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32-567: The County of Holstein was ruled until 1238 by Adolphus IV of Schauenburg and Holstein . When he retired, his sons John I and Gerhard I ruled jointly in Holstein. In 1261 they divided the county, John taking Kiel and founding the line of Holstein-Kiel, and Gerhard taking Itzehoe and founding the Holstein-Itzehoe line. In 1300 Holstein-Itzehoe was further divided into Holstein-Plön , Holstein-Pinneberg and Holstein-Rendsburg . In 1350

64-461: A condominial government binding both together, partially superseding their legally different affiliation as Holy Roman and Danish fiefs. The County of Holstein-Pinneberg, which had remained a separately ruled territory in Holstein until its line was extinct in 1640, was merged into the then royal share of the Duchy of Holstein. The Duke of Holstein-Gottorp became emperor of Russia in 1762 as Peter III and

96-532: A factual partition. The elder three brothers determined their youngest brother Frederick for a career as Lutheran administrator of an ecclesiastical state within the Holy Roman Empire. So the revenues of the duchies were divided in three equal shares by assigning the revenues of particular areas and landed estates to each of the elder brothers, while other general revenues, such as taxes from towns and customs dues, were levied together but then shared among

128-603: A sovereign state. Because of its personal union with Denmark, the Duchy of Holstein did not come under French occupation during the Napoleonic era (however, the neighboring duchy of Lauenburg was annexed by France in 1811 and became a part of Bouches-de-l'Elbe ). From 1815 to 1864 it was a member of the German Confederation , though still in personal union with Denmark (the King of Denmark being also Duke of Holstein). Following

160-551: A tribe of Polabian Slavs inhabiting Wagria , or eastern Holstein in northern Germany , from the ninth to twelfth centuries. They were a constituent tribe of the Obodrite confederacy . In the Slavic uprisings of 983 and c. 1040 under Gottschalk , Wagria was wasted and ruined. Many German towns and churches were destroyed and the region was largely depopulated. In 1066, the Wagri allied with

192-560: The Battle of Bornhöved (1227) . The Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein partitioned Holstein several times among the inheriting sons into up to six lines, named after their towns of residence: In 1386 King Oluf II of Denmark and his mother, Queen Margaret I , enfeoffed in Nyborg Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg and his cognatic successors with the Duchy of Schleswig. He thus became as Gerhard II duke of Schleswig. Until 1390

224-403: The Battle of Schmilau near Ratzeburg . The Wagri were brought to tributary status once more. The Christianisation of Wagria began under Unwan , Archbishop of Bremen , in the 1020s. Vicelin of Oldenburg , a Christian priest, first began to evangelise the Wagri and Wilzi with the permission of Henry, who was reigning from Lübeck , around 1126. In the years which followed Vicelin's mission,

256-619: The Emperor Lothair II thoroughly encastellated Wagria and Canute Lavard and the Holsteiners invaded it and took Pribislav and Niklot , the Wagrian leaders, away in chains. In 1142, Henry the Lion and Adolf II of Holstein divided the newly conquered Slav lands between them. Wagria with its castle of Sigberg went to Adolf, while Polabia with Ratzeburg went to Henry. The Trave divided

288-1143: The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg ), the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck , and the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg in the east, and the Kingdom of Hanover and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in the south. It also borders the North Sea in the west and the Baltic Sea in the east. Its only major island is Fehmarn , originally a part of the Duchy of Schleswig until 1867. Cities in Holstein included Kiel , Altona , Glückstadt , Rendsburg , Segeberg , Heiligenhafen , Oldenburg in Holstein , and Plön . It had an area of 8,385 km . Circles est. 1500: Bavarian , Swabian , Upper Rhenish , Lower Rhenish–Westphalian , Franconian , (Lower) Saxon 54°10′00″N 9°40′00″E  /  54.1667°N 9.66667°E  / 54.1667; 9.66667 Wagrians The Wagri , Wagiri , or Wagrians were

320-686: The Limes Saxoniae - the new border running from the Elbe River near Boizenburg northwards along the Bille River to the mouth of the Schwentine at the Kiel Fjord and the Baltic Sea . For the following 300 years, Holstein continued to be a part of Saxony. The new county of Holstein was established in 1111; it was first a fief of the Duchy of Saxony , then of the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg , and finally of

352-679: The Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck . With the establishment of the new territorial unit, expansion to the East began and the Wagrians were finally defeated in 1138. The County of Holstein was ruled by the House of Schaumburg ; the first count was Adolf I, Count of Holstein . Holstein was temporarily occupied by Denmark after the Battle of Stellau (1201), but was reconquered by the Count of Schauenburg and his allies in

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384-559: The Treaty of Ribe (1460) Christian was elected Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, then still a Saxe-Lauenburgian subfief within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1474 Lauenburg's liege lord , the German Emperor Frederick III , elevated Christian I as Count of Holstein-Rendsburg to Duke of Holstein, thus becoming an immediate imperial ( reichsunmittelbar ) vassal (see imperial immediacy ). The Duchy of Holstein retained that status until

416-582: The Wilzi in storming the line of Saxon burgwarden from Mecklenburg to Schwerin and into German territory as deep as Hamburg . Around 1090, the still pagan Wagri and Liutizi came under the sway of the Rani -born Kruto . Each tribe elected its own chief who was subordinate to Kruto. In 1093, the Christian Obodrites under Henry , aided by some Saxons and the local Low German population, defeated Kruto at

448-614: The British occupation government elevated the province to the State of Schleswig-Holstein , followed by the official dissolution of Prussia in 1947. For a list of rulers, see Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein and List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein . As of 1864, Holstein bordered Denmark in the north, the Principality of Lübeck (formerly the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck, an exclave of

480-479: The County of Holstein-Plön fell to the counts of Holstein-Kiel. In 1390 the last Count of Holstein-Kiel, and hence of Holstein-Plön, died without issue. Both counties were inherited by the line of Holstein-Rendsburg . Following the death of John I, his sons, Adolphus V and John II ruled Holstein-Kiel jointly. In 1273, they divided Holstein-Kiel, John II ruling from Kiel; Adolphus V ruling from Segeberg and founding

512-732: The Duchies, and soon the German Confederation, led by Prussia and Austria , went to the Second Schleswig War with Denmark, quickly defeating it in 1864 and forcing it to cede the duchies. However, the duchies were not given to the Duke of Augustenborg. In 1865 an arrangement was worked out between Prussia and Austria where the Austrians occupied and administered Holstein, while the Prussians did

544-510: The Elder conveniently called Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev produced no issue, so no branch emerged from his side. Similar to the above-mentioned agreement Christian III's youngest son John the Younger gained for him and his heirs a share in Holstein's and Schleswig's revenues in 1564, comprising a third of the royal share, thus a ninth of Holstein and Schleswig as to the fiscal point of view. John

576-571: The Rendsburg branch united by inheritance all branches except of that of Holstein-Pinneberg. When the Holstein-Rendsburg line of the Schauenburg counts became extinct with the death of Adolf VIII of Holstein-Rendsburg (and in personal union as Adolf I Duke of Schleswig) in 1459, Christian I of Denmark inherited – from his maternal uncle Adolf I – the Duchy of Schleswig, a Danish fief. Through

608-464: The Younger and his heirs, however, had no share in the condominial rule, so they were not ruling but mere titular dukes. The share of John the Elder, who died in 1581, was halved between Adolf and Frederick II, thus increasing again the royal share by a fiscal sixth of Holstein and Schleswig. As an effect the complicated fiscal division of both separate duchies, Holstein and Schleswig, with shares of each party scattered in both duchies, provided them with

640-568: The brothers. The estates, whose revenues were assigned to the parties, made Holstein and Schleswig look like patchworks, technically inhibiting the emergence of separate new duchies, as intended by the estates of the duchies. The secular rule in the fiscally divided duchies thus became a condominium of the parties. As dukes of Holstein and Schleswig the rulers of both houses bore the formal title of "Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Ditmarsh and Stormarn ". The three shares are usually called: The dynastic name Holstein-Gottorp comes as convenient usage from

672-516: The death of King Frederick VII of Denmark ( House of Oldenburg ) in 1863, the inheritance of Schleswig and Holstein was disputed. The new king, Christian IX ( House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg , a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg), made his claim to the Danish throne through a female line. The Duke of Augustenborg , a minor scion from another cadet line of the House of Oldenburg, claimed

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704-528: The dissolution of the Empire in 1806. In 1490, the Duchy of Holstein was divided into Holstein-Segeberg and Holstein-Gottorp . Holstein-Segeberg remained with the Danish king and was also known as Royal Holstein ; later it came to be known as Holstein-Glückstadt . Holstein-Gottorp, also known as Ducal Holstein , was given to a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg , to which the kings of Denmark belonged. Between 1533 and 1544 King Christian III of Denmark ruled

736-641: The entire Duchies of Holstein and of Schleswig also in the name of his then still minor half-brothers John the Elder and Adolf . In 1544 they partitioned the Duchies of Holstein (a fief of the Holy Roman Empire) and of Schleswig (a Danish fief) in an unusual way, following negotiations between the brothers and the Estates of the Realm of the duchies, which had constituted in 1460 by the Treaty of Ribe and strictly opposed

768-575: The hands of Count Gerhard VI of Holstein-Rendsburg . Holstein Holstein ( German pronunciation: [ˈhɔlʃtaɪn] ; Northern Low Saxon : Holsteen ; Danish : Holsten ; Latin : Holsatia ) is the region between the rivers Elbe and Eider . It is the southern half of Schleswig-Holstein , the northernmost state of Germany . Holstein once existed as the German County of Holstein (German: Grafschaft Holstein ; 811–1474),

800-665: The land north of the Eider River (Schleswig) to the Danes by the Treaty of Heiligen signed in 811. The ownership of what would late become eastern Holstein (districts of Plön and Ostholstein) was given to the Obotrites , namely the Wagrians , and the Saxon elite was deported to various areas of the empire. After 814, however, the Saxons were restored to Western Holstein. The Wagrians were pushed out of

832-565: The later Duchy of Holstein (German: Herzogtum Holstein ; 1474–1866), and was the northernmost territory of the Holy Roman Empire . The history of Holstein is closely intertwined with the history of the Danish Duchy of Schleswig (Danish: Slesvig ). The capital of Holstein is Kiel . Holstein's name comes from the Holcetae , a Saxon tribe mentioned by Adam of Bremen as living on

864-524: The line of Holstein-Segeberg . When Adolphus V died in 1308 without a male heir, Holstein-Segeberg returned to Holstein-Kiel. The successor of John II in 1316 was John III , a son of Gerhard II of Holstein-Plön . After the death of Count Gerhard V of Holstein-Plön , a nephew of John III, the Plön main line ended in 1350 and so John III took over the County of Holstein-Plön. When Adolphus VII died without heirs in 1390, Holstein-Kiel and Holstein-Plön went into

896-682: The north bank of the Elbe, to the west of Hamburg. The name means "dwellers in the wood" or "hill-sitters" (Northern Low Saxon: Hol(t)saten ; German: Holzsassen ). After the Migration Period of the Early Middle Ages , Holstein was adjacent to the Obotrites on the coast of the Baltic Sea and the land of the Danes in Jutland . With the conquest of Old Saxony by Charlemagne circa 800, he granted

928-596: The same in Schleswig. This arrangement came to an end with the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, which resulted in Schleswig and Holstein both being incorporated into Prussia as the Province of Schleswig-Holstein . Holstein, meanwhile including former Saxe-Lauenburg (as of 1876) and the former Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck and Region of Lübeck (both as of 1937) regained statehood, now united with Schleswig, in 1946, when

960-544: The technically more correct Duke of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp . Adolf, the third son of Duke and King Frederick I and the second youngest half-brother of King Christian III , founded the dynastic branch called House of Holstein-Gottorp , which is a cadet branch of the then royal Danish House of Oldenburg . The Danish monarchs and the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp ruled both duchies together as to general government, however, collected their revenues in their separate estates. John

992-488: Was again united in one state. The territory of Holstein was enlarged by the conquest of the independent Republic of Dithmarschen in 1559, which was divided among the three ducal houses. After 1581 the southern part remained to the Danish Crown, the northern part was ruled by the House of Gottorp until 1773. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 Holstein's imperial vassal status turned void. It thus became

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1024-623: Was planning an attack on Denmark to recover the Holstein-Gottorp lands possessions in Schleswig, which were seized by the Danish king in 1713. Although Peter was soon overthrown by his wife, Catherine the Great , the Danes determined to rid themselves of this problem. In 1773, they exchanged the County of Oldenburg for the Gottorp lands in Holstein, bringing all of Holstein under their control. Thus, Holstein

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