Hohenbrunn is a municipality in the district of Munich in Bavaria , Germany .
49-475: It is located in the southeast of Munich, occupying an area of 16.82 km². It connects to the Bundesautobahn 99 with its own exit, BAS Hohenbrunn. As of 30 June 2014, the population was 8,726. Early settlements existed around springs from 500 to 800 AD. The first written remark about Hohenbrunn is dated to the year 780 AD by Tassilo III of Bavaria . This Munich district location article
98-452: A 50% decrease in accidents. It is reported that the Danes have also found that separate cycle tracks lead to a reduction in rural collisions. In some countries, the use of shoulders is optional for cyclists, who may choose not to use it for reasons such as: it being too narrow, inviting dangerously close passes at high speed by motorists; it having a road surface unsuitable for cycling or putting
147-576: A continuation from Munich-Lochhausen to the Germering-Nord junction was put into operation with a ceremony, and opened to public traffic from 19 February 2006, after another section to the A96 at the interchange München-Südwest already went into operation at the end of November 2005. This is where the A 99 ends today. On 26 November 2008 the Autobahndirektion Südbayern presented interim results of
196-488: A controlled variable speed limit have been put in place to improve safety. This has proved very successful, with journey times decreasing by 26% northbound and 9% southbound. Drivers can also better predict their journey times as the variability decreased by 27%. The average accident rate dropped from 5.2 to 1.5 per month. It has also proved popular with motorists, 60% of whom want to see it expanded to other English motorways. This ' smart motorway ' system has been expanded to
245-422: A dozen case fatalities still under coronial investigation) that had been reported to Australian coroners where a person was "struck in an emergency lane after their vehicle had stopped" between July 2000 and November 2010. The right-hand shoulder is separated by a solid white line, and the left-hand shoulder (if the road is one-way, such as part of a divided highway ) is separated from the leftmost through lane by
294-534: A number and belongs to the Federal Highway 99. The Eschenrieder Spur was completed on 5 September 1998, before the construction of the cross Munich-West, for traffic. [1] From today's perspective, it serves as a shortcut between the A 8 from the direction of Stuttgart and the A99 to the junction Munich-North, as the junction Munich-West, where these highways intersect, lies a few kilometres south. The triangles therefore at
343-827: A pilot project that aims to reduce delayed bus trips. There are also some bus-bypass shoulders in the United Kingdom , on the motorways of Northern Ireland heading towards Belfast and the M90 motorway in Scotland towards Edinburgh . In the United Kingdom, usage of the hard shoulder is known as "hard shoulder running". A pilot project on an 18-kilometre (11 mi) stretch of the M42 motorway , near Birmingham , began in September 2006. Active traffic management with special signage, new laybys and
392-448: A running lane, named all lane running smart motorways) and there are a small number of dual carriageway A-roads which do possess hard shoulders (for example, parts of the A1 , A2 and A27 ). Hard shoulders are always marked with a reflecting solid white line which is 20 centimetres (7.9 in) wide and is provided with a rumble strip . A line of red cats' eyes is also used, and is placed to
441-528: A solid yellow line. On many roads, the lines are supplemented by reflective raised pavement markers or rumble strips to provide additional visual and tactile feedback to drivers crossing the lines. On freeways in foggy areas of California , there is an obvious break in the line of the shoulder before every exit. This is to help drivers find their exits in heavy fog (especially the dangerous tule fog ). In France, roadway shoulders are usually 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) wide, or 3 metres (10 ft) wide when
490-476: Is 3.7 metres (12 ft). As a result, some motorists are unable to fully exit the mainline when they need to pull over, so they end up in a position that is halfway in the rightmost lane and only partly on the shoulder. The end result is often a traffic jam and occasionally a collision. In some jurisdictions in the United States and Canada, buses are allowed to drive on the shoulder to pass traffic jams, which
539-524: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bundesautobahn 99 Bundesautobahn 99 (translates from German as Federal Motorway 99 , short form Autobahn 99 , abbreviated as BAB 99 or A 99 ) is an autobahn in southern Germany. It is the Munich outer ring road . Due to the Second World War , the construction was begun only in places, the clearest evidence of
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#1732883465100588-411: Is a calibrated scale with which the exact weight can be determined. [REDACTED] E533 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/AK-Muenchen-West.png The Eschenrieder Spange (trans.: connecting road; in the common and in everyday language also A 99a ) is the connecting piece between the triangles Munich-Allach and Munich-Eschenried is called. Officially, this piece of highway lacks
637-425: Is an emergency stopping lane by the verge on the outer side of a road or motorway . Many wider freeways , or expressways elsewhere have shoulders on both sides of each directional carriageway—in the median, as well as at the outer edges of the road, for additional safety. Shoulders are not intended for use by through traffic, although there are exceptions. Shoulders have multiple uses, including: The shoulder
686-860: Is called a bus-only shoulder or bus-bypass shoulder (BBS); the term "bus-only shoulder lane" is incorrect from a technical and legal standpoint. In Ontario , Highway 403 had its shoulders between Hurontario Street and Erin Mills Parkway widened in 2003 so they serve a dual purpose as bus lanes and accident lanes. In the Minneapolis–Saint Paul region of Minnesota , over 430 kilometres (270 mi) of shoulder have been designated for use by buses. The Route 9 BBS in Central New Jersey which runs along two stretches of shoulders are dedicated for exclusive bus use during peak hours. The bus lanes, which run for approximately 4.8 kilometres (3 mi), are
735-460: Is divided into three planning sections. For the first section between AK München-Nord and AS Aschheim / Ismaning, the plan approval decision was issued on 14 January 2013. It costs 147 million Euros (237,214,837.42 SGD) to build the road. The Aubinger Tunnel is Bavaria's longest motorway tunnel with its 1956 metres. It has been honoured by the ADAC as one of the safest tunnels. The tunnel also has one of
784-563: Is narrow or non-existent. To save money, the shoulder was often not paved to the same thickness as the through lanes, so if vehicles were to attempt to use it as a through lane regularly, it would rapidly deteriorate. In Britain, shoulder running can occur during roadworks, and full depth construction is now standard. In some metro areas, road authorities also allow shoulders to be used as lanes at peak periods. However, rural shoulders often collect various bits of road debris that can make driving there less safe. Drivers will sometimes drift into
833-487: Is not allowed to drive on the shoulder, but in case of traffic blockage, use of the shoulder is allowed to reach an exit if it is within 500 metres. Full width hard shoulders are usually provided only on motorways and are usually 3.3 metres (11 ft) wide, but there are exceptions. Some motorways do not have hard shoulders at all (for example the A57(M) and many smart motorways where the hard shoulder has been converted into
882-402: Is to build a continuous paved shoulder whenever possible. The US Federal Highway Administration encourages the placement of a Safety Edge —a 30° compacted taper on the end of the pavement drop-off—to ensure that any driver running off the edge of the roadway is better able to maintain control while trying to steer back onto the roadway. The Safety Edge is effective on roads where the shoulder
931-410: Is usually slightly narrower than a full traffic lane. In some cases, particularly on older rural roadways, shoulders that initially existed were hardened with gravel rather than being paved with asphalt , tarmac or concrete . In Britain, motorway shoulders are now paved, but are still known as "hard shoulders". Older, gravel shoulders have sometimes been termed soft shoulders by comparison. Because
980-648: The M6 , M1 and M25 , as well as parts of the M60 and M62 . In the United States, on Interstate 93 between Exit 35 (formerly 41) and Exit 43 (formerly 46) and SR 3 between Exit 27 (formerly 12) and Exit 38 (formerly 16) in the Boston metro area, cars are allowed to use the shoulder as they would a normal lane during morning and evening rush hours . The same scheme is employed elsewhere, such as on Interstate 580 in California on
1029-458: The N7 Naas Road , and such use of actual hard shoulder is not universal. The shoulders located on the sides of Italy 's highways are normally used as emergency lanes in case of breakdown or by emergency vehicles in case of queues. According to the regulation in force, it is mandatory to wear a high visibility jacket when dismounting from a vehicle stopped in an emergency lane. Normally one
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#17328834651001078-564: The OECD indicates that rural locations account for 35% or more of cycling fatalities in Denmark, Finland, France, Great Britain, Japan, the Netherlands, and Spain. The use of appropriately designed segregated space on arterial or interurban routes appears to be associated with reductions in overall risk. In Ireland , the provision of hard shoulders on interurban routes in the 1970s reportedly resulted in
1127-865: The Richmond-San Rafael Bridge , and on Interstate 405 between SR 527 and I-5 in Bothell . Florida has developed a plan for the use of inside shoulders by moving traffic during hurricane evacuations on portions of Interstate 4 (eastbound from Tampa to Celebration), Interstate 10 (westbound from Jacksonville to Tallahassee), Interstate 75 (northbound from Naples to I-10; both directions from Naples to Ft. Lauderdale), Interstate 95 (northbound from West Palm Beach to near Jacksonville), Florida's Turnpike (northbound from Boynton Beach to Kissimmee and Winter Garden to I-75), and Florida State Road 528 (westbound through rural Orange County). Florida's ESU plan prohibits trucks, busses, and trailers from driving on
1176-422: The 1970s reportedly resulted in a 50% decrease in accidents involving pedal cyclists. The hard shoulder is usually demarcated by road markings in the form of a single dashed yellow line with the addition of yellow cat's eyes . On motorways, and at critical points on other routes (e.g. between junctions or interchanges, or beneath overpasses) a solid yellow line is used, denoting additional restrictions on usage of
1225-454: The Eschenried interchange) on the A 8 from the northern part of the A 99. [REDACTED] Media related to Bundesautobahn 99 at Wikimedia Commons 48°05′25″N 11°44′42″E / 48.0903°N 11.745°E / 48.0903; 11.745 Hard shoulder A shoulder ( American English ), hard shoulder ( British English ) or breakdown lane ( Australian English )
1274-706: The Federal Transport Infrastructure as a project in further demand with high ecological risk. In October 2004, a deletion of the project from the Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan was decided. Nevertheless, in May 2006, a feasibility study was commissioned. Their estimated costs of around half a million euros were shared by the Federation and the Free State of Bavaria. On 18 February 2006
1323-625: The Isar valley is planned together with Grünwald and Pullach or a tunnel further to the north. Both routes are estimated to cost €1.2 billion. The continuation of the A 99 is politically controversial. On 15 June 2010 the Bavarian Prime Minister, Horst Seehofer, stopped the project. The A99 will be extended between the interchange between Munich-North and Aschheim / Ismaning in the years 2017 to 2019. For this purpose, preparations for provisional traffic management have already started in 2016. During
1372-460: The Tampa Bay and Sarasota-Bradenton areas. Texas has also considered emergency shoulder use for hurricane evacuations. Although direct rear impacts only make up 3% of motorist-on-cyclist collisions, they are a more prominent collision type in arterial road type situations. When they occur in such circumstances, they are also associated with significantly increased risk of fatality. Data collated by
1421-605: The construction activity at that time is the Allach-Untermenzinger route clearly visible on aerial photographs, together with remains of the route for the cross with the BAB 8; a never-used bridge at the site was demolished in the mid-1990s. Furthermore, there are cleared forest sections north of the Hasenbergl. After the war, first the section between the cross Munich north and the cross Munich south (old designation: cross Brunnthal)
1470-557: The construction, six lanes will be available. However, the activation of the page strip will not be possible. It will come to major traffic obstructions. The A 99 was originally built six-lane. It now has four lanes per direction of travel between exit 12a (München-Neuherberg) and Kreuz München-Nord. During peak hours, drivers may also drive on the hard shoulder on the normally six-lane section between Kreuz München-Nord and Kreuz München-Süd. The highway should also be expanded eight-lane between cross Munich-north and junction Haar. The section
1519-634: The edge line becomes solid. Full-width hard shoulders are provided on most new, upgraded (from the 1980s onwards), and major national roads in the Republic of Ireland , especially on wide two-lane and dual-carriageway roads (the shoulders on most 2+1 roads are narrow however). They are defined within the official document the Rules of the Road as a part of the road that should normally only be used by cyclists and pedestrians. Their provision of on interurban routes in
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1568-637: The end also have only slip roads towards Augsburg / Stuttgart or Munich-Nord. The highway runs along the entire length parallel to the Munich Nordring. The corresponding slip roads were missing at the interchange München-West until summer 2012, so that one had to use the Eschenrieder Spange. Likewise, it was not possible to reach the Munich-Langwied junction (between the Munich-West intersection and
1617-409: The feasibility study was to examine what impact the proposed routes would have on the environment, space structure, transport and construction costs. On 17 May 2010 the Autobahndirektion Südbayern presented the final report of the study. The presentation of the report comes to the conclusion that "taking into account the measures for the prevention and reduction of interventions, the closing of the gap in
1666-712: The first component of a planned 32-kilometre (20 mi) BBS corridor. In the Chicago area, Pace buses are authorised to use the shoulder of the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway , Edens Expressway , and Stevenson Expressway to avoid delays from traffic congestion. In the Seattle area, Community Transit and Sound Transit Express commuter buses are authorised to use the shoulders of Interstate 5 and Interstate 405 on small segments in Snohomish County as part of
1715-495: The hard shoulder. At junctions and on-ramps and off-ramps, the yellow line peels away into the turn, with a dashed white line (with green cats' eyes) denoting a lane division following the main route (i.e. in most cases the road remains the same width, and a turn lane takes the place of the hard shoulder). In the 2000s, Bus Éireann coaches were allowed to use the hard shoulders on national roads into Dublin. However, dedicated bus lanes are now present on sections of some routes, such as
1764-459: The junctions Hohenbrunn and Haar there is a truck control centre of the police and the Federal Office for Freight Traffic in the direction of Nuremberg / Stuttgart. Already in front of the control point, the axle loads of trucks are measured by means of sensors in the lane of the motorway to check the permissible total weight of trucks. Conspicuous trucks are then waved out at the checkpoint; There
1813-487: The most modern speed control systems in Europe. The measurements have been made in both directions since the beginning of March 2008, without the drivers noticing. Every 500 meters after the entrance, measuring points are set up in both directions, which forward the measured data directly to the police. In the first week after its launch, more than 1,500 speeding violations have been registered, according to press releases. Between
1862-505: The motorway ring is basically meaningful and feasible". The final report will provide a planning recommendation for two of the original routes studied. Both routes connect the motorway junction Munich-Southwest with different sections of the A 995 in Unterhaching or Taufkirchen. Both routes provide for the tunneling of the village Krailling with the Würmtal. Depending on the route, a tunneling of
1911-414: The path of the cyclist in direct conflict with the paths of other road users, such as those turning across the shoulder. Generally, the usable width of the road begins where one can ride without increased danger of falls, jolts or blowouts. A road may have a gravel shoulder, its edge may be covered with sand or trash and the pavement may be broken. In a similar manner to Canada, Italy and the United States,
1960-399: The paved surface ends at that point, they are less safe if they need to be used for emergency manoeuvres. Notably, the section of Ontario Highway 401 between Windsor and London had soft shoulders with a sharp slope which was blamed for facilitating vehicle rollovers, if drivers accidentally drifted off the paved section of the road and then overreacted after hitting the gravel. Modern practice
2009-452: The plan occurred on 8–9 September 2017 before the arrival of Hurricane Irma . Florida implemented ESU again in October 2024 prior to the arrival of Hurricane Milton , which underwent explosive intensification from a Category 1 into a Category 5 hurricane two days before its forecast landfall on the west central Gulf Coast of Florida as a major hurricane which prompted a large evacuation from
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2058-508: The roadway carries more than 2,000 vehicles per day. The main difference from other European countries is that the white line is dashed, typically 39 metres (128 ft) long with gaps 13 metres (43 ft) long. The design is intended to provide a guide for drivers to maintain a safe distance between vehicles. Road signs can be found along motorways, to indicate the safe distance (1 line = too close, 2 lines = safe distance). At some points (tunnel, bridge, narrow road with no shoulder, tight curve)
2107-406: The safety benefits of the shoulder. Some roads have a narrow shoulder for significant distances. This makes it difficult for large vehicles to pull into the hard shoulder altogether. The Jingjintang Expressway in north-eastern China is an example of this phenomenon. Its shoulder is only 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) wide, which is not wide enough for some automobiles—a standard lane in the U.S. and UK
2156-452: The shoulder and limits the speed limit to 50 mph on the shoulder, which is typically only 10 feet (3.0 m) wide compared to the standard 12 feet (3.7 m) width of highway travel lanes and contains rumble strips . The shoulder-use plan was implemented in place of labour- and resource-intensive contraflow lane reversal , in which both sides of an interstate highway are used for one direction of traffic. The first implementation of
2205-424: The shoulder when being overtaken by passing vehicles, particularly on two-lane roads. However, it is extremely unsafe, and in most jurisdictions illegal, to abuse the shoulder by 'undertaking' passing vehicles that are nearer the centre of the road. On older roads, the shoulder may disappear for short periods, near exits or when going across or under bridges or tunnels where the cost savings were thought to outweigh
2254-595: The shoulders located on the side of Australia's highways are normally used as an emergency lane in the case of a breakdown or by emergency vehicles in the case of road congestion. However, no mandatory regulations exist to wear a high-visibility jacket when dismounting from the vehicle stopped in an emergency lane. A recent study conducted by the National Coroners Information System (NCIS) in Australia has revealed 29 closed case fatalities (and at least
2303-498: The study. A second interim report followed on 29 April 2009. Of the originally considered 95 route variants, only eleven are left. The lengths of the routes vary between 13 and 35 kilometers. The southernmost route variant runs south of Gauting, Baierbrunn and Oberhaching. Since large parts of it would have to be built underground, the construction costs would add up to 45 million euros per kilometer. Conventionally built motorway kilometers cost about eight million Euros. The final step of
2352-405: Was also subsequently - a few years after completion of the section between A 9 (Munich-Nuremberg) and A 8 (Munich-Salzburg) - built to relieve the community Aschheim from through traffic. However, this has only partially succeeded. A ring closure in the south of the A 96 to the A 95 and further to the cross Munich-South (or to the A 995 at Unterhaching) was added in 2003 by the federal government in
2401-479: Was built in the 1970s. The A 8 Munich-Stuttgart was provisionally connected via the federal highway 471 to the A 9. Until then, the long-distance traffic had to drive through the urban area of Munich. The junction München-Fröttmaning-Nord was subsequently built to accommodate the additional traffic of the Allianz Arena from and to Stuttgart. It is only designed as a half connection point. The exit Aschheim / Ismaning
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