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48-677: Hjalmar was one of the mythical Swedish king Yngvi 's housecarls at Uppsala . He and princess Ingeborg were in love, but the king said no to his requests for marriage, since he hoped for a suitor with a better pedigree. Hjalmar's reputation as a courageous and valiant warrior was great and it reached the most remote parts of Norway, where the Norwegian hero Orvar-Odd felt a desire to test his fighting skills with Hjalmar. Thus Orvar-Odd sailed to Sweden with five ships and met Hjalmar who had fifteen ships. Hjalmar could not accept such an uneven balance of strength and sent away ten of his own ships so that

96-563: A lack of sources. The modern Swedish monarchy considers Eric the Victorious to have been the first King of Sweden. In medieval Swedish lists of kings, the figure generally represented as the first king of Sweden is Olof Skötkonung, the first Christian king of Sweden and the first Swedish king to mint coins. The earlier kings are for the most part only attested in Icelandic sagas , sometimes contradictory mixtures of myths and poetry, written in

144-465: A lineage that stretched back centuries, the Norwegian rulers may have attempted to demonstrate their inherent right to their lands and to put themselves on the same level as the Danes, who had historical accounts of their ancestors. The Swedish Ynglings might have been invented to glorify the Norwegian kings further, giving them a glorious and mythical past associated with Uppsala. Most of the sagas known today,

192-507: A new royal line. The sequence of kings presented below is given by the Hervarar saga , a saga written in the 12th or 13th century. The existence of Ivar Vidfamne and his dynasty, at least in the way described in the sagas, is considered highly unlikely in modern scholarship. As with the Yngling kings, precise dates are not presented in the sagas for Ivar Vidfamne or his descendants, but his reign

240-479: A silken (or silver) shirt ( Old Norse : skyrta ) which nothing could pierce, thus offered to take on Angantyr, but Hjalmar would hear none of it, accusing his sworn brother of taking away the better part of the glory. The variant description in Odd's saga is as follows: Angantyr reckons himself equal to three of his brothers when armed with his sword, forged by dwarfs and which will "bite anything, even iron or rock." Hjalmar

288-663: A stellar career as a student in Basel, Freiburg im Breisgau , and Berlin, completing his studies in 1887 in Freiburg with the doctoral thesis "Beitrag zum Consonantismus der Mundart von Baselstadt" ("A Contribution on Consonantism in the Dialect of Basel"). In 1890, when Heusler was 25 years old, he began lecturing in Berlin and was a professor of Nordic textual studies there from 1894 to 1913. He focused on research into Old Norse literature , especially

336-558: Is believed to have resulted from, or at the very least have been connected to, Viking expansion , with petty kings increasing their power through aggressive military ventures directed both to foreign lands (i. e. Viking raids) and against their neighbors. According to the Ynglinga saga , the Yngling dynasty's rule in Sweden was succeeded by Ivar Vidfamne, previously a petty king in Scania, who founded

384-567: Is eager to fight him nevertheless, thinking that his four-ringed mailcoat will afford him sufficient protection, even though Odd warns against the folly of it. Orvar-Odd quickly defeated Hjorvard and ten of the brothers, and started to look for Hjalmar. He found Angantyr dead, but Hjalmar was lethally wounded by Tyrfing. In his dying breath, Hjalmar composed a poem which was meant to be communicated to his beloved princess Ingeborg back in Uppsala. The composed poem, commonly known as "Hjalmar's death song"

432-548: Is estimated to have taken place in the 7th century. The only sources that mention Ivar are Icelandic sagas from centuries after his death. As Ivar is described as building a vast empire, including parts of Britain and northern Germany, it is unlikely that contemporary and later writers in Europe would not have written of him, had he existed. It is possible that the saga preserves a grain of the truth, perhaps being an embellishment of vague memories of an ancient warrior king, but most of what

480-577: Is found inserted in the older text of Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks as well as in Örvar-Odds saga , though the texts diverge considerably. In German it has been dubbed Hiálmars Sterbelied , and classed by Andreas Heusler as one of the so-called Eddica minora . Orvar-Odd buried all the slain men in barrows and Tyrfing. The agreement made beforehand that the slain would be given dignified burial together with their slain arms, Hjalmar with his mail-shirt, Angantyr with Tyrfing, and Odd too, had he been killed, with his shirt of protection and arrows (presumably

528-451: Is said of Ivar Vidfamne has to be considered legendary and fictional. The Munsö dynasty of kings is the earliest royal lineage that is mentioned not only in Icelandic sagas, but also in medieval Swedish sources. Though only a few examples survive, medieval Swedish lists of kings overwhelmingly begin with Olof Skötkonung , the first Christian king of Sweden, suggesting that he, and not any of

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576-599: The Poetic Edda and Íslendingasögur , translating many works into German and traveling twice to Iceland. From 1914 to 1919, Heusler was professor of Germanic textual studies at Berlin University. He moved back to Switzerland in 1920 and lived in Arlesheim near Basel, where a place was made for him at Basel University, where he worked until he reached the age limit in 1936. Besides ancient Germanic and Nordic culture, Heusler

624-560: The Swedes who preceded Eric the Victorious and Olof Skötkonung , the earliest reliably attested Swedish kings . The stories of some of these kings may be embellished tales of local rulers or chiefs that actually existed. For example, Hygelac (500 A.D.) is believed to have historical basis due to his name being attested in Frankish, English, Danish and Icelandic sources. But the historicity of most legendary kings remains impossible to verify due to

672-552: The Ynglinga saga as good sources for genuine historical information. As a historical source, the Ynglinga saga is much better used as a source on historiography and society during Sturluson's own time than as a source on Sweden's early history. It is possible that the Yngling line of kings is entirely fictional, invented by later Norwegian rulers to assert their right to rule Norway. In the Viking Age and later, Danish rulers repeatedly attempted to conquer Norway and through inventing

720-466: The Ynglinga saga included, were composed during a relatively brief period, from the 12th to 13th century, a time when royal power was being consolidated in Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Their creation might thus stem from political and social needs (i. e. justifying the rule of a dynasty), rather than a desire to tell genuine history. In addition to having been written centuries after the events they describe,

768-512: The Ynglinga saga , most of them being described as "Kings in Uppsala ", an early political center in Sweden. The Yngling dynasty is sometimes referred to as the "Royal House of Uppsala" in later scholarship. Notes The Ynglinga saga presents the following line of Yngling kings of the Swedes: Sturluson's Ynglinga saga was created far too late to serve as a reliable source in regards to

816-607: The 10th–11th century in England, but concerning events in Scandinavia in the 6th/7th century), wherein the Ynglings are called Scylfings ( Old Norse : Skilfingar ; Swedish : Skilvingar ). According to the Ynglinga saga , the earliest rulers used the title drotin (modern Swedish: Drott ). Even later Yngling rulers are typically not designated as "Kings of Sweden" or "Kings of the Swedes" in

864-588: The 11th–13th centuries, several centuries after the events described in them. What is genuine history and what is myth and legend in the sagas is impossible to determine today, and everything contained in them must as such be regarded as legendary, if not fictional. The earliest legendary dynasty, the Ynglings , may be an entirely invented sequence of kings, serving to justify and legitimize the later dynasties and rulers in Scandinavia who claimed descent from them. Many of

912-438: The 12th century. Sturluson would have had access to older (now lost) manuscripts when writing the Ynglinga saga , but this does not necessarily corroborate anything that appears in the Ynglinga saga as true. What is genuine history and what is myth and legend is today impossible to determine, and everything contained in the saga must as such be regarded as legendary, if not fictional. Modern scholarship does not see sagas such as

960-601: The 9th century in an attempt to Christianize the Swedes. In the writings of his companion Rimbert , the Vita Ansgari , several Swedish kings (who all precede Eric the Victorious) and who they met or heard of at Birka , an important Viking Age trading center, are mentioned. Attempts have been made to harmonize Ansgar's kings with the kings mentioned in the sagas but such attempts have to be considered unreliable and unverifiable. The Vita gives no genealogical information in regards to

1008-583: The Icelandic sources also contain the figure Blot-Sweyn , who is only present in some of the Swedish sources (and notably absent in Västgötalagen , an important early Swedish legal document) and a king by the name Kol or Erik Årsäll , completely absent in the Swedish sources. The same is true for the Hervarar saga , whose sequence of kings is identical to the sequence presented in Langfeðgatal . In some respects,

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1056-510: The Victorious, Icelandic sources give Björn Eriksson, preceded by Erik Anundsson. Apart from the kings found in the Vita Asgari , Adam writes that Eric the Victorious was preceded by Anund/Emund Eriksson, who in turn was preceded by Eric Ringsson and Emund/Anund Ringsson, sons and successors of a king by the name of Ring. Adam of Bremen's line of kings is thus: The Sparlösa Runestone , created c.   800, mentions several names, including

1104-752: The Yngling dynasty, claimed to have been descended from the Norse god Odin , the dynasty founded by Ivar Vidfamne , who conquered Sweden and deposed the Ynglings, and the House of Munsö , which succeeded Vidfamne's dynasty. The final few kings considered part of the Munsö dynasty by the Icelandic sagas; Eric the Victorious, Olof Skötkonung, Anund Jacob and Emund the Old , were real historical kings, though that does not mean that their legendary ancestors were real historical figures. Contemporary primary sources from 9th–11th century Germany, such as

1152-560: The Ynglings were real historical figures, they would have ruled during the Migration Period ( c.   375–550) and the subsequent Vendel Period ( c.   550–790), predating the Viking Age . Historical evidence of early geopolitics in Scandinavia suggests that larger political structures, kingdoms such as medieval Sweden, Norway and Denmark, did not form until the late Viking Age. The centralization of power under one monarch

1200-416: The accounts of Adam of Bremen and Rimbert , contradict the line of Munsö kings purported to have existed by the sagas. The sequence of legendary kings below derives from medieval Icelandic poet and historian Snorri Sturluson 's Ynglinga saga , the first section of the saga collection Heimskringla . The Ynglinga saga was composed by Sturluson c.   1230 and details the reigns and lives of

1248-432: The aforementioned Hervarar saga , also written in the 12th or 13th century. Langfeðgatal presents the following line of kings: The Langfeðgatal reconstruction of the Munsö dynasty and the later lineage of Swedish kings it presents does not conform with medieval Swedish primary sources. Though a majority of the kings from Olof Skötkonung onwards appear in the Icelandic sources with the same name and overall chronology,

1296-437: The choice herself. Naturally, Ingeborg chose Hjalmar and this vexed Hjorvard who challenged the happy Hjalmar to a duel on Samsø , and reminded that Hjalmar would be niðingr if he did not turn up. On the designated day, Hjalmar and Orvar-Odd arrived to Munarvágr on Samsø, and immediately stepped ashore to search for their adversaries. They soon found the scattered and gory remains of the crewmen, who had been slaughtered by

1344-403: The events and kings it describes, being separated from the earliest ones by several centuries. Ynglinga saga appears to have been based on an earlier scaldic poem, Ynglingatal , which is quoted at length by Snorri. Ynglingatal is not a reliable source either, though traditionally believed to have been composed at the end of the 9th or beginning of the 10th century, it might be from as late as

1392-455: The feelings between Hjalmar and Ingeborg. Orvar-Odd offered to help Hjalmar elope with Ingeborg, but Hjalmar declined and suffered patiently until a suitor arrived that Hjalmar could not tolerate. Further south, on Bolmsö , lived the feared berserker Arngrim and his twelve sons. They were all infamous berserkers who spread fear and destruction throughout the North. The eldest was a head taller than

1440-417: The forces would be even. The two warriors fought for two days with a lot of blood-letting and poetry, but it was a draw. Finally, they realized that they were equals and decided to become blood brothers by letting their blood flow under a strand of turf raised by a spear. Then the strand of turf was put back during oaths and incantations. Orvar-Odd accompanied Hjalmar back to Uppsala, where he soon discovered

1488-668: The kings of the Yngling dynasty ( Swedish : Ynglingar ), a legendary line of kings said to descend from the Norse god Odin . The Ynglings are described in the Ynglinga saga as the first royal blood line of the Swedes. The Ynglinga saga contains no references to chronology (such as specific dates of the reigns of the various kings) with the exception of presenting the rulers in chronological order. In some places, names appear (notably kings Ottar and Adils ) that might belong to people also attested in other sagas, such as Beowulf (written in

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1536-493: The kings preceding Olof Skötkonung. As the successors of King Stenkil ( r.   c.   1060–1066), the Icelandic sources give Håkan the Red , followed by a co-regency of Inge the Elder, Halsten and Blot-Sweyn. Adam of Bremen instead gives a more linear succession of Eric and Eric , followed by Halsten, Anund Gårdske and then Håkan the Red. As the direct predecessors of Eric

1584-460: The kings who ruled Norway in his time and claimed Yngling descent were not to be taken seriously. Though descent from figures such as Odin and Njord, gods in Norse mythology, might seem a prestigious origin, it would be problematic in early medieval Norway since the kings were Christian and their ancestors were worshipped as Pagan gods. Their addition to the saga might thus have been another attempt by Sturluson to undermine royal ideology. If some of

1632-440: The kings. It mentions the following four kings: In terms of sources on Viking Age kings, Adam of Bremen , who worked in the 11th century and wrote of Swedish kings, is significantly closer in time and place to the kings he describe than the centuries of separation in the sagas, only being separated from the mentioned rulers by at most about 150–100 years. The Icelandic sources are substantially different from his work, not only in

1680-434: The legendary kings would have ruled during the Migration Period ( c.   375–550) and subsequent Vendel Period ( c.   550–790), but larger political structures in Scandinavia (i. e. the medieval kingdoms of Sweden, Norway and Denmark) are not believed to have formed and centralized until the Viking Age . The legendary kings of Sweden, as presented in the sagas, covers three legendary dynasties of rulers;

1728-402: The magic arrows named Gusir's Gifts). Perhaps it was so as to ensure that it would not cause a second and third malicious deed, after Hjalmar's death. Then he sailed alone back to Uppsala with Hjalmar's corpse. Odd remembers in his own death-poem that he piggybacked Hjalmar's corpse to Sigtuna in Uppsala. When Ingeborg learned of Hjalmar's death, she fell dead also. The two lovers were buried in

1776-404: The name Alríkr (Alaric) in an unclear context, the name Eiríkr (Eric) in reference to a king at Uppsala and the name Eyvísl as the son of this Eiríkr. No written source mentions a king by the name Eyvísl, though the context of the stone does not make it clear whether he ruled as king or whether he was simply a prince. Andreas Heusler Andreas Heusler (10 August 1865 – 28 February 1940)

1824-437: The period 1890–1940. In 1893, Heusler married the singer Auguste Hohenschild , who was fourteen years his senior. The marriage was unhappy and they divorced in 1922, having been separated since 1901. Heusler died in Basel in 1940 after a short illness. Andreas Heusler was among the most influential figures in early Germanic studies in the first half of the twentieth century, and much of his work still resonates today, including

1872-413: The previous legendary figures, was seen as Sweden's first king. In Icelandic sources, such as the 12th/13th-century Langfeðgatal , Olof Skötkonung is regarded as a late ruler of a significantly older dynasty, stretching back to legendary Viking hero Ragnar Lodbrok . In addition to the short genealogical account of Langfeðgatal , Ragnar Lodbrok's royal dynasty is also presented in a more narrative form in

1920-489: The rest and his name was Angantyr , and it was to him that Arngrim had entrusted the sword Tyrfing , which had been cursed by its makers, the Dwarves Dvalinn and Durin . This sword would cause three evil deeds and one man had to die every time it was unsheathed. The next eldest was Hjorvard and one Yule , when everyone was at home and bragged about what they would accomplish the following year, Hjorvard declared that he

1968-519: The royal sequence is more correct in the Langfeðgatal ; Swedish medieval sources tend to omit the kings Anund Jacob and Emund the Old, who can be verified through foreign documents and through the coins they minted, and where the Swedish sources present kings as successive, some (such as Inge the Elder) are known to have co-ruled with others, which is accurately presented in the Icelandic versions. The missionary Ansgar travelled to Sweden several times during

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2016-495: The sagas have numerous other problems which make them unsuitable to use as sources. Many of the elements of the Ynglinga saga appear to be based on later, documented, events and people in Scandinavia. For instance, the figure of Aun, described as being driven from Uppsala and taking up court in Västergötland instead, is similar to the historical Swedish king Inge the Elder ( r.   c.   1079–1084, 1087–1105), who

2064-560: The same barrow. Tyrfing would not remain buried. For its continued adventures, see Hervor . [REDACTED] This article contains content from the Owl Edition of Nordisk familjebok , a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the public domain . Mythological kings of Sweden The legendary kings of Sweden ( Swedish : sagokonungar, sagokungar , lit.   ' saga kings / fairy tale kings') according to legends were rulers of Sweden and

2112-415: The twelve berserkers. Orvar-Odd immediately went to the forest and cut himself a huge club (according to Saxo , he took a rudder), whereupon the two companions continued their search for the twelve brothers. The decision was that one of the pair would fight Angantyr who wielded the sword Tyrfing, leaving the other to contend with the other eleven berserkers including the rival suitor Hjorvard. Orvar-Odd wore

2160-564: Was a Swiss philologist who specialized in Germanic studies . He was a Professor of Germanic Philology at the University of Berlin and a renowned authority on early Germanic literature . Andreas Heusler was born into a prestigious family in Basel, the third in a line of fathers and sons bearing the same name (his father was Andreas Heusler (1834–1921) and his grandfather Andreas Heusler (1802–1868); both worked in law and government). Andreas enjoyed

2208-577: Was driven from Uppsala into Västergötland in the 11th century. The Ynglinga saga might also be an example of anti-royal social commentary rather than an attempt to tell history. Many of the kings in the saga are overshadowed by their contemporary vassals and wives, and they are rarely shown in a positive light. The inglorious deaths of many of the Swedish Ynglings; with examples such as murder, burning to death, drowning in mead and being " hag-ridden " to death, might be an attempt by Sturluson to say that

2256-460: Was noted for his love of music (he played the violin); around 1889 he switched from a strongly held Christianity to being a confirmed atheist . There is some debate as to where Heusler stood on German nationalism in the 1930s. He seems at first to have been swayed by it, but it is thought that he turned his back on Adolf Hitler around 1938. A good insight into his thoughts is offered by the four hundred letters to Wilhelm Ranisch which he wrote in

2304-475: Was to marry princess Ingeborg at Uppsala. In the spring, the twelve brothers arrived at Uppsala and Hjorvard asked for Ingeborg's hand, but this was something Hjalmar would not tolerate. Hjalmar stepped forth and said that he deserved the princess more than a strange berserker. The king who was uncomfortable with having twelve infamous berserkers in his hall declared that he could not possibly choose between two so great men, and thus he preferred to let Ingeborg make

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