Mary Longstaff Jacobus , CBE , FBA (born 4 May 1944) is a British literary scholar.
50-579: The Holberg Prize is an international prize awarded annually by the government of Norway to outstanding scholars for work in the arts , humanities , social sciences , law and theology, either within one of these fields or through interdisciplinary work. The prize is named after the Danish-Norwegian writer and academic Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754). The Holberg Prize comes with a monetary award of 6 million Norwegian kroner ( NOK ) (approximately $ 750 000 or €660 000), which are intended to be used to further
100-686: A minority government after the election of 1981 . In 1983, midway between elections, this government was expanded to a majority three-party coalition of the Conservatives, the Centre Party and the Christian Democrats . In the election of 1985 the coalition lost its majority but stayed in office until 1986, when it stepped down after losing a parliamentary vote on petrol taxes. Labour leader Gro Harlem Brundtland served three periods as Prime Minister. First briefly from February 1981 until
150-578: A Brundtland protégé, took over in a minority Labour government but lost power in the September 2001 election when Labour posted its worst performance since World War I . Bondevik once again became Prime Minister in 2001, this time as head of a minority coalition of the Conservatives , Christian Democrats and Liberals , a coalition dependent on support from the Progress Party . This coalition government
200-639: A cabinet known as Stoltenberg's Second Cabinet . This was a historical coalition in several aspects. It was the first time the Socialist Left sat in cabinet, the first time the Labour Party sat in a coalition government since the 1945 four-month post-war trans-party government (otherwise in government alone), and the first time the Centre Party sat in government along with socialist parties (otherwise in coalition with conservative and other centre parties). In
250-519: A constitutional monarchy. The 1814 constitution granted rights such as freedom of speech (§100) and rule of law (§§ 96, 97, 99). Important amendments include: Norway is a constitutional monarchy , where the king has a mainly symbolic power. The royal house is a branch of the princely family of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg , and the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in Germany . The functions of
300-522: A new minority government, which had to go into exile 1940–1945 because of the German occupation of Norway . After a brief trans-party government following the German capitulation in 1945, Labour gained a majority of the seats in parliament in the first post-war election of 1945 . Norway was ruled by Labour governments from 1945 to 1981, except for three periods (1963, 1965–1971, and 1972–1973). The Labour Party had
350-810: A series of lectures, discussions and other events in honor of the Holberg Laureate and the Nils Klim Laureate. The events feature the laureates, as well as other high-profile international scholars. The program feature, among other things, the Holberg Symposium, the Nils Klim Seminar and the Holberg Lecture. All events during the Holberg week, with the exception of the award ceremony and government banquet, are open to all and have free entrance. Several of
400-502: A single party majority in the Storting from 1945 to 1961. Since then no party has single-handedly formed a majority government , hence minority and coalition governments have been the rule. After the centre-right Willoch government lost its parliamentary majority in the election of 1985 , there were no majority governments in Norway until the second Stoltenberg government was formed after
450-450: A total of 96 seats out of 169 (85 needed for a majority). Following convention, Stoltenberg's government resigned and handed over power in October 2013. The Labour Party, however, remained the largest party in parliament with 30.8% of the popular vote. The Progress Party also lost ground, but nevertheless participates in the new cabinet led by Conservative Prime Minister Erna Solberg . Among
500-585: A year lecturing at the University of Manchester , she returned to Oxford as a Fellow and Tutor in English at LMH and, from 1972, as a Common University Fund lecturer. In 1980, she moved to Cornell University to take up the post of associate professor of English, and two years later she was promoted to a full professorship. From 1989 to 2000, Jacobus was Cornell's John Wendell Anderson Professor of English and Women's Studies. She then became Grace 2 Professor of English in
550-590: Is exercised by the Council of State , the cabinet , led by the prime minister of Norway . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the legislature , the Storting , elected within a multi-party system . The judiciary is independent of the executive branch and the legislature. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Norway a " full democracy " in 2022. According to the V-Dem Democracy indices Norway
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#1732883585065600-765: Is meant to restore the Riksrett to its earlier significance. Impeachment may be brought against Members of the Council of State, or of the Supreme Court or of the Storting, for criminal offenses which they may have committed in their official capacity. Indictments are raised by the Storting and judged by five Supreme Court justices and six lay judges. The mainland of Norway is divided into 11 counties ( fylker , singular fylke ): Agder , Innlandet , Møre og Romsdal , Nordland , Oslo , Rogaland , Vestfold og Telemark , Troms og Finnmark , Trøndelag , Vestland , and Viken . This
650-413: Is one of these) responsible for certain welfare and culture services. These districts are also headed by political assemblies, in some cases elected directly by the citizens. The municipalities deal with a wide range of planning issues and welfare services, and are mostly free to engage in activities which are not explicitly restricted by law. Lately, the functions of the counties and municipalities have been
700-500: The 1993 election . A three-party minority coalition of the Centre , Christian Democratic , and Liberal parties, headed by Christian Democrat Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik , moved into office in October 1997. That government fell in March 2000 over the issue of proposed natural gas plants, opposed by Bondevik due to their impact on climate change. The Labour Party's Jens Stoltenberg ,
750-569: The 2005 election . From 1981 to 1997, governments alternated between minority Labour governments and Conservative-led centre-right governments. The centre-right governments gained power in three out of four elections during this period (1981, 1985, 1989), whereas Labour toppled those governments twice between elections (1986, 1990) and stayed in power after one election (1993). Elections take place in September and governments change in October of election years. Conservative leader Kåre Willoch formed
800-436: The 2009 general election the coalition parties kept the majority in the Storting by winning 86 out of 169 seats. Stoltenberg's second cabinet thus continued. There have been several reshuffles in the cabinet during its existence. In the 2013 election, the incumbent red–green coalition government obtained 72 seats and lost its majority. The election ended with a victory for the four opposition non-socialist parties, winning
850-419: The 2009 general election , thereby establishing a fully unicameral system. Elections are to be held every four years on the second Monday of September. The Norwegian legal system is a mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; the Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations. The regular courts include
900-652: The Faculty of English , University of Cambridge and took up a Professiial fellowship at Churchill College . From 2006 until 2011, she was Director of the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences, and Humanities (CRASSH) at Cambridge University. Jacobus retired from Cambridge University in 2011, returning to Cornell University as M.H.Abrams Distinguished Visiting professor in 2011–12. She continues to hold an emerita professorship at Cambridge and Cornell. From 2009 to 2015 she served on
950-1108: The Hague Tribunal in 1933. AfDB , AsDB , Australia Group , BIS , CBSS , CE , CERN , EAPC , EBRD , ECE , EFTA , ESA , FAO , IADB , IAEA , IBRD , ICAO , ICCt , ICC , ICFTU , ICRM , IDA , IEA , IFAD , IFC , International IDEA , IFRCS , IHO , ILO , IMF , International Maritime Organization , Inmarsat , Intelsat , Interpol , IOC , IOM , ISO , ITU , MINURSO , NAM (guest), NATO , NC , NEA , NIB , NSG , OECD , OPCW , OSCE , PCA , UN , UNCTAD , UNESCO , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNMIBH , UNMIK , UNMOP , UNTSO , UPU , WCO , WEU (associate), WHO , WIPO , WMO , WTO , Zangger Committee . Mary Jacobus (academic) Born on 4 May 1944 to Marcus and Diana ( née Longstaff) Jacobus, Jacobus attended Oxford High School before going up to Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford (LMH), to read English; she graduated in 1965 and then completed her doctorate in 1970. The last two years of her doctorate were spent as Randall McIver Junior Research Fellow at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford; after
1000-636: The Parliament of Norway in honor of Ludvig Holberg in 2003 and complements its sister prize in mathematics, the Abel Prize . Ludvig Holberg, who excelled in all the disciplines covered by the award, played an important part in bringing the Enlightenment to the Nordic countries and is also well known as a playwright and author. The objective of the prize was to increase awareness of the value of academic scholarship in
1050-582: The Supreme Court ( Høyesterett ) with 18 permanent judges and a president, courts of appeal (court of second instance in most cases), city and county courts (court of first instance in most cases), and conciliation councils (court of first instance in most civil-code cases). Judges attached to the regular courts are appointed by the King in council after nomination by the Ministry of Justice. The special High Court of
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#17328835850651100-765: The Academic Committee of Norway's Holberg International Memorial Prize, chairing it from 2012 to 2015. In 2009, Jacobus was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences. She has held fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the NEH, and the Arts Humanities Research Council (UK). She was appointed Commander of
1150-666: The Board. The Holberg Prize is funded through a direct allocation from the Norwegian government's budget. It is administered by the University of Bergen on behalf of the Ministry of Education and Research. The University of Bergen appoints the executive board of the Holberg Prize. The Holberg Board consists of the board chair and five board members. The board members must work in different institutions, and at least one board member must work outside
1200-576: The Holberg Committee are among others: Mary Jacobus ( University of Cambridge ), Helga Nowotny ( ETH Zurich ), Kwame Anthony Appiah ( New York University ), Toril Moi ( Duke University ), Stein Kuhnle ( The Norwegian Academy og Science and Letters ), Johan P. Olsen ( University of Bergen ), and Pratap Bhanu Mehta ( Center for policy research ). During The Holberg Week in June, The Holberg Prize hosts
1250-418: The Holberg Prize also awards two other prizes: The Holberg Symposium is held annually in honor of the winner of The Holberg Prize. The event hosts prominent speakers who partake in a symposium dedicated to The Holberg Prize laureate. Government of Norway The politics of Norway take place in the framework of a parliamentary , representative democratic constitutional monarchy . Executive power
1300-489: The Holberg Prize and the Nils Klim Prize. Self-nominations are not permitted. The Holberg Board awards the prize at the recommendation of the Holberg Committee. The Holberg Committee meets twice. At the first meeting, in early fall, they choose a shortlist from the nominations. The Committee then gather assessments on the short-list candidates from internationally recognized scholars before giving their final recommendation to
1350-410: The Norwegian armed forces. The Council of State is formally convened by the reigning monarch. The Council of State consists of the prime minister and his or her council, formally appointed by the king. Parliamentarism has evolved since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must not have the parliament against it, and that the appointment by the king is a formality. The council must have the confidence of
1400-482: The Norwegian legislative body, known as the Storting . In practice, the monarch will ask the leader of a parliamentary block that has a majority in the Storting to form a government. After elections resulting in no clear majority to any party or coalition, the leader of the party most likely to be able to form a government is appointed prime minister. Since World War II , most non-socialist governments have been coalitions, and Labour Party governments have often relied on
1450-629: The Realm ( Riksrett ) hears impeachment cases against members of the government, parliament, or Supreme Court. Following an amendment to the Norwegian constitution in February 2007, impeachment cases are heard by the five highest ranking Supreme Court justices and six lay members in one of the Supreme Court courtrooms The High Court of the Realm had generally lost most of its significance after 1884, and this institution has been passive ever since 1927. The new system
1500-430: The adjacent county of Viken. Each county has a directly elected county assembly , led by a mayor , which decides upon matters falling within purview of the counties (upper secondary and vocational education, some culture, transport and social services). There is also a governor ( sysselmester ) on Svalbard, who is under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and not the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development as
1550-467: The arts, humanities, social sciences, law and theology. It has been described as the "Nobel Prize" for the arts and humanities, social sciences, law and theology. The Holberg Prize is awarded annually to scholars who have made "outstanding contributions to research in the arts and humanities, social sciences, law or theology." Scholars holding positions at universities and other research institutions, including academies, are eligible to nominate candidates to
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1600-544: The election the same year, then from May 1986 to the election of 1989 , and last from November 1990 until October 1996 when she decided to step out of domestic politics. Brundtland strongly influenced Norwegian politics and society during this period and was nicknamed the "national mother". After the election of 1989 a centre-right coalition was formed with the same three parties as in 1983–1986, this time headed by Conservative leader Jan P. Syse . This coalition governed from 1989 to November 1990 when it collapsed from inside over
1650-533: The events are also livestreamed, and available to an international audience. The Holberg Debate is an annual event organised by the Holberg Prize. The debate is inspired by Ludvig Holberg's Enlightenment ideas and aims to explore pressing issues of our time. The Holberg Debate was organised for the first time in 2016 and has since been held annually, on the first Saturday in December. The aim is both to see important voices debate pressing issues of our time and to highlight
1700-512: The government through a member of the Council of State or by a member of the Odelsting and decided on by the Odelsting and Lagting, in case of repeated disagreement by the joint Storting. In practice, the Lagting rarely disagreed and mainly just rubber-stamped the Odelsting's decision. In February 2007, the Storting passed a constitutional amendment to repeal the division, which abolished the Lagting for
1750-529: The government. Prime Minister Erna Solberg continued with a minority government consisting of three coalition partners — her own Conservatives, the centrist Liberal Party and the Christian Democrats. In the 2021 election , the incumbent Solberg cabinet lost its majority. Jonas Gahr Støre of the Labour Party formed a minority coalition government with the Centre Party . The government relies on
1800-473: The issue of Norwegian membership in the European Economic Area . When Brundtland resigned in 1996, Labour leader Thorbjørn Jagland formed a new Labour government that stayed in office until October 1997 when he, after the September 1997 election , declared that his government would step down because the Labour Party failed to win at least 36.9% of the national vote – the percentage Labour had won in
1850-575: The king, Harald V , are mainly ceremonial, but he has influence as the symbol of national unity. Although the constitution of 1814 grants important executive powers to the king, these are always exercised by the Council of State in the name of the king (King's Council, or cabinet). The king is also High Protector of the Church of Norway (the state church ), Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav , and symbolically Supreme Commander of
1900-500: The other counties. The counties are divided into 356 municipalities ( kommuner , singular kommune ) as of 2020 . The municipalities are led by directly elected assemblies, which elect a board of aldermen and a mayor. Some municipalities, most notably Oslo , have a parliamentary system of government, where the city council elects a city government that is responsible for executive functions. Some municipalities are also divided into municipal districts or city districts (again, Oslo
1950-540: The prize at the recommendation of the Holberg Committee who consists of five outstanding researchers in the arts and humanities, social sciences, law and theology. The current Holberg Prize Academic Committee is composed of: Graeme Turner (Committee chairman, The University of Queensland ), Mary Beard ( University of Cambridge ), David Nirenberg ( University of Chicago ), Heike Krieger ( Free University of Berlin ), Maurice Crul ( Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam ) and Cui Zhiyuan ( Tsinghua University .) Previous members of
2000-742: The relevance of the academic fields covered by the Holberg Prize: the humanities, social sciences, law and theology. Thus, the Holberg Debate seeks to engage both the university community and the public at large, and seeks to invite well known thinkers with a diverse background, including academics, journalists, authors, film makers and activists. Former participants in the Holberg Debate are Slavoj Žižek , Timothy Garton Ash , Jostein Gripsrud , Jonathan Heawood , John Pilger and Julian Assange . As part of its research dissemination targeting younger people,
2050-514: The research of the recipient. The winner of the Holberg Prize is announced in March, and the award ceremony takes place every June in Bergen, Norway. According to a reputation survey conducted in 2018, the Holberg Prize is the most prestigious interdisciplinary award in the social sciences (jointly with the Stein Rokkan Prize for Comparative Social Science Research ). The prize was established by
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2100-507: The smaller parties, the centrist Liberal Party and Christian Peoples Party hold the balance of power . Both campaigned on a change in government. On 30 September the two smaller parties announced that they would support a minority coalition of the Conservative and Progress parties, but they would not take seats in the cabinet themselves. The new Erna Solberg government was re-elected in 2017. In January 2020, right-wing Progress Party left
2150-546: The subject of debates, and changes may take place in the near future. Norway has three dependent areas, all in or near Antarctica : Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean , Queen Maud Land in Antarctica, and Peter I Island off West Antarctica . The Norwegian Act of 27 February 1930 declares these areas are subject to Norwegian sovereignty as dependencies. An attempt to annex East Greenland ended in defeat at
2200-413: The support of other parties to retain the necessary parliamentary votes. The executive branch is divided into the following ministries: The Labour Party has been the largest party in Parliament ever since the election of 1927 up to the recent 2017 election . Labour formed their first brief minority government in 1928 which lasted for 18 days only. After the 1936 election the Labour Party formed
2250-605: The support of the Socialist Left Party in order to secure a majority . On 14 October 2021, Jonas Gahr Støre , the leader of Norway's center-left Labor Party, was sworn in as new Prime Minister of Norway. His center-left minority government included ten women and nine men. Norway has a unicameral parliament, the Storting ("Great Council"), with members elected by popular vote for a four-year term (during which it may not be dissolved) by proportional representation in multi-member constituencies . Voting rights are granted in
2300-480: The university and university college sector. Board members are appointed for a period of four years and may be reappointed once. The current Holberg Board is composed of: Kjersti Fløttum (Chair, University of Bergen ), Knut Olav Åmås ( Fritt Ord ), Lise Rye ( Norwegian University of Science and Technology ), Hans Petter Graver ( University of Oslo ), Siv Ellen Kraft ( University of Tromsø ) and Torkild Hovde Lyngstad ( University of Oslo ). The Holberg Board awards
2350-530: The year a person turns 18. The Storting currently has 169 members (increased from 165, effective from the elections of 12 September 2005 ). The members are elected from the 19 counties for four-year terms according to a system of proportional representation . Until 2009, the Storting divided itself into two chambers, the Odelsting and the Lagting for the sole purpose of voting on legislation. Laws were proposed by
2400-570: Was 2023 the second most electoral democratic country in the world. Reporters Without Borders ranked Norway 1st in the world in the 2019 Press Freedom Index . Freedom House 's 2020 Freedom in the World report classified Norway as "free", scoring maximum points in the categories of "political rights" and "civil liberties". The Norwegian constitution , signed by the Eidsvoll assembly on 17 May 1814, transformed Norway from being an absolute monarchy into
2450-403: Was reduced in 2020 from 18. In addition are the island group Svalbard and the island Jan Mayen . Counties and municipalities have local autonomy, but this autonomy is circumscribed by national controls. Counties and municipalities are subject to the oversight of a governor ( statsforvalter ) appointed by the King in the Council of State . One governor exercises authority in both Oslo and
2500-416: Was the first to stay in office for a complete four-year election period since Per Borten 's coalition government of 1965–1969. A coalition between the Labour Party , Socialist Left Party , and Centre Party , took over from 17 October 2005 after the 2005 general election , where this coalition obtained a majority of 87 out of 169 seats in the Storting . Jens Stoltenberg became Prime Minister and formed
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