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90-567: Nieheim lies roughly 10 km northeast of Brakel . Nieheim consists of the following 10 centres: Nieheim, with its more than 750-year-old history reaches well back into the Middle Ages . From its beginnings as a community, it grew after being granted municipal privileges (lower court rights, market rights and minting rights , among others) in Bishop Bernhard IV's time (1228–1247), into today's town of Nieheim. After quickly developing from

180-437: A better fit. Pasteurization is the process of heating milk to a high enough temperature for a short period of time to kill the microbes in the milk and increase keep time and decrease spoilage time. By killing the microbes, decreasing the transmission of infection, and elimination of enzymes the quality of the milk and the shelf life increases. Pasteurization is either completed at 63 °C (145 °F) for thirty minutes or

270-507: A breeding bull or sold and used for veal or beef . Dairy farmers usually begin breeding or artificially inseminating heifers around 13 months of age. A cow's gestation period is about nine months. Newborn calves are separated from their mothers quickly, usually within three days, as the mother/calf bond intensifies over time and delayed separation can cause extreme stress on both cow and calf. Domestic cows can live beyond 20 years; however, those raised for dairy rarely live that long, as

360-593: A brief period of French rule in Napoleonic times, the district seat had to be yielded permanently to Höxter in 1832. On 1 January 1970, the formerly independent communities of Beller, Bellersen, Bökendorf, Erkeln, Hembsen, Hinnenburg, Istrup, Rheder, Riesel and Schmechten merged with the town. As part of the 5 November 1974 state law aimed at municipal reform, Höxter district and the old district of Warburg were amalgamated. The formerly independent communities of Auenhausen, Frohnhausen, Hampenhausen and Siddessen, along with

450-427: A bull, ability to select from a large number of bulls, elimination of diseases in the dairy industry, improved genetics and improved animal welfare. Rather than a large bull jumping on a smaller heifer or weaker cow, AI allows the farmer to complete the breeding procedure within 5 minutes with minimum stress placed on the individual female's body. Dairy cattle are polyestrous, meaning they cycle continuously throughout

540-576: A calf. The cycle of insemination, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation is followed by a "dry" period of about two months before calving, which allows udder tissue to regenerate. A dry period that falls outside this time frames can result in decreased milk production in subsequent lactation. Dairy operations therefore include both the production of milk and the production of calves. Bull calves are either castrated and raised as steers for beef production or used for veal. The practice of dairy production has been criticized by animal rights proponents. Some of

630-604: A cross Or, in each quarter an orb Or. These arms date from 1591 at the latest, and the colours are those borne by the old Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn , among whose many holdings was Nieheim. The orbs stand for Saint Nicholas , the town's patron saint. The coat of arms was granted on 18 July 1908. [1] Owing to Nieheim's advantageous location on the north–south-running East Westphalia Road ( Ostwestfalenstraße ), otherwise known as Federal Highway ( Bundesstraße ) B252, connections to Autobahnen A 2 ( Hanover - Ruhr area ) and A 44 ( Dortmund - Kassel ) are right at hand. Nieheim

720-441: A dairy farm are from interactions with cattle. Dairy animals are handled on a daily basis for a wide variety of purposes including health-related management practices and movement from freestalls to the milking parlor. Due to the prevalence of human-animal interactions on dairy farms, researchers, veterinarians, and farmers alike have focused on furthering our understanding of stockmanship and educating agriculture workers. Stockmanship

810-514: A dairy farm as a herd bull, to provide natural breeding for the herd of cows. A bull may service up to 50 or 60 cows during a breeding season. Any more and the sperm count declines, leading to cows "returning to service" (needing to be bred again). A herd bull may only stay for one season, as when most bulls reach over two years old their temperament becomes too unpredictable. Bull calves intended for breeding are commonly bred on specialized dairy breeding farms, not production farms. These farms are

900-419: A day of birth to reduce transmission of disease and simplify management of milking cows. Studies have been done allowing calves to remain with their mothers for 1, 4, 7 or 14 days after birth. Cows whose calves were removed longer than one day after birth showed increased searching, sniffing and vocalizations. However, calves allowed to remain with their mothers for longer periods showed weight gains at three times

990-569: A decisive share in Brakel's development, being as they were part of the leading class in many Westphalian towns. The Hellweglinie , a mediaeval commercial road network that ran through Brakel, was the basis for long-distance trade. As a principal town of the Hanseatic city of Paderborn, Brakel became a member of the Hanseatic League, putting Brakel in early contact with Hanseatic trade. Particularly in

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1080-416: A flash pasteurization is completed for 15 seconds at 72 °C (162 °F). By-products of milk include butterfat, cream, curds, and whey. Butterfat is the main lipid in milk. The cream contains 18–40% butterfat. The industry can be divided into 2 market territories; fluid milk and industrialized milk such as yogurt, cheeses, and ice cream. Whey protein makes up about 20% of milk's protein composition and

1170-400: A former farming town and Hanseatic member, Nieheim has risen today to be a climatic spa with a function as a minor centre, and a mediaeval town with flair. Town council's 24 seats are apportioned as follows, in accordance with municipal elections held on 26 September 2004: Note: UWG is a citizens' coalition. Nieheim's civic coat of arms might heraldically be described thus: In gules

1260-432: A kind of cheese is made, Nieheimer Käse (Nieheim cheese), a sour milk cheese nowadays made by only one cheesemaker . It had almost been forgotten, but is now becoming better known thanks to tourism . It is ripened in wooden moulds in a warm place and then seasoned with salt and caraway . Depending on the ripening time, it can be a Handkäse , a cooking cheese or a hard grating cheese. The "German Cheese Market"

1350-703: A large culturally diverse workforce brings new challenges such as language barriers and time limitations. Organizations like the Upper Midwest Agriculture Safety and Health Center offer resources such as bilingual training videos, fact sheets, and informational posters for dairy worker training. Additionally the Beef Quality Assurance Program offer seminars, live demonstrations, and online resources for stockmanship training. For cows to reach high performance in milk yields and reproduction, they must be in great condition and comfortable in

1440-550: A longevity of 10 lactations is possible. The chances of problems arising which may lead to a cow being culled are high, however; the average herd life of US Holstein is today fewer than 3 lactations. This requires more herd replacements to be reared or purchased. Over 90% of all cows are slaughtered for 4 main reasons: Cow longevity is strongly correlated with production levels. Lower production cows live longer than high production cows, but may be less profitable. Cows no longer wanted for milk production are sent to slaughter. Their meat

1530-609: A milk sample is taken from every farm and from every load of milk delivered to a processing plant. These samples are then tested for antibiotic and any milk testing positive is discarded and farm identified. Traceback to the dairy is undertaken by the FDA with further consequences including the possibility revocation of ability to sell milk. Nutrition plays an important role in keeping cattle healthy and strong. Implementing an adequate nutrition program can also improve milk production and reproductive performance. Nutrient requirements may not be

1620-593: A range of around 6,800 to 17,000 kg (15,000 to 37,500 lb) of milk per year. The Holstein Friesian is the main breed of dairy cattle in Australia, and said to have the "world's highest" productivity, at 10,000 litres (2,200 imp gal; 2,600 US gal) of milk per year. The average for a single dairy cow in the US in 2007 was 9,164 kg (20,204 lb) per year, excluding milk consumed by her calves, whereas

1710-461: A seal whose composition matches the blazon given above. A seal stamp used beginning in 1316 is still kept in the town archive today. When the coat of arms was newly adopted in 1907, the town chose to have the 1316 seal stamp composition in its arms. The colours seen in the inescutcheon are simply the town's colours, as the old Lords' armorial colours are unknown. In this form, the coat of arms was given Royal approval on 18 March 1908. The town's banner

1800-428: A tie-stall system, the milking units are brought to the cows during each milking. These cattle are tethered within their stalls with free access to water and feed provided. In extensive systems, cattle are mainly outside on pasture for most of their lives. These cattle are generally lower in milk production and are herded multiple times daily to be milked. The systems used greatly depend on the climate and available land of

1890-554: A tourism destination. The former Benedictine abbey there, founded in 1142, had great influence and several landholdings in the Warburger Land until its seizure by the state in 1810. Gehrden was incorporated into the greater community of Brakel after the old Warburg District was dissolved in 1975. Until then, Gehrden had belonged to the Amt of Dringenberg-Gehrden. The Romanesque monastery church has Westphalia 's greatest peal of bells. In

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1980-439: A variety of fat supplements can benefit conception rates of lactating dairy cows. Some of these different fats include oleic acids , found in canola oil , animal tallow, and yellow grease; palmitic acid found in granular fats and dry fats; and linolenic acids which are found in cottonseed , safflower , sunflower , and soybean . Diets can additionally be formulated to strategically reduce methane emissions. Ruminants such as

2070-506: Is 147 centimetres (58 in) tall at the shoulder. They are known for their outstanding milk production among the main breeds of dairy cattle. An average Holstein cow produces around 10,000 kilograms (23,000 lb) of milk each lactation. Of the 9 million dairy cows in the U.S., approximately 90% of them are of the Holstein descent. The top breed of dairy cow within Canada's national herd category

2160-474: Is Holstein, taking up 93% of the dairy cow population, have a production rate of 10,257 kilograms (22,613 lb) of milk per cow that contains 3.9% butter fat and 3.2% protein Brown Swiss cows are widely accepted as the oldest dairy cattle breed, originally coming from a part of northeastern Switzerland . Some experts think that the modern Brown Swiss skeleton is similar to one found that looks to be from around

2250-460: Is Holstein, taking up 93% of the dairy cow population, have an annual production rate of 10,257 kilograms (22,613 pounds) of milk per cow that contains 3.9% butter fat and 3.2% protein. Dairy farming, like many other livestock-rearing methods, can be split into intensive and extensive management systems. Intensive systems focus towards maximum production per cow in the herd. This involves formulating their diet to provide ideal nutrition and housing

2340-455: Is a citizens' coalition. Brakel's civic coat of arms might heraldically be described thus: In gules two pointed-roofed towers argent joined at the tops by a decorative gable argent, beneath the gable and between the towers an inescutcheon, in which, in vert three pallets argent across which a raised fess gules, therein three orbs Or. The inescutcheon – the smaller shield within the bigger one – which already appeared on Brakel's coins in 1227,

2430-503: Is a complex concept that involves the timing, positioning, speed, direction of movement, and sounds and touch of the handler. A recent survey of Minnesota dairy farms revealed that 42.6% of workers learned stockmanship techniques from family members, and 29.9% had participated in stockmanship training. However, as the growing U.S. dairy industry increasingly relies on an immigrant workforce, stockmanship training and education resources become more pertinent. Clearly communicating and managing

2520-585: Is also easily reached by public transport. The nearest railway stations are Steinheim , Brakel and Altenbeken . Nieheim has 3 kindergartens , 3 primary schools , a Hauptschule and a Realschule (Peter-Hille-Realschule). Among the town's buildings that are worthiest of a look are the Town Hall, built in 1610 in the Weser Renaissance style, the Ratskrug from 1712, a stately half-timbered building, and

2610-421: Is considered in a good state of welfare if it is able to express its innate behaviour, comfortable, healthy, safe, well nourished, and is not suffering from harmful states such as distress, fear and pain. Good animal welfare requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, and humane handling. If the animal is slaughtered then it is no longer "good animal welfare". It

2700-713: Is falling rapidly, with 51% of U.S. milk in 2007 produced by the 3,100 herds with over 500 cows. The United Kingdom dairy herd overall has nearly 1.5 million cows, with about 100 head reported on an average farm. In New Zealand, the average herd has more than 375 cows, while in Australia, there are approximately 220 cows in the average herd. The United States dairy herd produced 84.2 billion kilograms (185.7 billion pounds) of milk in 2007, up from 52.9 billion kilograms (116.6 billion pounds) in 1950, yet there were only about 9 million cows on U.S. dairy farms—about 13 million fewer than there were in 1950. The top breed of dairy cow within Canada's national herd category

2790-587: Is held every other year – in even-numbered years – and draws cheesemakers from all over the world who make their cheeses the old way, by hand, presenting their finished products. In 2004, the Fourth German Cheese Market drew more than 70,000 visitors to Nieheim. In 2006, the German Cheese Market is to be held on 1–3 September. The "Nieheim Wood Days" are held every other year – in odd-numbered years – and everything at this event revolves around

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2880-599: Is known for the Schlossbräuerei Rheder , a brewery rich in tradition. The very tasty golden pilsener brewed here is very famous and is consumed by the locals at the several "Schützenfeste" in this region. Some say that Rhederpils is one of the best beers all over Germany, probably even the world. Riesel has 610 inhabitants. Schmechten has 224 inhabitants. Siddessen has 504 inhabitants. Population figures are as at 31 December 2003. Brakel had its first documentary mention in 836 as "villa brechal" in writings by

2970-456: Is of relatively low value and is generally used for processed meat. Another factor affecting milk production is the stress the cow is faced with. Psychologists at the University of Leicester , UK, analyzed the musical preference of milk cows and found out that music actually influences the dairy cow's lactation. Calming music can improve milk yield, probably because it reduces stress and relaxes

3060-445: Is separated from the casein (80% of milk's protein make up) during the process of curdling cheese. This protein is commonly used in protein bars, beverages and concentrated powder, due to its high quality amino acid profile. It contains levels of both essential amino acids as well as branched that are above those of soy, meat, and wheat. "Diafiltered" milk is a process of ultrafiltration of the fluid milk to separate lactose and water from

3150-525: Is striped green and white lengthwise with the coat of arms in the middle of the upper half. Written above the coat of arms is "Stadt", and underneath "Brakel" ("Stadt Brakel" means "Town of Brakel") The town's flag is striped green and white lengthwise with the coat of arms in the middle, but towards the hoist. Brakel lies at the crossroads of Federal Highways ( Bundesstraßen ) B 64 ( Münster - Paderborn -Brakel- Seesen - Halle - Leipzig ) and B 252 ( Blomberg -Brakel- Korbach - Marburg ). The town also lies on

3240-452: Is the arms of the Lords of Brakel, who were the town's overlords until their male line died out in 1268. On the south side of the Town Hall is found an armorial stone, believed to be from the 16th century, that only shows the Lords' arms. Even written records from Paderborn in the 18th century contain only this inner shield as Brakel's coat of arms. From the late 13th century, the town of Brakel used

3330-432: Is the human responsibility of the animals' wellbeing in all husbandry and management practices including humane euthanasia . Proper animal handling, or stockmanship, is crucial to dairy animals' welfare as well as the safety of their handlers. Improper handling techniques can stress cattle leading to impaired production and health, such as increased slipping injuries. Additionally, the majority of nonfatal worker injuries on

3420-433: Is what is called Flechthecke , meaning, roughly, "braided hedge". The hedges themselves are mostly – about 80% – hazelnut growth, all planted in a row. Here and there are found the odd hawthorn and single wild roses . Trimmed willow trees, about 2 m high, serve as living fenceposts to keep the hedges steady. Young withes are taken from these willows to do the braiding. If dairy cows or horses are to be kept in

3510-499: Is where the cow is free to walk around and interact with its environment and other members of the herd. Tie stall housing is when the cow is chained to a stanchion stall with the milking units and feed coming to them. Artificial light and daylight inlets have an impact on milk production and cow behavior. For cows in lactation a light program of 16 hours light and 8 hours of darkness is recommended, while for non-lactating pregnant cows 8 hours of light and 16 hours of darkness seem to be

3600-622: The Brothers Grimm , Clemens von Brentano and Josef Görres . It is known today for its open-air stage. Bökendorf has 852 inhabitants. The village's forerunner, a group of farms, was first mentioned in the ninth century. There are 644 inhabitants in Erkeln. This titular town was first mentioned in 868. Idyllically set in the Oese Valley on the eastern slopes of the Eggegebirge, Gehrden is said to be

3690-731: The Klosterpark (Monastery Park) stands Germany's third-oldest linden tree, the Zwölfapostel Linde ( Twelve Apostles Linden), which was planted by the Benedictine nuns shortly after the monastery was founded. There are 961 inhabitants in Gehrden. Already first mentioned in the year 800, Hembsen lies in the middle of the heavily wooded heights of the Nethegau , and has 1,084 inhabitants. Istrup has 707 inhabitants. Rheder has 324 inhabitants and

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3780-513: The Middle Ages . From the first written reference to "villa brechal" in 836 (in connection with transferring Saint Vitus 's bones from Saint Denis, France, to Corvey ) through to the 12th century, when it was the seat of the Lords of Brakel, the town found itself centrally located by virtue of two old commercial roads that crossed here. Moreover, the topography made expansion possible in the Early Middle Ages. Long-distance traders thereby had

3870-626: The Paderborn - Holzminden - Braunschweig railway line, and has a station . The station is served by, among others, hourly trains from the "Egge-Bahn" (Paderborn - Holzminden ), run by the NordWestBahn belonging to Transdev . The Annentag in Brakel is the biggest church fair in the Weserbergland , held every year on the weekend of the first Sunday in August. Brakel maintains partnership links with

3960-514: The Richterhaus ("Judge House"), built in 1701. The Catholic Parish Church of Saint Nicholas with its artistically relief-decorated baptismal font and late Gothic little sacramental house has parts that were built as early as the 13th century. The Protestant Church of the Cross ( Kreuzkirche ) was built in a neo-Gothic style in 1868–1869. The Gut Holzhausen estate is a biodynamic farm and

4050-560: The Weser in the Oberwälder Land nature area in the old Saxon region of Nethegau. Brakel consists of the following centres: Auenhausen (population 130), Frohnhausen (population 309) and Hampenhausen (population 54) are Brakel's highest constituent communities, and are sometimes also known as the Heggedörfer . Between 1142 and 1147, these three villages had their first documentary mention. In

4140-460: The 12th and 13th centuries, the Gehrden Monastery had holdings in these three villages. The Heggedörfer, along with the town of Gehrden, were amalgamated into the greater community of Brakel after the old district of Warburg was dissolved. Beller has a population of 187 . The village is named by the great fish called "Beller", that joined the rITArd UG in 880. Bellersen lies on the edge of

4230-648: The 13th and 14th centuries, Brakel developed itself by fostering long-distance trade activities as far away as the Baltic Sea coast. Bearing witness to these Hanseatic activities are Brakel coins showing up in Baltic Sea towns at the time (15th century). On 25 June 1983, representatives from 20 former Hanseatic towns, in an initiative arising from the towns' common history, founded the Wesphalian Hanseatic League ( Westfälischer Hansebund ), with Brakel as one of

4320-725: The American Cancer Society finds that the use of rBGH can cause adverse health effects in cows. Though the evidence for potential harm to humans is inconclusive and would require more research. The use of rBST is banned in Canada , parts of the European Union , as well as Australia and New Zealand .due to possible opposing Views and of lack of findings. In the United States the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance requires

4410-521: The Benedictine monks. After the lords of Brakel died out in the late 13th century, Hinnenburg Castle on a hill above Brakel was inherited by the House of Asseburg , owning it to this day. The medieval castle was reconstructed around 1600 in the Weser Renaissance style. Brakel developed itself into quite an important trading town that belonged to the Hanseatic League . In the 14th century, this Hanseatic town

4500-641: The Externbrock estate near Nieheim. His life's work is the development of the Japanese Zen practice as a way to a deep belief experience for Christians . Brakel, Germany Brakel ( German pronunciation: [ˈbʁaːkl̩] ) is a town in the district of Höxter in North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany. Brakel lies at the midpoint of the district of Höxter between the Eggegebirge and

4590-660: The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association, PDCA, there are 7 major dairy breeds in the United States. These are: Holstein Black/White and Red/White, Brown Swiss , Guernsey , Ayrshire , Jersey , and Milking Shorthorn . Holstein cows originate from the Netherlands and have distinct black and white or more rarely red and white markings. Holstein cows are the biggest of all dairy breeds. A full mature Holstein cow usually weighs around 700 kilograms (1,500 lb) and

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4680-420: The United States are injected with Bovine somatotropin , also called recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH), or artificial growth hormone. The use of this hormone increases milk production by 11%–25%. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has ruled that rBST recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) s harmless to people while

4770-467: The average cow is removed from the dairy herd around age six and marketed for beef. In 2014, roughly 9.5% of the cattle slaughtered in the U.S. were culled dairy cows – cows that can no longer be seen as an economic asset to the dairy farm. These animals may be sold due to reproductive problems or common diseases of milk cows such as mastitis and lameness . Most heifers (female calves) are kept on farm to be raised as replacement heifers, bred to enter

4860-503: The bovine industry is more specialized and most dairy cattle have been bred to produce large volumes of milk. Dairy cows may be found either in herds or dairy farms , where dairy farmers own, manage, care for, and collect milk from them, or on commercial farms. Herd sizes vary around the world depending on landholding culture and social structure. The United States has an estimated 9 million cows in around 75,000 dairy herds, with an average herd size of 120 cows. The number of small herds

4950-426: The breed. Guernsey cows originated just off the coast of France on the small Isle of Guernsey . The breed was first known as a separate breed around 1700. Guernseys are known for their ability to produce very high quality milk from grass. Also, the term "Golden Guernsey" is very common as Guernsey cattle produce rich, yellow milk rather than the standard white milk other cow breeds produce. The Jersey originates on

5040-480: The casein and whey proteins. This process allows for more efficiency in cheese making and gives the potential to produce low-carb dairy products. Since the 1950s, artificial insemination (AI) is used at most dairy farms; these farms may keep no bull. Artificial insemination uses estrus synchronization to indicate when the cow is going through ovulation and is susceptible to fertilization. Advantages of using AI include its low cost and ease compared to maintaining

5130-433: The cattle are away for milking stimulates the cattle to feed upon return, potentially reducing the prevalence of mastitis as the sphincters have time to close while standing. This makes the pattern of feeding directly after being milked an ideal method of increasing the efficiency of the herd. Cows have a high motivation to lie down. They should lie down for at least five to six hours after every meal to ruminate well. When

5220-577: The cow have microbes in their rumen called methanogens which are capable of digesting down plant material so it can be utilized for energy, but also generates methane as a byproduct which is then released into the atmosphere by belching . Diets that include feed additives and supplements such as 3-nitrooxypropanol , and the red seaweed ( Asparagopsis taxiformis) have been found to reduce enteric methane emissions. Some of these feed additives have already been approved for farmer usage while others continue to be studied for safety and efficacy. According to

5310-404: The cows in a confinement system such as free stall or tie stall. These cows are housed indoors throughout their lactation and may be put to pasture during their 60-day dry period before ideally calving again. Free stall-style barns involve cattle loosely housed where they can have free access to feed, water, and stalls, but are moved to another part of the barn to be milked multiple times a day. In

5400-496: The cows in much the same way as it relaxes humans. Certain behaviors such as eating, ruminating , and lying down can be related to the health of the cow and cow comfort. These behaviors can also be related to the productivity of the cows. Likewise, stress, disease, and discomfort negatively affect milk productivity. Therefore, it can be said that it is in the best interest of the farmer to increase eating, rumination, and lying down and decrease stress, disease, and discomfort to achieve

5490-461: The cows in the herd instead of using replacer. A day-old calf consumes around 5 liters of milk per day. Cattle are social animals; their ancestors tended to live in matriarchal groups of mothers and offspring. The formation of "friendships" between two cows is common and long lasting. Traditionally individual housing systems were used in calf rearing, to reduce the risk of disease spread and provide specific care. However, due to their social behaviour

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5580-767: The doctor, poet and politician Friedrich Wilhelm Weber 's former abode, today houses a widely known Kolping diocesan training centre and a Heimvolkshochschule , which lends itself well to any form of training work and has at its disposal the best technical equipment. Also, the Pan-German Education Centre of Youth in Europe ( Gesamtdeutsche Bildungsstätte der Deutschen Jugend in Europa ) in Nieheim-Himmighausen offers extensive seminars for groups geared towards various ends. Typical of countryside scenery around Nieheim

5670-462: The dominant cattle in a new combination of animals. These dominant animals have a priority choice of feed or lying areas and are generally stronger animals. For these reasons, it has become common practice to group or pair calves in their housing. It has become common in Canada to see paired or grouped housing in outdoor hutches or in an indoor pack penning. A bull calf with high genetic potential may be reared for breeding purposes. It may be kept by

5760-564: The extensive woods in the Bruch Valley. Bellersen is said to be "North Rhine-Westphalia's Model Tourism Village". Bellersen has earned international fame as "Dorf B." in the Judenbuche by Annette von Droste-Hülshoff . Bellersen is home to 704 inhabitants. In 1965, this village celebrated its one-thousandth anniversary of existence. The Schloss Bökendorf (stately home) was the centre of the "Circle of Romantics" with Annette von Droste-Hülshoff,

5850-508: The feed. Dairy cows with good rumen health are likely to be more profitable than cows with poor rumen health—as a healthy rumen aids in digestion of nutrients. An increase in the time a cow spends ruminating is associated with the increase in health and an increase in milk production. The productivity of dairy cattle is most efficient when the cattle have a full rumen. Also, the standing action while feeding after milking has been suggested to enhance udder health. The delivery of fresh feed while

5940-426: The following places: Dairy cattle Dairy cattle (also called dairy cows) are cattle bred with the ability to produce large quantities of milk , from which dairy products are made. Dairy cattle generally are of the species Bos taurus . Historically, little distinction was made between dairy cattle and beef cattle , with the same stock often being used for both meat and milk production. Today,

6030-703: The founding members. The number of members has since risen to 40. The League's goals are, among others, to foster Wesphalian Hanseatic towns' self-awareness, to contribute to their self-presentation and to emphasize commonalities among these Hanseatic towns. Already, since 1984, it has become traditional to hold a yearly Westphalian Hansetag (Hanseatic assembly). The Hansetage are made attractive and informative to visitors with interesting cultural, touristic and sporting events (parades, farmers', craftsmen's and merchants market, theatre, evening events) Town council's 34 seats are apportioned as follows, in accordance with municipal elections held on 13 September 2021: Note: CWG

6120-525: The grouping of offspring may be better for the calves' overall welfare. Social interaction between the calves can have a positive effect on their growth. It has been seen that calves housed in grouped penning were found to eat more feed than those in single pens, suggesting social facilitation of feeding behaviour in the calves. Play behaviour in pre-weaned dairy calves has also been suggested to help build social skills for later in life. It has been seen that those reared in grouped housing are more likely to become

6210-494: The island of Jersey in the Channel Islands. Cows usually weigh some 350–400 kg (800–900 lb). The milk is rich and has a yellowish tinge; the fat content may exceed 6%. American Jerseys have been selectively bred for higher milk yield, and are often larger and coarser than the island stock. Animal welfare refers to both the physical and mental state of an animal, and how it is coping with its situation. An animal

6300-450: The lactating dairy cow lies down, blood flow is increased to the mammary gland which in return results in a higher milk yield. When they stand too long, cows become stressed, lose weight, get sore feet, and produce less milk. To ensure that the dairy cows lie down as much as needed, the stalls must be comfortable. A stall should have a rubber mat and bedding , and be large enough for the cow to lie down and get up comfortably. Signs that

6390-698: The levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the body. Then, seven days later prostaglandin F2-alpha is injected, followed by another GnRH injection 48 hours later. This protocol causes the animal to ovulate 24 hours later. Estrus is often called standing heat in cattle and refers to the time in their cycle where the female is receptive towards the male. Estrus behaviour can be detected by an experienced stockman. These behaviours can include standing to be mounted, mounting other cows, restlessness, decreased milk production, and decreased feed intake. More recently, embryo transfer has been used to enable

6480-491: The main contributors of starch to diets, are important in helping to meet the energy needs of dairy cattle. Barley is an excellent source of balanced amounts of protein , energy , and fiber . Ensuring adequate body fat reserves is essential for cattle to produce milk and also to keep reproductive efficiency. However, if cattle get excessively fat or too thin, they run the risk of developing metabolic problems and may have problems with calving. Scientists have found that

6570-512: The major source of stocks for artificial insemination . The dairy cow produces large amounts of milk in its lifetime. Production levels peak at around 40 to 60 days after calving. Production declines steadily afterwards until milking is stopped at about 10 months. The cow is "dried off" for about sixty days before calving again. Within a 12 to 14-month inter-calving cycle, the milking period is about 305 days or 10 months long. Among many variables, certain breeds produce more milk than others within

6660-413: The maximum productivity possible. Also, estrous behaviors such as mounting can be a sign of cow comfort, because if a cow is lame, nutritionally deficient, or housed in an overcrowded barn, its estrous behaviors are altered. Feeding behaviors are important for the dairy cow, as feeding is how the cow ingests dry matter. However, the cow must ruminate to fully digest the feed and utilize the nutrients in

6750-543: The multiplication of progeny from elite cows. Such cows are given hormone treatments to produce multiple embryos. These are then 'flushed' from the cow's uterus . 7–12 embryos are consequently removed from these donor cows and transferred into other cows who serve as surrogate mothers . This results in between three and six calves instead of the normal single or (rarely) twins. Farmers in some countries sometimes administer hormone treatments to dairy cows to increase milk production and reproduction. About 17% of dairy cows in

6840-552: The paddock ringed by one of these braided hedges, blackthorn twigs are also tied onto the inside to thwart any nibbling. A finished hedge has a height of roughly 1.5 m and is braided in three layers. As a relic of an almost forgotten communication technology, a reconstructed optical telegraph station still stands high over the countryside near Oeynhausen. This is run by the Oeynhausen history club ( Heimatverein ), and guided tours are available to those who wish them. In Nieheim,

6930-649: The production cycle. Market calves are generally sold at two weeks of age and bull calves may fetch a premium over heifers due to their size, either current or potential. Calves may be sold for veal , or for one of several types of beef production , depending on available local crops and markets. Such bull calves may be castrated if turnout onto pastures is envisaged, to make them less aggressive. Purebred bulls from elite cows may be put into progeny testing schemes to find out whether they might become superior sires for breeding. Such animals can become extremely valuable. Most dairy farms separate calves from their mothers within

7020-496: The rate of early removals as well as more searching behavior and better social relationships with other calves. After separation, some young dairy calves subsist on commercial milk replacer , a feed based on dried milk powder. Milk replacer is an economical alternative to feeding whole milk because it is cheaper, can be bought at varying fat and protein percentages, and is typically less contaminated than whole milk when handled properly. Some farms pasteurize and feed calves milk from

7110-472: The region in which the farm is situated. To maintain lactation , a dairy cow must be bred and produce calves. Depending on market conditions, the cow may be bred with a "dairy bull" or a "beef bull." Female calves ( heifers ) with dairy breeding may be kept as replacement cows for the dairy herd. If a replacement cow turns out to be a substandard producer of milk, she then goes to market and can be slaughtered for beef. Male calves can either be used later as

7200-504: The same average value for a single cow in Israel was reported in the Philippine press to be 12,240 kg (26,980 lb) in 2009. High production cows are more difficult to breed at a two-year interval. Many farms take the view that 24 or even 36 month cycles are more appropriate for this type of cow. Dairy cows may continue to be economically productive for many lactation cycles. In theory

7290-432: The same depending on the animal's age and stage of production. Diets are formulated to meet the dairy cow's energy and amino acid requirements for lactation, growth, and/or reproduction. Forages, which refer especially to anything grown in the field such as hay, straw, corn silage, or grass silage, are the most common type of feed used. The base of most lactating dairy cattle diets is high quality forage. Cereal grains , as

7380-568: The season. In the ecclesiastical field, Dietrich von Nieheim (1338/48 - 1418), who served three popes and was held in high regard in the Roman Curia , achieved international recognition, if not outright fame. This is also said of Hugo Makibi Enomiya-Lassalle (1898–1990), a Jesuit priest, a religious philosopher , a meditation teacher and the builder of the Peace Church in Hiroshima born on

7470-432: The stalls may not be comfortable enough for the cows are the cows are standing, either ruminating or not, instead of lying down, or perching, which is when the cow has its front end in the stall and their back end out of the stall. Dried manure, almond shells, straw, sand, or waterbeds are used for cow bedding. There are two types of housing systems in dairy production, free style housing and tie stall. Free style housing

7560-417: The system. Once an individual's welfare is reduced, so does her efficiency and production. This creates more cost and time on the operation, therefore most farmers strive to create a healthy, hygienic, atmosphere for their cattle. As well as provide quality nutrition that keep the cows yield high. The production of milk requires that the cow be in lactation , which is a result of the cow having given birth to

7650-519: The themes "wood, forest and nature". The "Nieheim Culture Night" is held on the day when the clocks are advanced from standard time to summer time . Choirs from all over Germany come to Nieheim for the Choir Festival to train their voices. Nieheim considers itself a stronghold of East Westphalian carnival custom, and the Rosenmontagsumzug – a colourful parade – is the high point of

7740-543: The town of Gehrden were made parts of Brakel. There was talk at the time of making Brakel the new district seat, its central location being seen as a point in its favour. However, any ambition that Brakel had to become the new district's capital was never realized, as Höxter kept the district seat. Between 1966 and 1995, Brakel was a garrison town, hosting the 43rd Artillery Battalion from Belgium. The town's development strong points today are as follows: Brakel's Hanseatic roots go back to its early history and stretch through

7830-619: The venue for a summer festival called Voices. As Nieheim's landmark, the Holsterturm (tower) on a nearby bank south of the main town, can look back on a 700-year history. Unique in Westphalia is the vault system through which runs the Nikolausbach (brook), which rises below the Holsterberg (mountain) and runs through the middle of town in this mediaeval vault system. The Weberhaus Nieheim ,

7920-557: The year 4000 BC Also, there is evidence that monks started breeding these cows about 1000 years ago. The Ayrshire breed first originated in the County of Ayr in Scotland. It became regarded as a well established breed in 1812. The different breeds that were crossed to form the Ayrshire are not exactly known. However, there is evidence that several breeds were crossed with the native cattle to create

8010-403: The year. They tend to be on a 21 day estrus cycle. However for management purposes, some operations use synthetic hormones to synchronize their cows or heifers to have them breed and calve at the ideal times. These hormones are short term and only used when necessary. For example, one common protocol for synchronization involves an injection of GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone). which increases

8100-463: Was at the height of its boom, bearing the same rank as Paderborn and Warburg , bearing witness to which was the town's having its own court and market rights. The general situation worsened in the 15th century. In the outer regions, the Brede Monastery was founded. The Thirty Years' War also left traces in Brakel. In 1803, Prussia took over the town and appointed Brakel a district seat. After

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