34-632: Holwick is a small village in Teesdale , County Durham (district) , England. Located in the Pennine hills , it consists of a few houses spread along a road in the pattern of a linear settlement. As the population taken at the 2011 Census was less than 100, details are maintained in the parish of Lunedale . Being south of the Tees, Holwick lies within the historic boundaries of the North Riding of Yorkshire . Along with
68-573: A "world-class" deposit of zinc and predicted that a new mine in the area could produce 1,000,000 tonnes (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) of zinc ore per year. In the North Pennines National Landscape area are: 40% of the UK's upland hay meadows; 30% of England's upland heathland and 27% of its blanket bog ; 80% of England's black grouse (and also breeding short-eared owl , ring ouzel , common snipe and common redshank ); 36% of
102-565: A crumbly marble known as Sugar Limestone . Economic deposits in Llandovery rocks include soft shales that were previously worked to be used as slate pencils. More recently, Ice Age glacial activity shaped the valley, and much of the pre-glacial river course is now buried beneath glacial drift . In places this impervious dolerite rock, with shallow soil above it, prevented the growth of scrub or trees: this enabled certain post-glacial Arctic / Alpine plants to survive here when elsewhere as
136-533: A number of villages, including Mickleton , Eggleston , Romaldkirk and Cotherstone . Middleton was a lead-mining centre, and plentiful traces of this industry can be seen round the adjoining slopes and side-valleys. On the south side of Teesdale is the Bronze Age burial site of Kirkcarrion . The other Durham Dales are on the northern side and to the south is the Yorkshire Dales , Swaledale with Richmond
170-509: A rule they were overgrown. The Sugar Limestone formed by thermal metamorphism of the limestone into which the Whin Sill was intruded also meets the requirements of some of these plants. Teesdale is famous among naturalists for the "Teesdale Assemblage" of plants found together here that occur widely separated in other locations, abroad or in the British Isles . Part of Upper Teesdale near
204-618: A succession of limestones , shales and mudstones dating from the Carboniferous period. At this time the part of the Earth’s crust which would later become England lay in the equatorial zone and was covered from time to time by shallow tropical seas. Repeated cycles of inundation led to the development of a series of cyclothems ; the laying down of layers of limestone, shale and sandstone with occasional coal seams. Shortly afterwards, (c. 295 million years ago) molten rock once again intruded
238-599: Is also home to red squirrels and diverse birds of prey. The impressive landscape of the North Pennines – from High Force on the River Tees to the sweeping valley of High Cup Gill above Dufton – are the product of millions of years of geological processes. The worldwide significance of the geology found in the area was recognised in 2003 when the National Landscape became Britain's first European Geopark . A year later
272-529: Is represented in parliament by Dehenna Davison ( Conservative ). The local police force is Durham Constabulary . Holwick is in the Wear and Tees division and its nearest police station is in Barnard Castle. The earliest evidence of habitation in the area comes from Mesolithic microliths dating back at least 6000 years. The people who left them, however, were not settled in the area, but hunted there during
306-514: Is the closest. The dale was formerly divided into four with the north in the Darlington and Stockton wards and the south was in the Gilling and Langbaurgh wapentakes . Both dales gave their names to the former Teesdale district and Weardale district of western County Durham . The south is within the historic county boundaries of the North Riding of Yorkshire , Startforth Rural District , it
340-545: The Caledonian orogeny , the mudstone becoming slaty . These rocks which are between 500 and 420 million years old are now exposed along the great scarp which defines the western edge of the area and also in an inlier in upper Teesdale . Unseen at the surface but proved in boreholes is the Weardale Granite, a batholith emplaced as molten rock into the slates and other rocks around 400 million years ago. Its presence beneath
374-542: The Cow Green Reservoir is designated a National Nature Reserve ; it contains the unique Teesdale Violet and the blue Spring Gentian as well as more common Pennine flowers such as rockrose , spring sandwort, mountain pansy, bird's-eye primrose and butterwort . Hay meadows in the valley above High Force, some now carefully cultivated to ensure this, contain an extremely rich variety of flowering plants including globe flower, wood cranesbill and Early Purple Orchid. On
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#1732885134705408-784: The Mesozoic era, desert sands characterised the area; these are now seen as the New Red Sandstone of the Vale of Eden , the eastern parts of which form the lower slopes of the Pennine scarp and are within the AONB. There is no bedrock of younger age to be found within the North Pennines; for much of the time since the deposition of the Triassic sandstones, it is likely the area was above sea level and subject to erosion . A series of major global climate cycles during
442-638: The Strathmore Arms , and a campsite. Holwick sits not far from the south bank of the River Tees , about 2 miles north-west of Middleton-in-Teesdale and opposite Newbiggin , both villages on the other side of the river. Nearby are the High Force and Low Force waterfalls . The surrounding landscape is high moorland and fells . Holwick is part of the Bishop Auckland parliamentary constituency , which
476-593: The Tees , which has its source below Cross Fell (890 m (2,930 ft)) in Cumbria . The upper dale is remote and high, but becomes gentler after it enters County Durham shortly downstream. The dale follows the river's south-easterly course to Barnard Castle , at which point the landscape begins to flatten into the Tees Lowlands. The Cumbrian part of Teesdale was historically divided between Cumberland and Westmorland , and
510-533: The 18th century. The Wynch Bridge , thought to be the first suspension bridge in Britain, was built across the Tees near Holwick in 1704, and collapsed in 1802, killing one. It was repaired but finally replaced in 1830. Substantial quarrying and lead mining did not continue into the 20th century, and the economy of the village has since returned to sheep farming. Durham County Council & Northumberland County Council. " Local History: Holwick (County Durham) ". Keys to
544-629: The Carboniferous/Permian boundary. Around the start of the Permian period, about 290 million years ago, mineral-rich waters, associated with the still warm granite, circulated within the Carboniferous succession and gave rise to mineral-rich veins which have formed the basis of a lead mining industry since at least Roman times. During the rest of this period and into the Triassic at the start of
578-599: The County Durham area between the former and Yorkshire . Large parts of Teesdale are within the North Pennines national landscape , and Upper Teesdale has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest . Parts of the local climate have been scientifically classified as "Sub-Arctic", and snow has sometimes lain on Cross Fell into June. Unusually for the Pennines, rock of igneous origin (the Whin Sill ) contributes to
612-646: The National Landscape area is designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest ; red squirrels , otters and rare arctic alpine plants; 22,000 pairs of breeding waders and one of England's biggest waterfalls – High Force . The area shares a boundary with the Yorkshire Dales National Park in the south and extends as far as the Tyne Valley, just south of Hadrian's Wall in the north. The North Pennines are notable for rare flora and fauna, including wild alpine plants not found elsewhere in Britain. It
646-593: The North Pennines was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in 1988 for its moorland scenery, the product of centuries of farming and lead-mining. It is the second largest of the 49 AONBs in the United Kingdom after the Cotswolds. The landscape of the North Pennines AONB is one of open heather moors between deep dales, upland rivers, hay meadows and stone-built villages, some of which contain
680-661: The North Pennines, including the Tees and Wear , and form the Durham Dales valleys. The North Pennines are formed from a succession largely of sedimentary rocks laid down during the Palaeozoic era , later intruded by the Whin Sill and affected by glaciation during the Quaternary period. Mud and volcanic ash deposited during the Ordovician and Silurian periods were buried and subsequently faulted and folded during
714-562: The Past . Retrieved 12 January 2005. [REDACTED] Media related to Holwick at Wikimedia Commons Teesdale Teesdale is a dale , or valley , located principally in County Durham , North East England . It is one of the Durham Dales , which are themselves part of the North Pennines , the northernmost part of the Pennine uplands. The dale is named after its principal river,
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#1732885134705748-532: The area become one of the founding members of the UNESCO -assisted Global Geopark family and in 2015 it was accorded official status as a UNESCO Global Geopark. Geoparks are areas with outstanding geological heritage where this is being used to support sustainable development. Another of the North Pennines' oddities is that it is home to England's only named wind, the Helm Wind . It has caught out many walkers traversing
782-512: The current Quaternary period resulted in a series of ice ages, evidence for the last ice age is found within the North Pennines both in term of erosional and depositional features. Glacial till is widespread and drumlin are encountered, both indicative of the presence of moving ice within the landscape. It may be that some higher ground was not over-ridden by ice but remained exposed through subject to harsh climatic conditions. Glacial meltwater carved channels and rivers have continued to shape
816-544: The east, straddling the borders of the counties of Cumbria , Durham , Northumberland and North Yorkshire . It is bounded to the north by the Tyne Valley and to the south by the Stainmore Gap. As a sparsely-populated upland region known for its moorland ecology and industrial archaeology, a large part of the North Pennines is protected as a National Landscape and a UNESCO Global Geopark . Several major rivers rise in
850-410: The landscape in the post-glacial era. Besides farming, mining and quarrying have been a mainstay of the local economy over centuries. The area has in the past been mined and quarried for minerals such as barytes, coal fluorspar, iron, lead, witherite and zinc. In 2013, a Canadian mining company were allowed to test drill for zinc around Allenheads and Nenthead . They said the region was sitting on
884-638: The most celebrated stretches through Teesdale , a lush valley with dramatic river scenery including the twin attractions of High Force and Cauldron Snout . The great English poet W. H. Auden spent much time in this area and some forty poems and two plays are set here. Auden visited the area in 1919 and "five years later was writing poems about Alston Moor and Allendale." He referred to the region as his "Mutterland", his "great good place", and equated it with his idea of Eden. Scores of Pennine place-names are found in his work, including Cauldron Snout and Rookhope . An area of 770 square miles (2,000 km ) in
918-515: The plateaux around Cross Fell , the Eden Valley fellside, and the valleys between Alston and Dufton. One of the many walking routes in the North Pennines is Isaac's Tea Trail , a circular route of 37 miles (60 km) around the area, running from Ninebanks via Allendale , Nenthead and Alston . In addition to this, a large section of the Pennine Way falls in the AONB, including one of
952-619: The region results in it being an upland area since granite is relatively less dense and therefore ‘buoys up’ the North Pennines. This uplifted area is known as the Alston Block and is partly defined by major faults; the Stublick and Ninety-Fathom faults to the north and the Pennine Fault to the west. To the south is the Stainmore Trough. Overlying the early Palaeozoic rocks and granite are
986-572: The rest of the former Startforth Rural District it was transferred to County Durham for administrative and ceremonial purposes on 1 April 1974, under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972 . In May 2013, the newly registered flag of the North Riding was first unveiled at the village, owing to its being one of the most northerly settlements in Yorkshire. It has a public house ,
1020-588: The sedimentary succession, this time resulting in the emplacement of the doleritic Whin Sill within the Carboniferous sequence. Known as whinstone locally, it baked the rocks with which it came into contact, resulting in the Sugar Limestone found in upper Teesdale. Cooling of the sill itself resulted in the formation of columnar joints, characteristic of its outcrop at places like High Cup . The sill has been dated at between 301 and 294 million years old thus straddling
1054-534: The south bank of the Tees near High Force can be seen the largest surviving juniper wood in England. Over ledges in the Whin Sill fall the famous waterfalls of High Force and Low Force and the cataract of Cauldron Snout . From the source to the Skerne, Teesdale's principal town and most populous settlement is Barnard Castle , a historic market town. The area also includes the small town of Middleton-in-Teesdale and
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1088-557: The summer. Agriculture began in the Neolithic period, and the remains of buildings have been found from the Bronze Age . The present-day village of Holwick was first recorded in 1235, though the origin of the name is uncertain, believed to mean either "dairy farm in a hollow" or "in the holly". In addition to hill farming of sheep , lead mining and iron smelting was conducted in the mediæval period, with lead mining and stone quarrying increasing in importance throughout Teesdale in
1122-412: The surface geology and scenery of Upper Teesdale. Around 295 million years ago upwelling magma spread through fissures and between strata in the earlier Carboniferous Limestone country rock . As it cooled (an event which is believed to have lasted 50 years) the rock contracted and caused itself to split into vertical columns. The heating of the limestone above the rock also caused it to be turned into
1156-410: Was transferred to ceremonial County Durham on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972 . West Teesdale lies within the parliamentary constituency of Bishop Auckland (County Durham). North Pennines The North Pennines is the northernmost section of the Pennine range of hills which runs north–south through northern England . It lies between Carlisle to the west and Darlington to
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