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68-857: He studied organ in Zwolle at the Municipal Conservatory and took conducting lessons from Gottfried van der Horst . He founded the Stadsknapenkoor Elburg (Elburg City Boys' Choir) in April 1981 and founded three musical events in Elburg's St Nicholas Church, a Festival of Lessons and Carols in December, J.S. Bach's St Matthew Passion (BWV 244) during the Easter season, and summer concerts in July and August. He began conducting

136-610: A lectern . In the 1600s and 1700s, particularly in Lutheran churches in Germany and Scandinavia, the pulpit altar became a popular design in churches, combining the pulpit and the altar. Traditional Presbyterian Churches in Scotland and elsewhere often had a central pulpit, that is, the pulpit was located in the centre of the chancel in the position where most churches have the communion table or altar. The table could be situated in front of

204-455: A Christian church. The origin of the word is the Latin pulpitum (platform or staging). The traditional pulpit is raised well above the surrounding floor for audibility and visibility, accessed by steps, with sides coming to about waist height. From the late medieval period onwards, pulpits have often had a canopy known as the sounding board, tester or abat-voix above and sometimes also behind

272-466: A Greek word meaning an elevation. This was originally a raised platform from which the Epistle and Gospel would be read, and was an option to be used as a preacher's platform for homilies , though there were others. Saint John Chrysostom (died 407) is recorded as preaching from the ambo, but this was probably uncommon at this date. In cathedrals early bishops seem often to have preached from their chair in

340-453: A bema carried over from Judaism into early Christian church architecture . It was originally a raised platform, often large, with a lectern and seats for the clergy, from which lessons from the Scriptures were read and the sermon was delivered. In Western Christianity the bema developed over time into the sanctuary and chancel (or presbytery ). The next development was the ambo , from

408-552: A dispute over toll collection on the IJssel River. Zwolle initially aligned with the Duke of Gelre, Charles of Egmont, but eventually returned to the Bishop of Utrecht. During this period of political unrest, Duke Charles of Gelre was captured when he entered Zwolle. Ultimately, he was allowed to depart under the condition that Zwolle would retain its independence. The name Blauwvingers stems from

476-506: A divided chancel, the pulpit is located on the Gospel side of the chancel (from which the Gospel is read and the sermon is delivered) while a lectern is located on the Epistle side of the sanctuary, with the latter being used by readers to vocalize the other Scripture lessons . In many Evangelical Christian churches, the pulpit stands squarely in the centre of the platform, and is generally

544-466: A doorway in the wall, or by steps outside. The other speaker's stand, usually on the right (as viewed by the congregation), is known as the lectern . The word lectern comes from the Latin word "lectus" past participle of legere, meaning "to read", because the lectern primarily functions as a reading stand. It is typically used by lay people to read the scripture lessons (except for the Gospel lesson), to lead

612-641: A population of 132.441 as of December 2023. Zwolle borders the province of Gelderland and lies on the eastern side of the River IJssel . Archaeological findings indicate that the area surrounding Zwolle has been inhabited for a long time. A woodhenge that was found in the Zwolle-Zuid suburb in 1993 was dated to the Bronze Age period. During the Roman era, the area was inhabited by Salian Franks . The modern city

680-405: A pulpit and lectern. Equivalent platforms for speakers are the bema (bima, bimah) of ancient Greece and Jewish synagogues, and the minbar of Islamic mosques. From the pulpit is often used synecdochically for something which is said with official church authority . In many Reformed and Evangelical Protestant denominations, the pulpit is at the centre of the front of the church, while in

748-461: Is a hub in the national highway network, and gateway to northern Netherlands. This is reflected in the high traffic volumes in and around the city. The A28 serves Zwolle with 4 exits, and runs from Utrecht to Groningen . It is being widened to 8 lanes across the IJssel River and 6 lanes from Zwolle to Meppel in 2010 and 2011. The motorway initially opened between 1964 and 1970. Another motorway,

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816-548: Is mandated in the regulations of the Catholic Church, and several others (though not always strictly observed). Even in Welsh Nonconformism , this was felt appropriate, and in some chapels a second pulpit was built opposite the main one for lay exhortations, testimonies and other speeches. Many churches have a second, smaller stand called the lectern located in the Epistle side , which can be used by lay persons, and

884-471: Is often used for other Scripture lessons and ordinary announcements. The traditional Catholic location of the pulpit to the left side of the chancel or nave has been generally retained by Lutherans and many Anglicans , while in Presbyterian and Baptist churches the pulpit is located in the centre behind the communion table . Many modern Roman Catholic churches have an ambo that functions as both

952-590: Is one of the tallest and most famous church towers in the Netherlands. The modernized town hall was originally built in 1448. Mention should also be made of the Sassenpoort (one of the old city gates), the city walls, the Mosterdmakerstoren ( mustard makers' tower ) (the complex where local mustard used to be made), a guild-house (1571), the former provincial government offices, a Dominican monastery, and on

1020-574: Is only one speaker's stand at the front of the church, it serves the functions of both lectern and pulpit and may be called the ambo, which is still the official Catholic term for the place the gospel is read from. Large raised pulpits, elaborately carved with relief panels, were important monuments in the Italian Duecento , with the best known including those of the Pisa Baptistery (dated 1260) and Siena Cathedral Pulpit by Nicola Pisano and

1088-448: Is reached by a narrow flight of stairs. It is considered an architectural element that is symmetrical to the bishop's throne, which is located in an equivalent position on the right. Pulpit and throne are usually similar in construction, usually made of either sculpted stone or sculpted wood. This pulpit was used mostly for sermons and in order to improve audibility, before the advent of modern public address systems in churches. Nowadays it

1156-574: Is used rarely. Tradition dictates that it be used for the reading of the "12 Passion Gospels" during the Matins of Holy Friday , served late in the evening of Maundy Thursday . This is done to signify that the Passion of Christ is being "broadcast" for all to know. In the same spirit, a phonetic transcription of the relevant Gospel passages is provided in several common languages (e.g. English, French, Russian, Arabic etc.), so that they may be read from this pulpit at

1224-520: The A50 , interchanges with A28 just west of the city, offering a route for southbound traffic to Apeldoorn and Eindhoven . The N35 highway starts in Zwolle, where it forms the eastern section of the ring road of Zwolle, it runs as a non-motorway to Almelo and continues to Enschede as A35 motorway . The ringroad is mainly a 4-lane road, with numerous traffic lights. It forms a full ring, and also exists out of

1292-604: The Easter Proclamation (Exsultet) are to be proclaimed; likewise it may be used for giving the Homily and for announcing the intentions of the Universal Prayer. The dignity of the ambo requires that only a minister of the word should stand at it. ... It is central to Protestant belief that the clergy should preach sermons on Biblical passages to the congregation. To achieve this, some existing churches were adapted to place

1360-637: The Holland Boys Choir in 1984; currently it has 80 singers. Ten years later, in 1994, he founded The Leusink Bach Orchestra and one year later, an adult mixed choir, The Bach Choir of the Netherlands. They later merged into The Bach Choir and Orchestra . He is best known for his recordings of Bach in particular, as well as Handel , Mozart , Fauré and Antonio Vivaldi and has performed in England, Wales, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Poland, Latvia and his native Netherlands. Every year throughout

1428-520: The N337 highway that runs to Deventer . Other sections of the ring road are not numbered. Parts of the ring road were widened to six lanes in 2010. Other numbered highways running from Zwolle are N331 to Hasselt , N758 to Nieuwleusen , N340 to Ommen and N764 to Kampen . Due to nearby rivers, there are several major bridges in and around Zwolle. The most important bridge is the IJssel Bridge where

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1496-515: The Pisa Baptistry (1260) and Siena Cathedral Pulpit (1265–68) by Nicola Pisano , the Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia by Giovanni Pisano (1301), and those by Donatello Elements of decoration shared between Catholic and Protestant denominations are the flowers that may be placed in front of the pulpit, and the antependium or "pulpit fall", a piece of cloth that covers the top of the book-stand in

1564-527: The Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia , by his son Giovanni Pisano , 1297-1301. Preaching had always been important in Catholicism, but received a particular revival in the late Middle Ages with the two preaching orders of friars , the Franciscans and Dominicans , the former tending to an emotional and populist style and the latter more intellectual. Some preaching was done outdoors by touring preachers, but

1632-514: The Zwarte Water River, including two 4-lane bridges, a 2-lane bridge, and a bus/bicycle bridge. There is also a bridge across the Vecht , which carries A28 motorway. Another local bridge is adjacent to this bridge. A third bridge carries rail traffic to Leeuwarden and Groningen . Numerous local bridges exist around the historic city center. The first train in Zwolle arrived on 6 June 1864. Today

1700-542: The ambon in Eastern Christianity. In modern Eastern Christianity the area directly in front of the Beautiful Gates of the iconostasis from which the Gospel is typically read is called the ambon , and the entire low elevation above the level of the nave in front of the iconostasis is called the soleas . In larger churches, the ambo might be distinguished by three curved steps by which one may reach it from

1768-557: The ambon of the Eastern Catholic Churches . The readings are typically read from an ambo in the sanctuary , and depending on the arrangement of the church, the homily may be delivered from a raised pulpit where there is one. The General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM) specifies: 309. The dignity of the word of God requires that in the church there be a suitable place from which it may be proclaimed and toward which

1836-454: The church bells to neighbouring city Kampen . To make sure that Kampen would not make too much profit from the deal, the local authorities asked a high price for the church bells. Kampen accepted, yet after the arrival of the bells it became clear, they were too damaged to be played. In revenge, Kampen paid in copper coins of four duiten (the equivalent of two-and-a-half cents ). Zwolle distrusted Kampen and wanted to be sure they truly paid

1904-425: The gospel side . In both Catholic and Protestant churches the pulpit may be located closer to the main congregation in the nave , either on the nave side of the crossing , or at the side of the nave some way down. This is especially the case in large churches, to ensure the preacher can be heard by all the congregation. Fixed seating for the congregation came relatively late in the history of church architecture, so

1972-450: The A28 motorway runs across. It was completed in 1970 and carries over 125.000 vehicles per day. Adjacent to this bridge is the older IJssel Bridge, which opened in 1930 and was destroyed twice during World War II . A third IJssel Bridge is the railway bridge (called Hanze boog) which carries the railway line from Zwolle to Amersfoort , and from 2012, to Lelystad . There are several bridges across

2040-506: The Augustinian convent in which Thomas à Kempis spent the greatest part of his life and died (in 1471). At least as early as 1911, Zwolle had a considerable trade by river, a large fish market, and the most important cattle market in the Netherlands after Rotterdam . The more important industries comprised cotton manufactures, iron works, boat-building, dyeing and bleaching, tanning, rope-making, and salt-making. In World War II , Zwolle

2108-457: The Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican traditions the pulpit is placed to one side and the altar or communion table is in the centre. In many Christian churches, there are two speakers' stands at the front of the church. Often, the one on the left (as viewed by the congregation) is called the pulpit. Since the Gospel lesson is often read from the pulpit, the pulpit side of the church is sometimes called

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2176-776: The Melkmarkt, two museums; the Stedelijk Museum Zwolle of antiquities and natural history, and the Vrouwenhuis . Museum de Fundatie , the fine art museum of the province of Overijssel, is hosted in the former Justice Hall on Blijmarkt Square. In the western part of the city, west of the railway station, there is a quarter of Art Nouveau buildings, concentrated mostly on Koningin Wilhelminastraat, Prinses Julianastraat, and Prins Hendrikstraat. These three-store living houses were built in 1900s by various Dutch architects. Eleven of

2244-527: The Netherlands about 150 concerts are performed by the choirs and the orchestra of Leusink. In 1999 and 2000 Leusink recorded all of Bach's sacred cantatas within 15 months. In 2004, Leusink was honoured by his conferment to Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion . In 2018, four female musicians accused Leusink of sexual misconduct. Two months later two more women came forward. At the time, Leusink denied

2312-509: The allegations; according to his counsel Peter Plasman, it was claimed they were based on differences of opinion of a business nature. After complaints from two female musicians dating back to 2012–2013 and 2013–2016, the Dutch College of Human Rights ( College voor de Rechten van de Mens  [ nl ] ) ruled in June 2022 that Leusink was guilty of sexual harassment. The case Leusden is one of

2380-452: The apse, echoing the position of magistrates in the secular basilicas whose general form most large early churches adopted. Often there were two ambos, one to each side, one used more as a platform on which the choir sang; sometimes the gospel was read, chanted or sung from one side and the epistle from the other. The location of the ambo within the church varied, with about the same range of places as modern pulpits. In ancient Syrian churches it

2448-564: The attention of the faithful naturally turns during the Liturgy of the Word. It is appropriate that generally this place be a stationary ambo and not simply a movable lectern. The ambo must be located in keeping with the design of each church in such a way that the ordained ministers and readers may be clearly seen and heard by the faithful. From the ambo only the readings, the Responsorial Psalm, and

2516-566: The bishop is serving in a simple parish church, an episcopal ambo is set temporarily in place. There are huge intricately carved wooden pulpits, some of the biggest in India and the world, in the Syrian churches of Kerala, India In addition to the ambo, many major churches in Greece and Cyprus also have a raised pulpit on the left side of the nave, usually attached to a column and raised several feet high. This

2584-561: The bishop of Utrecht granted Zwolle city rights . Zwolle became a member of the Hanseatic league in 1294, and in 1361 joined the war between the Hanseatic League and Valdemar IV of Denmark . In the 1370 Treaty of Stralsund that ended the war, Zwolle was awarded a vitte , a trade colony, in Scania , then part of Denmark . Zwolle's golden age came in the 15th century. Between 1402 and 1450,

2652-544: The buildings are protected by the Dutch government ( rijksmonumenten ). The Broerenkerk church was part of the Dominican monastery founded in 1465. The monastery was closed in 1580 and the monks were expelled. From 1640 until 1982 the church was used for Protestant services. After a restoration in 1983–1988 it has been used for cultural events and it is now a bookstore. Zwolle is home to several universities and colleges: Zwolle

2720-548: The centre of the chancel or in front of the altar). Though unusual, movable pulpits with wheels were also found in English churches. They were either wheeled into place for each service where they would be used or, as at the hospital church in Shrewsbury , rotated to different positions in the church quarterly in the year, to allow all parts of the congregation a chance to have the best sound. A portable outside pulpit of wood and canvas

2788-590: The city has rail connections in eight directions (viz. Kampen , Leeuwarden , Groningen , Emmen , Enschede , Arnhem / Nijmegen , Lelystad / Amsterdam , and Amersfoort ). The rail connection with Amsterdam via Lelystad – the Hanzelijn – is operational since December 2012. The second station, Zwolle Stadshagen , was opened on 15 December 2019. Zwolle is located on or near three rivers ( Zwarte Water , Vecht , and IJssel ), several canals (the now disused Willemsvaart, Nieuwe Vecht and Overijssels Kanaal and

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2856-580: The city's Gross Regional Product multiplied by about six. In July 1324 and October 1361, regional noblemen set fire to Zwolle. In the 1324 fire, only nine buildings escaped the flames. Zwolle was also, with Deventer , one of the centers of the Brethren of the Common Life , a monastic movement. 5 km (3 mi) from Zwolle, on a slight eminence called the Agnietenberg, (hill of St Agnes), once stood

2924-425: The clergyman in a position audible to all, which in larger churches usually places this in a visible location, and raised up. This had long been the practice in larger Catholic churches and many smaller ones, but was now made universal. In smaller churches the pulpit remained in the traditional east end of the church, where altars were usually located, but was often raised higher than before. In Protestant churches,

2992-401: The congregation in prayer, and to make announcements. Because the epistle lesson is usually read from the lectern, the lectern side of the church is sometimes called the epistle side . In other churches, the lectern, from which the Epistle is read, is located to the congregation's left and the pulpit, from which the sermon is delivered, is located on the right (the Gospel being read from either

3060-651: The elaborated cases in an anaylis published by the Volkskrant about similar cases in the Dutch Cultural Sector and the resulting DARVO "deny, attack, and reverse victim & offender" strategies. Zwolle Zwolle ( Dutch: [ˈzʋɔlə] ) is a city and municipality in the Northeastern Netherlands . It is the capital of the province of Overijssel and the province's second-largest municipality, after Enschede , and has

3128-618: The entire country. In 2023, Tewelde Goitom , an Eritrean convicted in Ethiopia of migrant smuggling, kidnapping in Sinai and human trafficking appeared at a pretrial hearing in Zwolle, which made international headlines. Citizens of Zwolle are colloquially known as Blauwvingers (Bluefingers). According to legend, this dates back to 1682, when the St ;Michael's church tower collapsed. The authorities were strapped for cash and saw no option but to sell

3196-460: The entire price. After the rigorous counting of this vast amount of money, their fingers had turned blue from the counting of money. In reality, the name Blauwvinger stems from 1521, when the governors of Zwolle broke the oath of loyalty they made to the Duke of Gelre. The name Blauwvinger refers to the raised fingers, with which the governors had promised their loyalty to the Duke at his inauguration. At that time, Zwolle and Kampen were embroiled in

3264-559: The fact that the residents committed perjury twice, first to the bishop and then to the duke. Besides the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), the latter which houses a majestic Baroque organ built by Arp Schnitger , there are several other historic monuments in Zwolle. The Roman Catholic Onze Lieve Vrouwe ten Hemelopneming - basilica (Our Lady of the Assumption) dates back to 1399. The church tower, called Peperbus (pepperpot),

3332-591: The frequent floodings of the rivers. Zwolle was established on that incline. A document mentions the existence of a parish church dedicated to St Michael . That church, the Grote of Sint Michaëlskerk (St. Michael's church), was renovated in the first half of the 15th century and exists to this day. The church contains a richly carved pulpit , the work of Adam Straes van Weilborch (about 1620), some good carving, and an exquisite Baroque organ from 1721 designed by master organ builder Arp Schnitger and completed by his sons Franz Caspar and Johann Georg. On 31 August 1230,

3400-520: The front of the pulpit, is very different. The Ambon of Henry II , an Imperial gift of 1014 to Aachen Cathedral , was originally installed centrally, but later moved to the side. It is richly decorated with sheets of gold, ivory, and gems, probably emulating Justinian 's lost pulpit of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople , of which a description by Paul the Silentiary survives. In churches where there

3468-443: The largest piece of church furniture. This is to symbolise the proclamation of the Word of God as the central focus of the weekly service of worship . In more contemporary evangelical churches, the pulpit may be much smaller, if used at all, and may be carried out after the end of the song service. Often placed in the centre of the platform as well, the item of furniture may be used by both lay and ordained members, in effect doubling as

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3536-450: The late 19th century, the fashion in the Church of Scotland and most other Presbyterian denominations has been for a return to the pre- Reformation layout. Thus many buildings which once had a central pulpit now have a pulpit to the side. See for example Skene Parish Church or Old West Church, Boston, Massachusetts . This Presbyterian tradition is historically distinct from the tradition of

3604-457: The modern Zwolle-IJssel Kanaal). There are some water-related industries in Zwolle, mainly in the Voorst industrial area. Zwolle is currently twinned with: In the past, Zwolle had partnerships with: There is also a small rural town in the U.S. State of Louisiana named after Zwolle . The two cities maintain close informal ties. Pulpit A pulpit is a raised stand for preachers in

3672-444: The nave. Accordingly, they often have a larger platform area than later pulpits. For example, the St. Antony's Church, Ollur, pulpit is one of the tallest and largest relief sculptured wooden pulpit in India. In Western Catholic Churches, the stand used for readings and homilies is formally called the ambo . Despite its name, this structure usually more closely resembles a lectern than

3740-589: The nave. In addition many Orthodox churches, especially Greek-speaking churches, have pulpits for preaching from, which are similar to those in Western Christianity . In Eastern Orthodox Church cathedrals there is usually a low platform in the center of the nave called the episcopal ambo where the bishop is vested prior to the Divine Liturgy and where he is enthroned until the Little Entrance . If

3808-484: The orders, especially in Italy, soon began constructing large churches designed to hold congregations who came to hear star preachers. These featured large raised pulpits, typically some way down the nave, and sometimes in pairs on either side of the nave. These were both used for various purposes, whether different readings in services, accommodating singers or musicians at times, or for disputations between two speakers across

3876-430: The preacher being behind some of the congregation was less of an issue than later. Fixed seating facing forward in the nave and modern electric amplification has tended to reduce the use of pulpits in the middle of the nave. Outdoor pulpits, usually attached to the exterior of the church, or at a preaching cross , are also found in several denominations. If attached to the outside wall of a church, these may be entered from

3944-546: The pulpit (usually in medieval churches) or lectern (common in Anglican churches) may be formed in the shape of an eagle. The eagle symbolizes the gospels, and shows where these were read from at the time the eagle was placed there. When pulpits like those by the Pisani with eagles in stone on them were built the gospel reading was done from the pulpit. The spread of the sounding board offered artists decorating Catholic Baroque churches

4012-507: The pulpit and hangs down a short way at the front. It is often of a rich material and decorated with Christian symbols. Flags and banners used by church-related organizations may also stand on the floor around the pulpit. In the Reformed tradition, though avoiding figurative art, pulpits were increasingly important as a focus for the church, with the sanctuary now comparatively bare and de-emphasized, and were often larger and more elaborately decorated than in medieval churches. The bookstand of

4080-560: The pulpit is considered one of the most important pieces of furniture in the church. In certain Presbyterian, Anglican and Methodist churches designed with a pulpit-centered chancel, the pulpit is located centrally in relation to the congregation and raised, with the communion table being in front of it. In such churches it may be where the minister stands for most of the service. In the eighteenth century, double-decker and triple-decker pulpits were often introduced in English-speaking countries. The three levels of lecterns were intended to show

4148-405: The pulpit or to the side, and sometimes was not in the chancel area at all. This declares the Bible to be the foundation of the faith. Furthermore, the "Centrality of the Word" implies that the reading and preaching of the Bible is the centrepiece of a service of worship, and thus takes priority over the sacraments. The central pulpit is intended to give visual representation of this idea. Since

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4216-517: The relative importance of the readings delivered there. The bottom tier was for the parish clerk , the middle was the reading desk for the minister, and the top tier was reserved for the delivery of the sermon. A good example of a three-decker pulpit is found in St Andrew's Church, Slaidburn , Lancashire. America's only surviving three-decker pulpit on the centerline of the church is at Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island . In Lutheran churches, as well as many Anglican and Methodist churches designed with

4284-430: The same time. The exterior of a wood or stone pulpit may be decorated, especially with carved reliefs , and in the centuries after the Protestant Reformation these were sometimes, especially in Lutheran churches, one of the few areas of the church left with figurative decoration such as scenes from the Life of Christ . Pulpit reliefs were especially important at the start of the Italian Renaissance, including those from

4352-413: The speaker, normally in wood. Though sometimes highly decorated, this is not purely decorative, but can have a useful acoustic effect in projecting the preacher's voice to the congregation below, especially prior to the invention of modern audio equipment. Most pulpits have one or more book-stands for the preacher to rest his bible, notes or texts upon. The pulpit is generally reserved for clergy . This

4420-416: Was founded around 800 CE by Frisian merchants and troops of Charlemagne . Previous spellings of its name include the identically pronounced Suolle , which means "hill" (cf. the English cognate verb "to swell"). This refers to an incline in the landscape between the four rivers surrounding the city, IJssel , Vecht , Aa and Zwarte Water . The hill was the only piece of land that would remain dry during

4488-422: Was often placed in the centre of the nave (on both axes). Gradually the ambo came to resemble the modern pulpit in both form and function, though early examples in large churches are often large enough to accommodate several people. The steps up to the pulpit almost invariably approach it from the side or behind, and are often curved. The typical design of the Islamic minbar, where a straight flight of steps leads to

4556-412: Was single-handedly liberated from the Germans by French-Canadian soldier Léo Major . He was made an honorary citizen of Zwolle on 14 April 2005, the 60th anniversary of his liberating of the city. He also has a street named after him, Leo Majorlaan. In 2004, Zwolle's De Librije restaurant was honored with 3 stars by Michelin Guide ; as of 2018, it is one of only three restaurants so honored in

4624-482: Was used by John Wesley , and a 19th-century Anglican vicar devised a folding iron pulpit for using outdoors. The Ancient Greek bema ( βῆμα ) means both 'platform' and 'step', and was used for a variety of secular raised speaking platforms in ancient Greece and Rome , and from those times to today for the central raised platform in Jewish synagogues . Modern synagogue bimahs are often similar in form to centrally placed pulpits in Evangelical churches. The use of

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