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58-584: In 1619, a set organisation was finally established for the Austrian Imperial court which came to be the characteristic organisation of the Austrian-Habsburg court roughly kept from this point onward. The first rank of the female courtiers was the Obersthofmeisterin , who was second in rank after the empress herself, and responsible for all the female courtiers. Whenever absent, she was replaced by

116-741: A composition manual to establish the appropriate usage of the Portuguese language for all government agencies. The manual states that the title of Excelência (Excellency) is the proper form used to address the president and vice president , all members of parliament and judges , among other officials. In the Kingdom of Cambodia , deputy prime ministers, senior ministers, members of the Council of Ministers , secretary of state, and members of Parliament are referred to as "His/Her Excellency" ( Khmer : ឯកឧត្ដម , Êk Ŏtdâm / លោកជំទាវ , Loŭk Chumtéav ). Within

174-619: A custom dating from the ancient times wherein the Samrāt and Sāmrājñi (सम्राट, साम्राज्ञी/Emperor, Empress), Generals, Kings, Ambassadors were addressed. A classic example is addressing Devvrat ( Bhishma ) as महामहिम भीष्म (His/Your Excellency Bhishma) in Mahabharat. However the Constitution makers approved will discontinue "ancient era" styles of Mahāmahim. The same release states that in English (which

232-527: A higher style. Former members of a royal house or family, who have forfeited a royal title, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a royal prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg , following her divorce from Prince Joachim of Denmark . Likewise, Count Carl Johan Bernadotte of Wisborg , who lost his succession rights to the Swedish throne and discontinued use of his royal titles in 1946 when he married

290-695: A prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. For example, in the Empire of Brazil , it was attached to the highest classes, each time called Grand Cross , of all three imperial orders: Imperial Order of Pedro I , Imperial Order of the Southern Cross with the military honours of a Lieutenant general and Order of the Rose . Knights of the Collar and Knights Grand Cross of the Spanish Orders of Chivalry, such as

348-435: A title of office itself, the honorific Excellency precedes various titles held by the holder, both in speech and in writing. In reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency ; in direct address, Your Excellency , or, less formally, Excellency . The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency ; alternatively it may stand for His Eminence . In most republican nation states ,

406-429: Is "Mr./ Madam President". Members of the Council of Ministers of Belgium , consisting of the prime minister , deputy prime minister(s) , other ministers , and Secretaries of state , and also honorary ministers of state , are entitled to the style of His/Her Excellency . The style is also used for the governors of Belgium , which are governors of the ten provinces of Belgium , governor of Brussels , governor of

464-520: Is Turkish and means Majesty or Highness and thus literally translated means Higher Majesty or Higher Highness and is internationally also equal to His Royal Highness . The King himself held the title Alaa Hazrat Humayoon which literally translated means His Most Noble Majesty , and can be equalized with His Majesty internationally. President Daoud Khan , the Cousin of the last Afghan King Zahir Shah , who acted as prime minister under his cousin held

522-515: Is addressed as Your Excellency or in the Irish language, a Shoilse (literally, "brightness ( VOC )". Alternatively, one may address the president simply as President or in the Irish language a Uachtaráin . The president of Italy and the prime minister of Italy (officially called President of the Council of Ministers) are referred to as "His/Her Excellency" in international diplomacy. Furthermore,

580-642: Is often granted to the organization's head as well, and to those chiefs of UN diplomatic missions, such as Resident Coordinators (who are the designated representatives of the Secretary-General), who are accredited at the Head of State level (like an Ambassador), or at the lower Head of Government level. In recent years, some international organizations, such as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , or

638-504: Is or was the title of the senior lady-in-waiting in the courts of Austria, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Imperial Russia, and the German princely and royal courts. In 1619, a set organisation was finally established for the Austrian Imperial court which came to be the characteristic organisation of the Austrian-Habsburg court roughly kept from this point onward. The first rank of

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696-557: Is the other language in which subsidiary official communications are released in the Central Government of India in its capacity of Sahāyak Rājabhāśhā: Subsidiary Officiating language) the style Honourable shall replace the erstwhile His/Her/Your Excellency. The newer style will be Honourable . The corresponding changes in releases from the President's Secretariat shall be from Mahāmahim to Rāshtrapatiji. The release also talks about

754-460: The kammarfrøken . This was also the case when the office of hofmesterinde to the queen was left vacant in 1808–23 and 1839–45, and was handled by Friederiche Amalie Marie Hedevig von der Manfe and Marie Ernestine Wilhelmine von Walterstorf respectively. The Austrian court model was the role model for the princely courts in Germany, and the post of Obersthofmeisterin, or only hofmeisterin , existed in

812-726: The Danish monarch , who have entered a morganatic marriage or otherwise left the Royal Family have the right to be styled as Your Excellency , e.g., the Counts of Danneskiold-Samsøe , some of the counts of Rosenborg and the Countess of Frederiksborg ( ad personam ). In the Sultanate of Sulu , senior nobility and holders of royal offices that are granted the title of Datu Sadja are referred to as His/Her Excellency. Excellency can also attach to

870-674: The European Union , have designated their permanent representatives in third countries as ambassadors , although they do not represent sovereign entities. This is now largely accepted, and because these ambassadors rank after the UN representative in the orders of precedence of representatives of international organizations, the UN coming naturally first as pre-eminent, the UN Resident Coordinators are now also commonly but informally referred to in diplomatic circles as ambassadors , although

928-579: The Fräuleinhofmeisterin , normally in charge of the unmarried female courtiers, their conduct and service. The early modern Danish court was organized according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the Imperial Austrian court model, from the 16th century onward. The highest rank female courtier to a female royal was the hofmesterinde (Court Mistress) from 1694/98 onward named Overhofmesterinde (Chief Court Mistress), equivalent to

986-713: The Order of Charles III , Order of Isabella the Catholic , Order of Civil Merit , Order of Alfonso X the Wise , Royal Order of Sports Merit , Civil Order of Health , as well as recipients of the Grand Cross of Military , Naval , and Aeronautical Merit are addressed as such. Furthermore, Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem , Order of Saint Gregory the Great , and

1044-631: The Order of St. Sylvester of the Holy See , and Grand Cross of The Lion, Crested Crane, Crown, and The Drum of Rwanda, and Knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece , and Knights Grand Cross of several other orders of high prestige, are often addressed as Excellency . By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Catholic Church

1102-404: The head of state is formally referred to as His or Her Excellency . If a republic has a separate head of government , that official is almost always addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy , however, the customs may vary. For example, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, state governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to

1160-659: The national bank of Belgium and both foreign ambassadors in Belgium and Belgian ambassadors to other countries. Moreover, within the Catholic Church in Belgium , the ( arch- ) bishops and (pro-)nuntia are referred to as His Excellency Monsignor or Zijne Excellentie Monseigneur in Dutch, Son Excellence Monseigneur in French and Seine Exzellenz Monsignore in German . In 1991, the Brazilian Presidential Office issued

1218-464: The speaker of the Parliament and the prime minister , and has precedence over former speakers of the Parliament and former prime ministers. The incumbent is Kirstine von Blixen-Finecke , who has served from 2016. The title and position have changed over time. Before the reign of Queen Christina (1632–1654), the title was generally referred to as hovmästarinna (Court Mistress), but during and after

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1276-604: The Commonwealth of Nations, the following officials usually use the style His or Her Excellency : While reference may be made to the King's Most Excellent Majesty , the style Excellency is not used with reference to the King . The president of Chile and the president of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile are referred to by the style "His/Her Excellency". The president of Finland and prime minister of Finland are both referred to by

1334-480: The Holy See's Secretariat of State , dated 28 March 1969, made the addition of Most Reverend optional, sanctioning what had always been the practice, except possibly for the beginnings of letters and the like. According to the letter of the decree of 31 December 1930, titular patriarchs too were to be addressed with the title of (Most Reverend) Excellency , but in practice the Holy See continued to address them with

1392-541: The Imperial Austrian court model, from the 16th century onward. The highest rank female courtier to a female royal was the hofmesterinde (Court Mistress) from 1694/98 onward named Overhofmesterinde (Chief Court Mistress), equivalent to the Mistress of the Robes, normally an elder widow, who supervised the rest of the ladies-in-waiting. The Princess Anne of Denmark married James VI of Scotland in 1589, and Fru Ide Ulfstand

1450-417: The Mistress of the Robes, normally an elder widow, who supervised the rest of the ladies-in-waiting. The Princess Anne of Denmark married James VI of Scotland in 1589, and Fru Ide Ulfstand was appointed hofmesterinde to her new household. In Scotland, Margaret Stewart, Mistress of Ochiltree seems to have fulfilled the role. When the office was vacant the tasks were taken over by the second in command,

1508-454: The Netherlands) , was named hofmesterees ('Court mistress') or dame d'honneur . The principal female office holder in the royal court of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the 19th century was named Grootmeesteres ('Grand Mistress'). During the union of Sweden-Norway in 1814–1905, Sweden and Norway shared the same royal family. At that time, there were two Chief Court Mistress for

1566-643: The Norwegian royal court, who served in her post during the visits of the Swedish-Norwegian royal family to Norway. Presently, the overhoffmesterinne in Norway acts as a vice hostess at the Norwegian royal court when the queen and the other female members of the royal family are absent. In 1722, the Russian Imperial court was reorganized in accordance with the reforms of Peter the Great to Westernize Russia, and

1624-471: The Queen on some occasions at court ceremonies and parties as hostess. During the reign of Christina, the office was often shared by several people. Excellency Excellency is an honorific style given to certain high-level officers of a sovereign state , officials of an international organization , or members of an aristocracy . Once entitled to the title "Excellency", the holder usually retains

1682-541: The UN itself does not refer to them in this way. Judges of the International Court of Justice also enjoy the style of Excellency . In some monarchies the husbands , wives , or children of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency , if not accorded

1740-505: The address Jalalat Mahab Aali Qadr Sardari Alaa during his term as Prime Minister . The president , the chairman of the Parliament and the prime minister are referred to as His/Her Excellency . The president , the prime minister , the chairman of the Parliament , as well as ministers and ambassadors of Armenia are addressed as Excellency , which in Armenian is Ձերդ գերազանցութիւն , Romanized Dzerd gerazancutiwn . The members of

1798-622: The commoner Elin Kerstin Margaretha Wijkmark, was accorded the style. In some emirates , such as Kuwait and Qatar , the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness . Their children are styled with His/Her Excellency unless they possess a higher honorific. In Spain members of the high nobility, holding the dignity of grandee , are referred to as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady . In Denmark, some counts ( lensgrever ), historically those related by blood or marriage to

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1856-413: The employment of new members to the court of the Queen, and every meeting and letter to the Queen passed through her. She also managed the ceremony of the court presentation, in which nobles were presented to the royal family and thus allowed to show themselves officially at court. She could also represent the Queen on some occasions at court ceremonies and parties as hostess. During the reign of Christina,

1914-453: The equivalent at the courts of other female members of the royal house was called hovmästarinna (Court Mistress). The position was the highest a female courtier could have in the Swedish royal court, and the överhovmästarinna was ranked an Excellency , something unusual for a woman in the 17th century, which placed her immediately after the female members of the royal house in rank. Her role

1972-400: The female courtiers was the Obersthofmeisterin , who was second in rank after the empress herself, and responsible for all the female courtiers. Whenever absent, she was replaced by the Fräuleinhofmeisterin , normally in charge of the unmarried female courtiers, their conduct and service. The early modern Danish court was organized according to the German court model, in turn inspired by

2030-400: The highest a female courtier could have in the Swedish royal court, and the överhovmästarinna was ranked an Excellency , something unusual for a woman in the 17th century, which placed her immediately after the female members of the royal house in rank. Her role was to uphold etiquette at court, and receive and carry out the instructions of the Queen in the management of the court. She managed

2088-454: The latter titles are often included between the first and last names of the holder, while in English the titles are not usually included and the style of His/Her Excellency is used on its own. Those styled this way include government ministers, senior military officers, and the husbands and children of Princesses. The president of Kenya is referred to as "His/Her Excellency". The governors of

2146-438: The nuncio. In English law, Anglican archbishops are granted the title of His/Her Grace , similar to a duke, and bishops are granted the title of Lord . The same titles are extended by courtesy to their Catholic counterparts, and continue in use in most countries that are or have been members of the Commonwealth, with the exception of the former British East African countries of Kenya , Uganda of Tanzania . In Afghanistan

2204-605: The office was often shared by several people. Obersthofmeisterin Court Mistress ( Danish : hofmesterinde ; Dutch : hofmeesteres ; German : Hofmeisterin ; Norwegian : hoffmesterinne ; Swedish : hovmästarinna ) or Chief Court Mistress (Danish: overhofmesterinde ; Dutch: grootmeesteres , lit.   'grand mistress'; German: Obersthofmeisterin ; Norwegian: overhoffmesterinne ; Swedish: överhovmästarinna ; Russian : обер-гофмейстерина , romanized :  ober-gofmeysterina )

2262-669: The old court offices of the Tsarina was replaced with court offices inspired by the German model. Accordingly, the new principal lady in waiting of the Russian empress was named Ober-Hofmeisterin . In Sweden, the Chief Court Mistress is the second highest-ranking official of the royal household, preceded only by the Marshal of the Realm . She ranks immediately below the members of the royal family ,

2320-515: The princely (and later royal) German courts as well. The German court model in turn became the role model of the early modern Scandinavian courts of Denmark and Sweden. In the 16th-century, the principal lady-in-waiting in the courts of the Habsburg governors of the Netherlands, Margaret of Austria and Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands) , was named hofmesterees ('Court mistress') or dame d'honneur . The principal female office holder in

2378-523: The reign of Queen Christina (1632–1654), the title was generally referred to as hovmästarinna (Court Mistress), but during and after the reign of Christina, it became the custom to have two such Court mistresses subordinate to one överhovmästarinna (Chief Court Mistress). Only the Queen and the Queen Dowager had a Chief Court Mistress called överhovmästarinna (the Chief Court Mistress) while

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2436-402: The reign of Christina, it became the custom to have two such Court mistresses subordinate to one överhovmästarinna (Chief Court Mistress). Only the Queen and the Queen Dowager had a Chief Court Mistress called överhovmästarinna (the Chief Court Mistress) while the equivalent at the courts of other female members of the royal house was called hovmästarinna (Court Mistress). The position was

2494-536: The right to that courtesy throughout their lifetime, although in some cases the title is attached to a particular office and is held only during tenure of that office. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state , heads of government , governors , ambassadors , Roman Catholic bishops , high-ranking ecclesiastics, and others holding equivalent rank, such as heads of international organizations. Members of royal families generally have distinct addresses such as Majesty , Highness , etc.. While not

2552-471: The royal court of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the 19th century was named Grootmeesteres ('Grand Mistress'). During the union of Sweden-Norway in 1814–1905, Sweden and Norway shared the same royal family. At that time, there were two Chief Court Mistress for the same queen: one as Queen of Sweden at the Swedish royal court when she lived in Sweden, and a separate Chief Court Mistress as Queen of Norway at

2610-400: The royal family are absent. In 1722, the Russian Imperial court was reorganized in accordance with the reforms of Peter the Great to Westernize Russia, and the old court offices of the Tsarina was replaced with court offices inspired by the German model. Accordingly, the new principal lady in waiting of the Russian empress was named Ober-Hofmeisterin . In Sweden, the Chief Court Mistress is

2668-414: The same queen: one as Queen of Sweden at the Swedish royal court when she lived in Sweden, and a separate Chief Court Mistress as Queen of Norway at the Norwegian royal court, who served in her post during the visits of the Swedish-Norwegian royal family to Norway. Presently, the overhoffmesterinne in Norway acts as a vice hostess at the Norwegian royal court when the queen and the other female members of

2726-441: The second highest-ranking official of the royal household, preceded only by the Marshal of the Realm . She ranks immediately below the members of the royal family , the speaker of the Parliament and the prime minister , and has precedence over former speakers of the Parliament and former prime ministers. The incumbent is Kirstine von Blixen-Finecke , who has served from 2016. The title and position have changed over time. Before

2784-488: The style "His/Her Excellency" in international diplomacy. The president of Germany and chancellor of Germany are both referred to by the style "Excellency" in international diplomacy, albeit not domestically. The president of India and governors of Indian states are addressed as Rāshtrapati Mahoday (राष्ट्रपति महोदय/ महोदया, Honourable President) and Rājyapāl Mahoday or Rājyapāl Mahodaya (if lady) (राज्यपाल महोदय/Honourable Governor) respectively. His/Her Excellency ,

2842-428: The styles of other dignitaries, like governors . "Hon'ble" will be used before the titles "president" and "governor", while the traditional honorifics Shri or Smt. ( Shrimati ) should precede the name. However, "Excellency" will continue to be used, only for interaction of leaders with foreign dignitaries and foreign dignitaries with Indian leaders as is customary international practice. The president of Ireland

2900-463: The terms "president" and "premier" are used as well. This latter is an informal and common address for the prime minister of Italy. For both institutional charges, the term "president" is usually exploited in formal and informal situations. Like many countries that once formed part of the Ottoman Empire, His/Her Excellency is used as the style for those with the title of Bey or Pasha . In Arabic

2958-571: The title Jalalat Mahab is used for Sardars , or Princes of the former Muhammadzai Dynasty , who are descendants of the Afghan King Sultan Mohammed Khan Telai . Although Jalalat Mahab is derived from the Arabic term Jalalat literally meaning His Majesty , it is regarded as equal to His Excellency or His Royal Highness internationally. The descendants of King Nadir Shah held the title Alaa Hazrat in which context Hazrat

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3016-403: The title of Beatitude , which was formally sanctioned for them with the motu proprio Cleri sanctitati of 2 June 1957. Cardinals , even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence . Eastern Orthodox titular metropolitans are addressed with the style of Excellency . In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to bishops other than

3074-533: The title of Most Reverend Excellency or Excellentia Reverendissima in Latin . In the years following the First World War , the ambassadorial title of Excellency , previously given to nuncios , had already begun to be used by other Catholic bishops. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the religious title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of

3132-443: The traditional Armenian nobility are also addressed as Excellency , which in Armenian it is Ձերդ պայծառութիւն Romanized as Dzerd paytzarrowtiwn , literally Your Brightness . In Bangladesh the president , prime minister , chief adviser , the speaker of the Parliament and international diplomats are styled with His/Her Excellency . The president , is styled with His/Her Excellency formally while their informal title

3190-471: The use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency and this remains the position for the governors of what are now known as British Overseas Territories . In various international organizations , notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government . It

3248-508: Was appointed hofmesterinde to her new household. In Scotland, Margaret Stewart, Mistress of Ochiltree seems to have fulfilled the role. When the office was vacant the tasks were taken over by the second in command, the kammarfrøken . This was also the case when the office of hofmesterinde to the queen was left vacant in 1808–23 and 1839–45, and was handled by Friederiche Amalie Marie Hedevig von der Manfe and Marie Ernestine Wilhelmine von Walterstorf respectively. The Austrian court model

3306-467: Was the role model for the princely courts in Germany, and the post of Obersthofmeisterin, or only hofmeisterin , existed in the princely (and later royal) German courts as well. The German court model in turn became the role model of the early modern Scandinavian courts of Denmark and Sweden. In the 16th-century, the principal lady-in-waiting in the courts of the Habsburg governors of the Netherlands, Margaret of Austria and Mary of Hungary (governor of

3364-444: Was to uphold etiquette at court, and receive and carry out the instructions of the Queen in the management of the court. She managed the employment of new members to the court of the Queen, and every meeting and letter to the Queen passed through her. She also managed the ceremony of the court presentation, in which nobles were presented to the royal family and thus allowed to show themselves officially at court. She could also represent

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