çokal . In

720-519: The hands of the Ancient Greeks . Herodotus and Xenophon both record the passage of Greek and Persian armies though here during the Persian Wars , at that time it was a large Phrygian city . A few ruins of the ancient city remain. Like many other ancient cities of the region, Colossae was destroyed by earthquakes, with little surviving. In the Byzantine period its name was Chonai . The city and

750-403: The hills on the opposite side of the valley in the town of Denizli , 20 km away. This area has been drawing visitors to its thermal springs since the time of classical antiquity . The Turkish name refers to the surface of the shimmering, snow-white limestone, shaped over millennia by calcite-rich springs. Dripping slowly down the mountainside, mineral-rich waters collect in and cascade down

780-402: The mineral terraces, into pools below. It was added as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988 along with Hierapolis. Pamukkale's terraces are made of travertine , a sedimentary rock deposited by mineral water from the hot springs. In this area, there are 17 hot springs with temperatures ranging from 35 °C (95 °F) to 100 °C (212 °F). The water that emerges from the spring

810-412: The nearby depending township of Kaklık , there is a large cave called "Kaklık Cave" or "Kaklık Mağarası" which attracts visitors from all over the country. A spring that spurts out on the surface only to flow back underground shortly afterwards through the cave in cascading layers of limestone and travertine caused Kaklık to appear very much like a subterranean Pamukkale . Denizli Denizli

840-481: The place was Tonguzlu , pronounced as toŋuzlu or doŋuzlu , later donuzlu (from toŋuz ' wild boar '). Thus Tonguzlu means a 'place where boars dwell'. Because of the phonetical process (t->d, ŋ->n), the name was changed into denizlü or denizli , similar in pronunciation but different in meaning, in order to avoid the connotation 'boar, pig', which is considered offensive in Islam . Ibn Battuta recorded that

870-648: The province are cooler and have a higher elevation than the seaside, western part of the Province. Therefore, there are climatic differences within the province and even in the Denizli urbanized area. The land is open to winds coming from the Aegean Sea as the mountains are perpendicular to the coastline. Highest recorded temperature:44.4 °C (111.9 °F) on 15 August 2007 Lowest recorded temperature:−11.4 °C (11.5 °F) on 9 February 1965 During World War I , Denizli mined chromium . Denizli Çardak Airport

900-526: The region. During the 4th century, the Christians filled Pluto's Gate (a ploutonion ) with stones, suggesting that Christianity had become the dominant religion and had begun displacing other faiths in the area. Originally a see of Phrygia Pacatiana, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian raised the bishop of Hierapolis to the rank of metropolitan in 531. The Roman baths were transformed to

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