Holland America Line N.V. (HAL) is an American-owned cruise line , a subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc headquartered in Seattle , Washington , United States.
110-523: Holland America Line was founded in Rotterdam , Netherlands, and from 1873 to 1989, it operated as a Dutch shipping line, a passenger line, a cargo line and a cruise line operating primarily between the Netherlands and North America. As part of the company's legacy, it was directly involved in the transport of many hundreds of thousands of emigrants from the Netherlands to North America. Holland America has been
220-674: A US –owned cruise line headquartered in Seattle , Washington , United States. In the summer of 2011, Rotterdam did two transatlantic crossings, the first traditional transatlantic runs made by the line in more than 40 years. Beginning in September 2012, Rotterdam was based year-round out of Rotterdam , sailing to Europe, the Caribbean, as well as Asia, before returning to more varied itineraries and home ports by 2016. Amsterdam makes annual "Grand Voyages" lasting more than 60 days, including
330-423: A few stages for pop music , like Rotown , Poortgebouw and Annabel. Additionally, the venue WORM focuses on experimental music , as well as various other cultural activities. WORM also screens films and hosts a film lab, Filmwerkplaats . In fact, Rotterdam has an extensive film history, ranging from avant-garde classics, such as The Bridge ( Ivens , 1928), to internationally acclaimed documentaries from
440-560: A grand circle of the Pacific Ocean each fall and a World Voyage sailing around the world, usually ranging from January to April/May. The line currently operates four different classes of ship: the R class, the Vista class , the Signature class , and the newest and largest Pinnacle class. All HAL ships have a dark blue hull with white superstructure, with the company's logo featured prominently on
550-503: A homeward course via the Gulf Stream and evaded three British destroyers sent from Canada to intercept him. On 27 October U-53 entered Helgoland harbour to a hero’s welcome. The next day the submarine departed for Wilhelmshaven, where upon arrival the crew were greeted by Admiral Scheer and his staff. Each member of the crew was personally awarded by the Admiral with Iron Cross while Rose
660-451: A large part of Rotterdam's multi-ethnic and multicultural diversity. 52.9% of the population have at least one parent born outside the country. There are 80,000 Muslims, constituting 13% of the population in 2010. The former mayor of Rotterdam, Ahmed Aboutaleb (2009-2024), is of Moroccan descent and is a practicing Muslim. The city is home to the largest Dutch Antillean community in the Netherlands. The city also has its own China Town at
770-517: A mine in the Baltic, and a week later was badly damaged in an air raid. After the war, HAL took part in transporting a great wave of immigrants from the Netherlands to Canada and elsewhere. Its Rotterdam – Hoboken route continued to serve Southampton, but by 1948 the port of Boulogne was still not in a condition to resume handling large ocean liners. Instead, from February 1948 Nieuw Amsterdam started calling at Le Havre as well as Southampton. At first she
880-523: A months leave on 10 August to be informed that he had been replaced as commander of U-53 by Otto von Schrader . Under von Schrader U-53 operated primarily within the English Channel after this, attacking Allied and neutral vessels, sinking ten ships of 1,782 tons with U-53 before the armistice on 11 November. U-53 was surrendered to the Allies at Harwich on 1 December 1918 in accordance with
990-561: A population of only a few thousand. Around the year 1350, a shipping canal (the Rotterdamse Schie ) was completed, which provided Rotterdam access to the larger towns in the north, allowing it to become a local trans-shipment centre between the Netherlands, England and Germany , and to urbanize . Beginning in the 1600's, Rotterdam was involved in the Atlantic slave trade . According to historian Gerhard de Kok, "Rotterdam merchants were
1100-751: A port of importance, becoming the seat of one of the six "chambers" of the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), the Dutch East India Company and one of the five "chambers" of the West-Indische Compagnie (WIC), the Dutch West India Company . The greatest spurt of growth, both in port activity and population, followed the completion of the Nieuwe Waterweg in 1872. The city and harbour started to expand on
1210-425: A range of 11,000 miles. Additional fresh water was carried by filling the two of the four trim tanks and the two rear torpedo tubes with fresh water which bought the total amount being carried to 7,000 litres. However with this amount of fuel on board and the necessary provisions the submarine’s buoyancy would be reduced in half and it would sit 400 mm lower in the water, which would badly impact on its sea-worthiness on
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#17328850517191320-580: A range of festivals and other events, and a buzzing nightlife. The city has its own orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra , with its well-regarded young music director Lahav Shani , which plays at the congress and concert building De Doelen . The Ahoy complex in the south of the city is used for pop concerts, exhibitions, tennis tournaments and other activities. There are also several theatres and cinemas, including LantarenVenster and Cinerama. Alongside Porto , Rotterdam
1430-496: A reminder also for posterity of the courage and strength with which the people of Rotterdam bore all the trials of the war and the important part they took in the liberation of the fatherland.... —Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Rotterdam was gradually rebuilt from the 1950s through to the 1970s. Because the city centre was largely destroyed, new spatial infrastructure could be built, making it an open and modern city. In 1953
1540-494: A route between Rotterdam and Tampico in Mexico. On westbound voyages, their ports of call were Antwerp , Boulogne , Bilbao , Santander , Gijón , A Coruña , Vigo , Havana and Vera Cruz . On eastbound voyages, they called at Vera Cruz, New Orleans , Havana, A Coruña and Santander. In 1922 H&W launched two larger passenger liners for HAL's Rotterdam – Hoboken route: the 15,000 GRT Volendam and Veendam . By 1925
1650-641: A selective roster of emerging international artists. The Hoboken campus of EUR houses the Dijkzigt (general) hospital, the Sophia Hospital (for children), Daniel den Hoed clinic (cancer institute) and the medical department of the university. They are known collectively as the Erasmus Medical Center . This center is ranked third in Europe by CSIC as a hospital, and is also ranked within top 50 universities of
1760-574: A single conurbation. They share the Rotterdam The Hague Airport and a light rail system called RandstadRail . Consideration is being given to creating an official Metropolitan region Rotterdam The Hague ( Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag ), which would have a combined population approaching 2.5 million. In its turn, the Rijnmond conurbation is part of the southern wing (the Zuidvleugel ) of
1870-669: A subsidiary of Carnival Corporation since 1989. Holland America Line was founded in 1873, as the Nederlandsch-Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij (Dutch-American Steamship Company), in short Holland-Amerika Lijn , a shipping and passenger line. It was headquartered in Rotterdam, in the building which is now the Hotel New York . The company was formed as a result of the reorganization of an earlier company, Plate, Reuchlin & Co. The company's first ship
1980-565: A temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ) similar to all of the coastal areas in the Netherlands. Located near to the coast, its climate is slightly milder than locations further inland. Winters are cool with frequent cold days, while the summers are mild to warm, with occasional hot temperatures. Temperature rises above 30 °C on average 4 days each summer, while (night) temperatures can drop below −5 °C during winter for short periods of time, mostly during periods of sustained easterly (continental) winds. Precipitation
2090-441: A theoretical range of 9,400 nautical miles at 8 knots it was expected that in actual service 5,000 miles was the practical limit. The longest voyage to date that U-53 had completed to date had been nine days. A return voyage to America would take 50 days and cover 8,000 miles. Rose and Möller identified that by converting the two middle diving tanks II an IV in fuel tanks they could carry an additional 150 tons of diesel fuel to give
2200-570: A troop ship. The Dutch government-in-exile requisitioned Westernland , berthed at Falmouth, Cornwall . She became an accommodation ship for the Royal Netherlands Navy , and was later sold to the UK Admiralty . By October 1940 Nieuw Amsterdam had also become an Allied troop ship. She sailed half a million miles and carried 400,000 military personnel. Nearly 200 people were killed in wartime sinkings of HAL ships. The biggest loss of life
2310-547: A vocational university that teaches music, dance and circus. Unique to the city is the Shipping & Transport College which offers masters, bachelors and vocational diplomas on all levels. Once primarily a city of labour, for its harbour and related industries, Rotterdam has now developed into a city of culture too, with various museums, cultural centres and activities, offering a stage for architecture , music, visuals arts, poetry, cinema, theatre, and culture more generally, with
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#17328850517192420-604: Is a more upscale shopping street, with retailers like Michael Kors , 7 For All Mankind , Calvin Klein , Hugo Boss , Tommy Hilfiger and the Dutch well-known men's clothier Oger . Another upscale shopping venue is a flagship store of department store De Bijenkorf . Located a little more to the east is the Markthal , with lots of small retailers inside. This hall is also one of Rotterdam's famous architectural landmarks. The main shopping venue in
2530-442: Is also home to the regional headquarters of chemical company LyondellBasell , commodities trading company Glencore , pharmaceutical company Pfizer , logistics companies Stolt-Nielsen , electrical equipment company ABB and consumer goods company Procter & Gamble . Furthermore, Rotterdam has the Dutch headquarters of Allianz , Maersk , Petrobras , Samskip , Louis Dreyfus Group , and Aon . The City of Rotterdam makes use of
2640-449: Is generally moderate throughout the year, although spring and summer (particularly before August) are relatively drier and sunnier, while autumn and winter are cloudier with more frequent rain (or snow). The following climate data is from the airport, which is slightly cooler than the city, being surrounded by water canals which make the climate milder and with a higher relative humidity . The city has an urban heat island , especially inside
2750-549: Is home to over 180 different nationalities. Rotterdam is known for its university , riverside setting, lively cultural life, maritime heritage and modern architecture . The near-complete destruction of the city centre during the World War II German bombing has resulted in a varied architectural landscape, including skyscrapers designed by architects such as Rem Koolhaas , Piet Blom and Ben van Berkel . The Rhine , Meuse and Scheldt give waterway access into
2860-550: Is part of the Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area which, as of 2015, covers an area of 1,130 km , of which 990 km km is land, and has a population of approximately 2,563,197. As of 2019, the municipality itself occupies an area of 325.79 km , 208.80 km of which is land, and is home to 638,751 inhabitants. Its population peaked at 731,564 in 1965, but the dual processes of suburbanization and counterurbanization saw this number steadily decline over
2970-677: The Architecture Film Festival Rotterdam (AFFR). SM U-53 SM U-53 was one of the six Type U 51 U-boats of the Imperial German Navy during the First World War . While in command of U-53 her first captain Hans Rose became the 5th ranked German submarine ace of World War I sinking USS Jacob Jones and 87 merchant ships for a total of 224,314 gross register tons (GRT). U-53
3080-777: The Baltic , where the Luftwaffe used her for target practice until she sank in April 1942. German forces scuttled Dinteldijk as a blockship in 1944. By 27 May, Germany had occupied the whole of the Netherlands. By 7 June, the Dutch government-in-exile and the UK government had formed a British-Netherlands shipping committee in London, and NASM announced that it would charter to the UK government all of its transatlantic ships except Nieuw Amsterdam . Pennland became
3190-554: The Caribbean . In 1920 van der Giessen & Zonen in Krimpen aan den IJssel launched Burgerdijk , which was HAL's first steam turbine cargo ship. She was the first of eight 6,850 GRT sister ships, all with a name beginning with "B", built between 1920 and 1922. In 1922 and 1923 Scheepsbouw-Maatschappij 'Nieuwe Waterweg' in Scheidam launched a pair of larger turbine cargo ships for HAL,
3300-655: The Lijnbaan was opened, the first car-free shopping street in Europe. The progressive design attracted a lot of international attention, in which film and television played an important role. The new Central Station was completed in 1957, with the Groothandelsgebouw from 1953 next to it. The Euromast was erected in 1960 on the occasion of the Floriade . From the 1980s onwards the city councils began developing an active architectural policy. The harbours were moving westwards and
3410-708: The Maasdam and Veendam transferring to one company in August 2020, while the Amsterdam and Rotterdam moved to another company in fall 2020. One pair went to a new cruise brand and the other to an existing brand. Most cruise lines suspended their sailings because of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. As of January 6, 2021, all Holland America sailings were cancelled to at least April 30, 2021, according to an industry news item. That report listed no specific sailings for Holland America prior to
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3520-610: The Randstad , which is one of the most important economic and densely populated areas in the north-west of Europe. Having a population of 7.1 million, the Randstad is the sixth-largest urban area in Europe (after Moscow, London, Paris, Istanbul, and the Rhein-Ruhr Area). The Zuidvleugel, situated in the province of South Holland , has a population of around 3 million. Rotterdam experiences
3630-506: The Rotte . In 1340, Rotterdam was granted city rights by William IV, Count of Holland . The Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area , with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 10th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country. A major logistic and economic centre, Rotterdam is Europe's largest seaport . In 2022, Rotterdam had a population of 655,468 and
3740-677: The Willemsbrug ('Willems Bridge') together with the Koninginnebrug ('Queen's Bridge'); and the Van Brienenoordbrug ('Van Brienenoord Bridge'). The former railway lift bridge De Hef ('the Lift') is preserved as a Rijksmonument (national heritage site) in lifted position between the Noordereiland ('North Island') and the south of Rotterdam. The city centre is located on the northern bank of
3850-611: The 10,200 GRT Delftdijk and Damsterdijk . These were cargo liners , with berths for 50 first class passengers. By 1930 HAL was operating routes between Rotterdam and the British Columbia Coast via London , Panama Canal and West Coast of the United States . By 1937 HAL worked these routes jointly with Royal Mail Lines . This was mainly a refrigerated cargo service, but the ships carried some passengers. Damsterdijk , Delftdijk , Dinteldijk and Drechtdijk shared
3960-441: The 1960s until the 2000s, Rotterdam had a thriving squatters movement , which not only accommodated thousands of people, but also created social centres and cultural venues. From this movement came clubs like Boogjes, Eksit, Nighttown, Vlerk and Waterfront. A major reference is Poortgebouw , which was squatted in 1980 and quickly legalised. Rotterdam also became the home of Gabber , a type of hardcore electronic music popular in
4070-505: The 2009 rankings of Masters of Management, the school reached first place with the CEMS Master in Management and the tenth place with its RSM Master in Management. The university is also home to Europe's largest student association, STAR Study Association Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the world's largest student association, AIESEC , has its international office in
4180-553: The 36,287 GRT Nieuw Amsterdam , was launched in 1937 and entered service in 1938. In 1939 HAL bought the former Red Star liners Westernland and Pennland , a pair of 16,000 GRT sister ships that Nazi Germany had forced the Jewish shipping magnate Arnold Bernstein to forfeit. In the Second World War , HAL lost five passenger ships and eight cargo ships: a total of more than 140,000 GRT . Three were while
4290-611: The 6705 ton Cunard Liner RMS Folia . On 16 August 1917 torpedoed and sank the Donaldson liner Athenia off Inishtrahull . Coincidentally, two decades later, in 1939, a new Athenia was sunk by the U-boat U-30 in the same area. On December 6, 1917, Rose torpedoed and sank USS Jacob Jones , the first American destroyer lost in the First World War. The torpedo hit Jacob Jones at 3,000 yards (2,700 m),
4400-460: The 8,350 GRT Gaasterdijk and Grootendijk . However, HAL sold both ships in 1931. In 1921 and 1922 H&W launched the 9,350 GRT Dinteldijk and Drechtdijk , which were HAL's first motor ships . They were refrigerated cargo ships, and they also had berths for 18 or 19 first class passengers. In 1929 and 1930 Wilton's in Schiedam launched two more motor ships for refrigerated cargo,
4510-585: The British coordinated espionage in Germany and occupied Belgium. During World War I, an average of 25,000 Belgian refugees lived in the city, as well as hundreds of German deserters and escaped Allied prisoners of war. During World War II , the German army invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. Adolf Hitler had hoped to conquer the country in just one day, but his forces met unexpectedly fierce resistance. The Dutch army
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4620-711: The European continent and overseas. From Rotterdam, goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. In 2007, the Betuweroute , a new fast freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany , was completed. Well-known streets in Rotterdam are the Lijnbaan (the first set of pedestrian streets of the country, opened in 1953), the Hoogstraat, the Coolsingel with the city hall, which was renovated between 2018 and 2021 giving cyclists and pedestrians more space, meaning that car traffic
4730-528: The First World War the Netherlands were neutral , but numerous Dutch merchant ships were sunk. HAL lost five cargo ships, totalling more than 30,000 GRT . In 1915 two German mines sank Eemdijk , and in 1916 U-53 stopped and sank Blommersdijk . On 22 February 1917 U-21 sank an entire Dutch convoy, including the HAL ships Noorderdijk and Zaandijk . After the First World War began, Dutch capitalists bought HAPAG and NDL's shares in HAL. In December 1917,
4840-550: The French shipping line Compagnie Générale Maritime . HAL ceased operating as a Dutch line in 1989, when Carnival bought it for 1.2 billion guilders (€530 million). The proceeds were put into an investment company (HAL Investments), the majority of which is owned by the van der Vorm family. HAL ships sold, scrapped or lost before Carnival took over. In 1989, the Holland America Line was bought by Carnival Corp , thus becoming
4950-571: The Jews who were deported via Loods 24 were murdered in Sobibór and Auschwitz-Birkenau . Research in 2000 showed that 144 people survived the deportations. In 2013 the Jewish Children's Monument [ nl ] was unveiled. In January 1948, Queen Wilhelmina presented the motto 'Sterker door strijd' (Stronger through effort) as part of the coat of arms of Rotterdam to the city government: ...as
5060-603: The Nantucket lightship's reports of sinkings. The destroyers arrived about 1700 as U-53 stopped the Dutch steamship Blommersdijk bound for the Netherlands with cargo that Rose believed to be contraband bound for Britain which he sank at 19:50. The 3,449 GRT British passenger liner Stephano carrying a cargo of codfish, worth $ 140,000 was stopped, and the gathering US destroyers took off its crew and passengers before Rose used his last torpedoes to sink it at 22:30. After sinking five ships in 17 days with no loss of life Rose set
5170-526: The Netherlands were still neutral. Mines sank Binnendijk and Spaarndam in October and November 1939, and U-48 sank Burgerdijk in February 1940. On 10 May Germany invaded the Netherlands . A number of HAL ships were burnt out in the battle for Rotterdam, including the liner Statendam and cargo ships Boschdijk and Dinteldijk . Statendam was scrapped three months later. German forces towed Boschdijk to
5280-633: The Nieuwe Maas, although recent urban development has extended the centre to parts of southern Rotterdam known as Kop van Zuid ('the Head of South', i.e. the northern part of southern Rotterdam). From its inland core, Rotterdam reaches the North Sea by a swathe of predominantly harbour area. Built mostly behind dikes, large parts of Rotterdam are below sea level. For instance, the Prins Alexander Polder in
5390-410: The River Rotte ' ) is the second-largest city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam . It is in the province of South Holland , part of the North Sea mouth of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta , via the "New Meuse" inland shipping channel, dug to connect to the Meuse at first and now to the Rhine . Rotterdam's history goes back to 1270, when a dam was constructed in
5500-440: The Rotterdam – Hoboken route included calls at Southampton and Halifax , Nova Scotia on westbound crossings only, and Plymouth , Devon on eastbound crossings only, as well as serving Boulogne in both directions. The third Statendam , built to replace Justicia , was also a turbine steamship, but building her took eight years. H&W laid her down in 1921 and launched her in 1924, but then stopped work because HAL lacked
5610-464: The West-Kruiskade, close to Rotterdam Centraal. Religions in Rotterdam (2013) Christianity is the largest religion in Rotterdam, with 36.3% of the population identifying. The second and third largest religions are Islam (13.1%) and Hinduism (3.3%), while about half of the population has no religious affiliation . Since 1795 Rotterdam has hosted the chief congregation of the liberal Protestant brotherhood of Remonstrants . From 1955 it has been
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#17328850517195720-471: The attacks instilled fear in the British because of the reach of the German U-boats, and the US because these attacks occurred so close to its shores. Britain was further outraged that most of the attacks occurred while the submarine was surrounded by US destroyers. After a soothing speech by Sir Edward Grey , these complaints were calmed when he pointed out that the US ships had no legal right to interfere with these attacks and had done all they could to rescue
5830-670: The cheap labour segment. The city's unemployment rate is 12%, almost twice the national average. Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe , with the rivers Maas and Rhine providing excellent access to the hinterland upstream reaching to Basel, Switzerland and into France. In 2004 Shanghai took over as the world's busiest container port . In 2006, Rotterdam was the world's seventh largest container port in terms of twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) handled. The port's main activities are petrochemical industries and general cargo handling and transshipment . The harbour functions as an important transit point for bulk materials between
5940-426: The city centre. Rotterdam is diverse, with the demographics differing by neighbourhood. The city centre has a disproportionately high number of single people when compared to other cities, with 70% of the population between the ages of 20 and 40 identifying as single. Those with higher education and higher income live disproportionately in the city centre, as do foreign-born citizens. The municipality of Rotterdam
6050-403: The city's music history is the legendary Kralingen Pop Festival , which took place in Rotterdam in 1970 (featuring, among other, Pink Floyd , Jefferson Airplane , The Byrds , Canned Heat , It's a Beautiful Day , and Santana ). The festival was also made into a film, Stamping Ground (dir. George Sluizer). Alternative (music) culture became prominently present in the city in these days. From
6160-472: The city's past. Other museums include the Tax & Customs Museum , the Netherlands Marine Corps Museum , Rotterdam Public Transport Museum and the Natural History Museum . In 2025 'Fenix, Museum for Migration' will be opened. The first municipal library of Rotterdam was founded in 1604. The current Bibliotheek Rotterdam (Public library), was established in 1869, and is currently the largest cultural organization in Rotterdam, with fifteen branches across
6270-443: The city. The Rotterdam City Archives ( Stadsarchief Rotterdam ) was established in 1857. Here one can find administrative records and sources about the city's historical development. The archival holdings include, among other, general archives, notarial deeds, an audiovisual collection, and a library. Rotterdam has a long tradition of popular music, including the city's Jazz scene before and after WWII. A major historical moment in
6380-429: The city. The Willem de Kooning Academy is Rotterdam's main art school, which is part of the Hogeschool Rotterdam. It is regarded as one of the most prestigious art schools in the Netherlands and the number 1 in Advertising and Copywriting. Part of the Willem de Kooning Academy is the Piet Zwart Institute for postgraduate studies and research in Fine Art, Media Design and Retail Design. The Piet Zwart Institute boasts
6490-454: The company carried 400,000 people from Europe to the Americas. Other North American ports were added during the early 20th century. Harland & Wolff in Belfast launched the third Rotterdam (1897) . She was the first HAL ship built by H&W. H&W next launched Statendam (1898) : the first HAL ship of that name, and the first HAL ship of more than 10,000 GRT . In 1899 Blohm+Voss in Hamburg launched Potsdam , which
6600-399: The construction of Rotterdam's second underground line interfered with the Rotte's course, its waters have been pumped through a pipe into the Nieuwe Maas via the Boerengat. Between the summers of 2003 and 2008, an artificial beach was created at the Boompjeskade along the Nieuwe Maas, between the Erasmus Bridge and the Willems Bridge. Swimming was not possible, digging pits was limited to
6710-429: The crew had abandoned ship. The 4,224 GRT Norwegian steamship Christian Knutsen with a cargo of diesel oil for London was stopped at 08:03 and torpedoed at 09:53 after the crew had abandoned ship. The 3,847 GRT steamship West Point was stopped at 11:30 and scuttled by explosive charges after the crew had abandoned ship. Seventeen US destroyers were dispatched from Newport to search for survivors in response to
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#17328850517196820-421: The cruiser USS Birmingham ; and then received courtesy visits from both admirals aboard U-53 . Admiral Gleaves brought his wife and daughter to visit U-53 . It took the neutral US government about two hours to decide how to handle this surprise visit. When the harbor master started talking about quarantine regulations, Rose returned to sea to avoid being interned. U-53 commenced military operations
6930-537: The fact that IMM had formed a cartel with Albert Ballin 's Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) and Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL), and wanted to buy HAL to control passenger and cargo rates across the North Atlantic. HAL continued to order ever larger ships from H&W. Nieuw Amsterdam (1905) was 600 feet (180 m) long and 16,967 GRT . The fourth Rotterdam (1908) was 650 feet (200 m) long and 24,149 GRT . In 1895 HAL offered its first cruise . Its second cruise, from New York to Palestine ,
7040-660: The first week of June 2021. In October 2023, Holland America announced that it was about halfway through converting its fleet Wi-Fi to Starlink . The cruise line also announced that it expected to have Starlink fully operational across its entire fleet by mid-December 2023. With the move, Holland America joined its sister-brands in Carnival Corporation & plc , including Princess Cruises and Cunard Line . Rotterdam Rotterdam ( / ˈ r ɒ t ər d æ m / ROT -ər-dam , UK also / ˌ r ɒ t ər ˈ d æ m / ROT -ər- DAM ; Dutch: [ˌrɔtərˈdɑm] ; lit. ' The Dam on
7150-484: The functional smoke stacks. Holland America also owns the following: On October 26, 2012, it was announced that a memorandum of agreement had been signed with Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri for the construction of a 2,660-passenger ship for Holland America Line scheduled for delivery in spring 2016. Koningsdam , which became a new class of ship for the line (The Pinnacle Class), and the first new Holland America ship since Nieuw Amsterdam , delivered in 2010. Also noted
7260-434: The funds to pay for her to be completed. In 1927 the Dutch government gave HAL a loan to get the ship towed to the Netherlands and completed at Wilton's Dok- en Werf Maatschappij in Schiedam . She was completed in 1929, on the eve of the Great Depression , but proved economical to run. She was HAL's flagship on the transatlantic run for most of the 1930s. Statendam also gave annual winter cruises from New York, usually to
7370-407: The heart of Western Europe, including the highly industrialized Ruhr . The extensive distribution system including rail, roads, and waterways have earned Rotterdam the nicknames "Gateway to Europe" and "Gateway to the World". The settlement at the lower end of the fen stream Rotte (or Rotta , as it was then known, from rot , "muddy" and a , "water", thus "muddy water") dates from at least
7480-432: The height of the layer of sand , about 50 cm (20 in). Alternatively, people go to the beach of Hook of Holland (which is a Rotterdam district) or one of the beaches in Zeeland : Renesse or the Zuid Hollandse Eilanden: Ouddorp , Oostvoorne . Rotterdam forms the centre of the Rijnmond conurbation, bordering the conurbation surrounding The Hague to the north-west. The two conurbations are close enough to be
7590-525: The invasion three days earlier. The City Hall survived the bombing. Ossip Zadkine later attempted to capture the event with his statue De Verwoeste Stad ('The Destroyed City'). The statue stands near the Leuvehaven, not far from the Erasmusbrug in the centre of the city, on the north shore of the river Nieuwe Maas. In 1941, 11,000 Jews still lived in Rotterdam. Before the war there were 13,000. Between 30 July 1942, and 22 April 1943, 6,790 people were deported in 8 transports via Loods 24. The vast majority of
7700-428: The last 50 years of architecture in a blender, and spat it out in building-sized chunks across the skyline, you would probably end up with something that looked a bit like Rotterdam". Rotterdam is divided into a northern and a southern part by the river Nieuwe Maas, connected by (from west to east): the Beneluxtunnel; the Maastunnel ; the Erasmusbrug ; a subway tunnel; the Willemsspoortunnel ('Willems railway tunnel');
7810-516: The late 1960s, the golden era of transatlantic passenger ships had been ended by the introduction of transatlantic jet air travel. HAL ended transatlantic service in the early 1970s. In 1973, it sold its cargo shipping division, which continued to operate freight liner services with cargo ships, a Lighter aboard ship ('LASH' ship, MV Bilderdyk ) and then container ships under the trade name Incotrans, with headquarters in Rotterdam, with some of its North American services operated in partnership with
7920-573: The longest successful torpedo shot on record at the time. On 8 July 1918 while off the Norwegian coast and two days out from its base at Helgoland U-53 answered a distress call from U-86 which had hit a mine and as a result had lost all of its diesel fuel. Meeting with the damaged submarine U-53 transferred fuel to it and provided further assistance until it was relieved by surface vessels. On 10 July 1918 U-53 returned to port having completed its fifteenth mission under Rose. Rose returned from
8030-507: The main centres of the shipping industry in the Netherlands. From the Rotterdam Chamber of the VOC , the world's first multinational, established in 1602, to the merchant shipping leader Royal Nedlloyd established in 1970, with its corporate headquarters located in the landmark building the 'Willemswerf' in 1988. In 1997, Nedlloyd merged with the British shipping industry leader P&O forming
8140-443: The mid-1990s, with hard beats and samples. Groups like Neophyte and Rotterdam Terror Corps (RTC) started in Rotterdam, playing at clubs like Parkzicht. In the years 2005–2011, the city struggled with keeping venues for pop music; many of them suffered severe financial problems. This resulted in the disappearance of the major music venues Nighttown and WATT and smaller stages such as Waterfront, Exit, and Heidegger. The city today has
8250-409: The necessary qualifications and experience, as well as a good knowledge of English. Also, his submarine had only been commissioned in April 1916, so it was new and well-run in. Rose was given 30 hours to think about it and immediately telegraphed his chief engineer Henning Möller return from leave for consultation and discussing it with him 24 hours later Rose accepted the assignment. While U-53 had
8360-667: The next 2 decades, reaching 560,000 by 1985. Although Rotterdam has experienced population growth since then, it has done so at a slower pace than comparable cities in the Netherlands, like Amsterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. Rotterdam consists of 14 submunicipalities: Centrum , Charlois (including Heijplaat), Delfshaven , Feijenoord , Hillegersberg-Schiebroek , Hook of Holland , Hoogvliet , IJsselmonde , Kralingen-Crooswijk , Noord , Overschie , Pernis , and Prins Alexander (the most populous submunicipality with around 85,000 inhabitants). One other area, Rozenburg , does have an official submunicipality status since 18 March 2010. Since
8470-509: The next morning two miles off the Lightship Nantucket . The US steamship Kansan was stopped by a shot across the bow at 05:35, and then released when examination of her papers revealed no contraband cargo. A large passenger liner was allowed to pass at 06:00 because Rose felt unable to provide for the safety of a large number of passengers. The 4,321 GRT British steamship Strathdene was stopped at 06:53 and torpedoed at 07:43 after
8580-414: The northeast of Rotterdam extends 6 m (20 ft) below sea level, or rather below Normaal Amsterdams Peil (NAP) or 'Amsterdam Ordnance Datum'. The lowest point in the Netherlands (6.76 m (22.2 ft) below NAP) is situated just to the east of Rotterdam, in the municipality of Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel . The Rotte river no longer joins the Nieuwe Maas directly. Since the early 1980s, when
8690-624: The old environment had to be reshaped. Daring and new styles of apartments , office buildings and recreation facilities resulted in a more ' livable ' city centre with a new skyline. In the 1990s, the Kop van Zuid was built on the south bank of the river as a new business centre. Rotterdam was voted 2015 European City of the Year by the Academy of Urbanism. A profile of Rem Koolhaas in The Guardian begins "If you put
8800-431: The outward journey. Rather than the normal complement of six torpedoes forward and four aft they decided to carry only the forward torpedoes. They also added two additional engineers which increased the crew from 34 to 36. Other than Möller only the two First Lieutenants Stein and Wacker was told about the secret voyage prior to the rest of the crew being told once the submarine as at sea. To misdirect any enemy agents, it
8910-682: The pioneers of the Dutch slave trade ". From the 17th century until 1814, when the United Netherlands abolished the Netherland's involvement in the slave trade at the request of the British government , Dutch slave ships from Rotterdam sailed to Africa and the Americas as part of the triangular trade . Rotterdam merchants also sold significant quantities of gunpowder to Zeeland -based slave ships. The port of Rotterdam grew slowly but steadily into
9020-532: The post-war era, such as Steady! (Van der Horst, 1952), and all kinds of fiction films. Of major importance within this context has also been the International Film Festival Rotterdam (IFFR), an annual event that lasts more than ten days (end of January, beginning of February), which has been organized since 1972. Besides the IFFR, several smaller film festivals take place in Rotterdam too, such as
9130-576: The route with RML's refrigerated cargo ships Lochmonar , Lochkatrine and Lochgoil . As well as London, they were scheduled to call at various other ports in Britain, the Caribbean, California, Oregon , Washington and British Columbia, terminating at Vancouver . On westbound voyages Damsterdijk , Delftdijk and Lochmonar also served Guayaquil in Ecuador , whereas Dinteldijk , Drechtdijk , Lochkatrine and Lochgoil served Bermuda . A new HAL flagship,
9240-575: The sailors in the water. German newspapers celebrated the trip as a great demonstration of the reach of the German Navy and Captain Rose was praised for his actions. In the summer of 1917 German naval artist Claus Bergen accompanied U-53 on an Atlantic patrol, resulting in a series of well-known paintings. On 3 February 1917 U-53 captured and scuttled SS Housatonic about 20 nautical miles (37 km) southwest of Bishop Rock , Isles of Scilly . At
9350-460: The same Dutch interests paid $ 3.5 million for half of IMM's shares in HAL. This amounted to about $ 800 per share, which was far more than IMM had paid for them in 1902. In 1916, IMM had received a dividend of 50 percent on its HAL shareholding. In March 1918 President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation seizing under angary 89 Dutch merchant ships in US ports. They included the HAL liner Rijndam , which
9460-630: The seat of the Catholic bishop of Rotterdam when the Rotterdam diocese was split from the Haarlem diocese . Since 2010 the city is home to the largest mosque in the Netherlands, the Essalam Mosque [ nl ] (capacity 1,500). The municipal council consists of 45 members, the largest party is Livable Rotterdam . The municipal executive consists of mayor Carola Schouten and nine elderman, belonging to four parties. Rotterdam has always been one of
9570-522: The services of semi-government companies Roteb (to take care of sanitation , waste management and assorted services) and the Port of Rotterdam Authority (to maintain the Port of Rotterdam ). Both these companies were once municipal bodies; now they are autonomous entities, owned by the city. Being the largest port and one of the largest cities of the country, Rotterdam attracts many people seeking jobs, especially in
9680-740: The south bank of the river. The Witte Huis or White House skyscraper, inspired by American office buildings and built in 1898 in the French Art Nouveau style , is evidence of Rotterdam's rapid growth and success. When completed, it was the tallest office building in Europe, with a height of 45 m (147.64 ft). During World War I , the city was the world's largest spy centre because of Dutch neutrality and its strategic location between Britain, Germany and German-occupied Belgium. Many spies who were arrested and executed in Britain were led by German secret agents operating from Rotterdam. MI6 had its main European office on de Boompjes. From there
9790-707: The south of Rotterdam is Zuidplein, which lies close to Rotterdam Ahoy , an accommodation centre for shows, exhibitions, sporting events, concerts and congresses. Another prominent shopping centre called Alexandrium lies in the east of Rotterdam. It includes a large kitchen and furniture centre. Rotterdam has one major university, the Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR), named after one of the city's famous former inhabitants, Desiderius Erasmus . The Woudestein campus houses (among others) Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University . In Financial Times ' 2005 rankings it placed 29th globally and 7th in Europe. In
9900-455: The status of a submunicipality was lifted on 19 March 2014, it became an integral part of the municipality of Rotterdam. The size of the municipality of Rotterdam is the result of the amalgamation of the following former municipalities, some of which were a submunicipality prior to 19 March 2014: In the Netherlands, Rotterdam has the highest percentage of residents with a recent migration background from non-industrialised nations. They form
10010-673: The third largest merchant shipping company in the world. The Anglo-Dutch P&O Nedlloyd was bought by the Danish giant corporation 'AP Moller Maersk ' in 2005 and its Dutch operations are still headquartered in the 'Willemswerf'. Nowadays, well-known companies with headquarters in Rotterdam are consumer goods company Unilever (since 2020 London), asset management firm Robeco , energy company Eneco , dredging company Van Oord , oil company Royal Dutch Shell (since 2021 London ), terminal operator Vopak , commodity trading company Vitol and architecture firm Office for Metropolitan Architecture . It
10120-535: The time the USA was still neutral and reacted cautiously to Housatonic ' s sinking. The New York Times noted the courtesy and propriety with which Rose had applied the rules of war. The US Government did not regard Housatonic ' s sinking as a casus belli . Her sinking however contributed to increasing diplomatic tension that eventually led the US to declare war on Germany . On March 11, 1917 U-53 torpedoed and sank
10230-466: The world in the field of medicine (clinical, pre-clinical & health, 2017). Three Hogescholen (Universities of applied sciences) exist in Rotterdam. These schools award their students a professional Bachelor's degree and postgraduate or Master's degree . The three Hogescholen are Hogeschool Rotterdam , Hogeschool Inholland and Codarts University for the Arts (Codarts hogeschool voor de kunsten),
10340-517: The year 950. Around 1150, large floods in the area ended development, leading to the construction of protective dikes and dams, including Schielands Hoge Zeedijk ("Schieland's High Sea Dike") along the northern banks of the present-day Nieuwe Maas river. A dam on the Rotte was built in the 1260s and was located at the present-day Hoogstraat ("High Street"). On 7 July 1340, Count Willem IV of Holland granted city rights to Rotterdam, which then had
10450-688: Was European Capital of Culture in 2001. Rotterdam has various cultural institutions. Well-known museums are the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen , Het Nieuwe Instituut , the Wereldmuseum , the Kunsthal , Kunstinstituut Melly and the Maritime Museum Rotterdam . The Historical Museum Rotterdam has changed into Museum Rotterdam , which aims to exhibit the development of Rotterdam as a contemporary transnational city, and not merely
10560-432: Was 550 feet (170 m) long and 12,606 GRT . H&W built two sister ships for Potsdam : Rijndam (1901) and Noordam (1902) . In 1902 William Pirrie , Chairman of H&W, negotiated to buy 51 percent of HAL's share capital. Pirrie was acting on behalf of J. P. Morgan 's International Mercantile Marine Company (IMM), which already owned HAL's Belgian competitor Red Star Line . Pirrie did not disclose
10670-488: Was converted into a US troopship, and eight HAL cargo ships. One of these, Oosterdijk , was sunk in a collision while being used by the United States Navy . The United States Shipping Board returned Rijndam and the surviving cargo ships to HAL in the course of 1919. In 1921–22 HAL introduced its first steam turbine passenger liners: the 8,800 GRT Maasdam , Edam , Leerdam and Spaarndam . They served
10780-403: Was forced to capitulate on 15 May 1940, following the bombing of Rotterdam on 14 May and the threat of bombing other Dutch cities. The heart of Rotterdam was almost completely destroyed by the Luftwaffe . Some 80,000 civilians were made homeless and 900 were killed; a relatively low number since many had fled the city because of the warfare and bombing going on in Rotterdam since the start of
10890-658: Was in November 1942, when U-174 sank the cargo-passenger ship Zaandam . 135 of her passengers and crew were killed. 39 people were killed in January 1941, when a mine sank the cargo ship Beemsterdijk . In October 1940 U-38 sank Bilderdijk . In 1941 U-564 sank the cargo-passenger liner Maasdam , and an air attack in German invasion of Greece sank the troopship Pennland . In September 1942, U-34 sank Breedijk . In 1940 German forces requisitioned Drechtdijk . In 1945 she hit
11000-805: Was in Wilhelmshaven having its steering gear repaired and with most of its crew away on leave, Rose was called on 3 September 1916 to office of Fregattenkapitän Hermann Baur, commander of the U-boat fleet on the Hamburg . Bauer informed him that the merchant submarine Bremen was due to make her maiden voyage to America and it had been proposed by captain Paul König of her sistership Deutschland that another submarine be used to assist in its passage by attacking any Royal Navy vessels that were in its path. Rose had been chosen for this politically risky mission because he had
11110-561: Was later awarded the House of Hohenzollern’s Order of the Knight’s Cross with Swords. That night for the first time in six weeks that the crew slept ashore. There was a great deal of anger amongst the Allied powers after the visit of U-53 to a US port and the subsequent sinking of Allied shipping. While all of the sinkings were done according to Prize court laws and nobody was killed during them,
11220-477: Was offered in 1910. In July 1914 H&W launched a new Statendam that was 740 feet (230 m) and 32,120 GRT . However, a month later, the First World War started, and in 1915 the UK government requisitioned the new ship in H&;W's shipyard and had her completed as the troopship Justicia . A U-boat sank her in 1918, and HAL accepted the UK government's offer of 60,000 tons of steel as compensation. In
11330-458: Was ordered from Germaniawerft , Kiel on 23 August 1914 and launched on 1 February 1916. On 22 April 1916 Kapitänleutnant (Lieutenant Commander) Hans Rose was appointed as her first captain and he commissioned her on 22 April 1916. After sea trials found no defects the submarine passed through the Kiel Canal on 30 May to reach the naval base at Helgoland the following day. While U-53
11440-664: Was plagued by bad weather with sea conditions deteriorating at one point to Force 9 on the Beaufort Scale. On 24 September the submarine passed beyond radio contact with Germany. On 28 September the submarine heard a report from a radio station at Sayville on Long Island that the Bremen had been sunk. After deliberating for two days as to whether the report was true or the Bremen was merely late Rose decided to continue with his original orders to Newport, Rhode Island rather than divert to attack shipping at Halifax. On 7 October 1916, U-53 ,
11550-572: Was put about that the submarine was heading south. After being delayed for two days by poor weather the submarine departed the naval base at Helgoland on 17 September 1916, travelling northward around the British Isles, escorted by the Zeppelin LZ-17 for the first day. Once they reached the Atlantic Ocean on 21 September Rose told the crew their actual destination. Most of the outward voyage
11660-688: Was reduced from 4 lanes (2 in each direction) to 2 lanes (1 in each direction). Another mainstreet is the Weena , which runs from the Central Station to the Hofplein (square). A modern shopping venue is the Beurstraverse ("Stock Exchange Traverse"), better known by its informal name ' Koopgoot ' ('Buying/Shopping Gutter', after its subterranean position), which crosses the Coolsingel below street level. The Kruiskade
11770-482: Was sighted off Newport by American submarine D-2 which surfaced and tracked the German vessel as it headed to port. As the two submarines passed Brenton Reef Lightship Rose requested and was given permission to enter port. Once he had docked Rose paid courtesy visits to Rear Admiral Austin M. Knight , Commandant of the United States Second Naval District , and Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves aboard
11880-636: Was that the addition of new ships would maintain passenger capacity if some of the older Carnival Corporation ships are sold. The Holland America Group of HAL and Princess Cruises have a letter of understanding to buy the White Pass and Yukon Route between Skagway, Alaska and the US-Canadian border. The purchase closed July 31, 2018. On July 15, 2020, it was announced by Holland America that Maasdam , Veendam , Rotterdam , and Amsterdam were sold to two undisclosed buyers. The ships were sold in pairs, with
11990-507: Was the only HAL ship to do so. Veendam made intermediate calls at Southampton only, and Noordam and Westerdam ran direct between Rotterdam and Hoboken. By 1959 HAL ships were calling also at Cobh , and running a service to Quebec and Montreal . By 1963 they also served Bremerhaven . A notable ship in the post-war era was the fifth Rotterdam , launched in 1959. She was one of the first North Atlantic ships equipped for two-class transatlantic crossing and one-class luxury cruising. By
12100-657: Was the original Rotterdam (1872) , which sailed its 15-day maiden voyage from the Netherlands to New York City on October 15, 1872. Cargo service to New York started in 1909. HAL's main route was between Rotterdam and New York . Its "New York" terminal was in fact in Hoboken, New Jersey , on the opposite side of the Hudson River from New York City. By 1892, HAL ships sailing between Rotterdam and Hoboken were scheduled to call en route at Boulogne in France . In its first 25 years,
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