50-471: Historic Deerfield is a museum dedicated to the heritage and preservation of Deerfield, Massachusetts , and history of the Connecticut River Valley . Its historic houses, museums, and programs provide visitors with an understanding of New England 's historic villages and countryside. It is located in the village of Old Deerfield which has been designated a National Historic Landmark District (as
100-578: A 330-year-old, mile-long street situated along the Deerfield River in the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts . At the time of European contact, the area now known as Deerfield was inhabited by the indigenous Pocumtuck nation. The town was originally established as a grant of land to the residents of Dedham, Massachusetts , who had given land to the Massachusetts Bay Colony for
150-529: A Mohawk man and had a family with him, choosing not to return to New England. In 1741 she visited surviving siblings for the first time, and she made two more visits later. Deerfield survived the raid, and the frontier was pushed farther north and west. Settlers eventually moved into present-day Vermont and established settlements farther up the Connecticut River in New Hampshire . The town of Deerfield
200-403: A cursive font in both upper and lowercase letters, and the third alphabet is a block type font. The sampler is bordered by green vine motives on three sides, with a geometric triangle pattern on the bottom edge. Below the alphabets, Esther embroidered a garden scene, with a blue house in the center, flanked by two trees on either side, and a white picket fence surrounding them. Underneath the fence,
250-401: A gift shop. The Deerfield Inn is available for visitors. Historic Deerfield was founded by Henry and Helen Flynt, who had visited Deerfield in 1936 when their son attended Deerfield Academy . It was originally called "The Heritage Foundation" (not to be confused with The Heritage Foundation ), but was changed to Historic Deerfield after Flynt's death in 1970. Historic Deerfield is based on
300-539: A months-long trek to Montreal , nearly 300 miles to the north. Many died along the way; others were killed because they could not keep up. In this period, there was an active trade in ransoming captives among both the English and French. Deerfield and other communities collected funds to ransom the captives, and negotiations were conducted between the colonial governments. When the Massachusetts Bay Colony released
350-542: A new wave of Eastern European immigrants, particularly from Poland . The new people influenced Deerfield's demographics and culture. They were mostly Catholic peasants , who built their own churches. Working first as laborers, they formed a community later known as Old Polonia. Twentieth-century immigrants from Poland tended to be more educated but settled in the larger cities. Immigrants in smaller communities followed different paths, and their descendants often moved to cities for more opportunities. Today, heritage tourism
400-478: A three sided border. The uniformity in the works created from 1798–1826 suggests that the girls who created them studied under one instructor, but who they were and where they taught is unknown. A well known example of the White Dove style was created by a girl named Esther Slate, at the age of ten years old in 1824. There are no less than three alphabets stitched into four separate rows, the first two alphabets are in
450-502: Is Deerfield's principal industry and is important to the Pioneer Valley. "Historic Deerfield" has been designated as a National Historic Landmark district, containing eleven house museums and a regional museum and visitors' center. It focuses on decorative arts, early American material culture, and history. Its eleven house museums offer interpretation through the late nineteenth century. The Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association operates
500-621: Is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts , United States. Settled near the Connecticut River in the 17th century during the colonial era, the population was 5,090 as of the 2020 census . Deerfield is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area in western Massachusetts , lying 30 miles (48 km) north of the city of Springfield. Deerfield includes the villages of South Deerfield and Old Deerfield, which
550-593: Is a consortium of museums in Western Massachusetts and includes art museums which are part of the Five Colleges as well as Historic Deerfield . The Five College Museums maintains a searchable database of the collections of the museums that is among the larger art galleries on the internet. These museums also participate in Museums10 . This article related to an art display, art museum or gallery in
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#1733086070695600-478: Is co-ed, and Eaglebrook School , which is a school for boys. For several decades during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Deerfield was the northwesternmost outpost of New England settlement. It occupies a fertile portion of the upper Connecticut River Valley now known as the Pioneer Valley . It was vulnerable to attack because of its position near the Berkshires highlands. For these reasons it
650-456: Is home to a particular group of needlework samplers that share several defining features, known as the "White Dove" school. Popular in the area from 1790–1830, this style of sampler is named for the embroidered depiction of white doves outlined in black. Along with the doves, the style was typically characterized by an arrangement of baskets holding fruits and flowers, usually in a pyramid shape, sewn underneath an alphabet or verse, and surrounded by
700-533: Is home to two museums: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association and Historic Deerfield, Inc. Historic Deerfield is designated as a National Historic Landmark district, and the organization operates a museum with a focus on decorative arts, early American material culture, and history. Its eleven house museums offer interpretation of society, history, and culture from the colonial era through the late nineteenth century. The Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association operates Memorial Hall Museum , which opened in 1880, as well as
750-644: Is in Springfield; a stop in Greenfield is in operation as part of the rerouting of Amtrak's Vermonter route. Deerfield has bus service through Peter Pan Bus Lines ; the nearest small air service is in Gill and Northampton . The nearest national air service is Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, Connecticut . As of the census of 2010, there were 5,125 people, 2,053 households, and 1,350 families residing in
800-501: Is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km ), or 3.17 percent, is water. Deerfield is located in the northern Pioneer Valley and is bordered by Greenfield to the north, Montague to the northeast, Sunderland to the southeast, Whately to the south, Conway to the west, and Shelburne to the northwest. The town center is located 8 miles (13 km) south of Greenfield, 29 miles (47 km) north of Springfield , and 93 miles (150 km) west of Boston . Deerfield's northern point
850-678: Is led by a board of selectmen . The town has its own police, fire, and public works departments. The fire department and the post office both have two branches, in South Deerfield (where most of the town offices are) and in Old Deerfield Village, near Memorial Hall and the Old Town Hall. The town's Tilton Library is connected to the regional library network and is located in South Deerfield. The nearest hospital, Franklin Medical Center,
900-595: Is located at the confluence of the Deerfield and Connecticut rivers, with the former flowing through the northwestern corner of the town and the latter forming the eastern border of the town. Several brooks and the Mill River also flow through the town. North Sugarloaf Mountain rises above the Connecticut in the southeastern corner, providing a panoramic view of the valley and the town center. The Pocumtuck Range rises along
950-719: Is located in Greenfield, as are many regional state offices. Deerfield is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by the First Franklin district, which includes the southeastern third of Franklin County and towns in north central Hampshire County. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate by the Hampshire and Franklin district, which includes much of eastern Franklin and Hampshire Counties. The town
1000-661: Is patrolled by the Second (Shelburne Falls) Barracks of Troop B of the Massachusetts State Police . Deerfield is represented in the United States House of Representatives as part of Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district and has been represented by Jim McGovern of Worcester . Massachusetts is currently represented in the United States Senate by senators Ed Markey and Elizabeth Warren . Deerfield
1050-422: Is the central member of Frontier Regional and Union 38 School Districts , which also includes Conway, Whately, and Sunderland. Each town operates its own elementary school, with Deerfield Elementary School serving the town's students from kindergarten through sixth grades. All four towns send seventh through twelfth grade students to Frontier Regional School in the town. Frontier's athletics teams are nicknamed
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#17330860706951100-690: The Old Deerfield Historic District ), and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The museum also hosts the Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife . Eleven historic house museums are located in Historic Deerfield. Most are viewed on guided tours. A modern museum and a visitors center are part of the complex. The museum offers special exhibitions, family activities, workshops and seminars on historic subjects, and
1150-517: The Dedham proprietors 8,000 acres (32 km ) in compensation. The question of how to handle the additional grant puzzled the town for some time. There were those who wanted to sell the rights to the land and take the money, while others wanted to find a suitable location and take possession. The Town sent Anthony Fisher, Jr., Nathaniel Fisher, and Sgt. Fuller to explore an area known as "Chestnut Country" in 1663. They reported back two weeks later that
1200-678: The Deerfield area. The nearest community college, Greenfield Community College , is located in Greenfield. The nearest state college is Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts in North Adams and the nearest state universities are the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Westfield State University . The nearest private colleges are Amherst College , Hampshire College , Mount Holyoke College , and Smith College . Five College Museums The Five Colleges and Historic Deerfield Museum Consortium
1250-563: The English had different ideas about property and land use; this, along with competition for resources, contributed to conflicts between them. Pynchon submitted a bill for £40 in 1666 but a tax on the cow commons to pay it was not imposed until 1669. By that time the bill had risen to over £96, and he was not paid in full until 1674. The drawing of lots took place on May 23, 1670, by which time many rights had been sold to people from outside of Dedham or one of her daughter towns. Before that even happened, Robert Hinsdale 's son Samuel moved into
1300-508: The Frary House. Baker was assisted by the Boston architectural firm Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge , and her project was one of the first in historic preservation in western Massachusetts. Local historian George Sheldon wrote an account of the town's early history that was published in the late nineteenth century. By this time South Deerfield and other New England villages were already absorbing
1350-536: The French pirate Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste , Canada arranged redemption of numerous Deerfield people, among them the prominent minister John Williams . He wrote a captivity narrative about his experience, which was published in 1707 and became well known. One of those captured and ransomed was Mehuman Kellog, the first white child born in Deerfield and a descendant of Robert Hinsdale . In addition to ransoming captives, because of losses to war and disease, families of
1400-575: The Indian House Memorial Children's Museum and Bloody Brook Tavern. The site of early 18th century colonial battles including the Raid on Deerfield , the town is a center of heritage tourism in the Pioneer Valley . Deerfield has numerous schools, including Deerfield Academy , a private secondary preparatory school ; Frontier Regional High School ; Deerfield Elementary ; and two separate private junior boarding schools , Bement School, which
1450-616: The Memorial Hall Museum, which opened in 1880; and the Indian House Memorial Children's Museum and Bloody Brook Tavern. Deerfield is a center of heritage tourism in the Pioneer Valley near the Connecticut River . The Yankee Candle Company is an example of one of many commercial businesses associated with this history. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 33.4 square miles (86.6 km ), of which 32.4 square miles (83.9 km )
1500-513: The Mohawk and other tribes often adopted younger captives into their tribes. Such was the case with Williams's daughter Eunice , who was 8 years old when captured. She became thoroughly assimilated and at age 16 married a Mohawk man. They had a family and she stayed with the Mohawk for the rest of her life. Most of the Deerfield captives eventually returned to New England ; others remained by choice in French and Native communities, such as Kahnawake , for
1550-566: The Red Hawks, and the team colors are red and blue. There are many art programs available during and after school at Frontier. Private schools in the town include the Bement School (a coeducational boarding school for grades K–9), the Eaglebrook School (a private boys' boarding school for grades 6–9), and Deerfield Academy , a private school for grades 9–12. There are other private schools in
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1600-476: The age of 18 living with them; 52.4 percent were married couples living together, 9.4 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2 percent were nonfamilies. Individuals made up 26.3 percent of all households. The average household size was 2.33, and the average family size was 2.83. As of the American Community Survey of 2015, the median income for a household was $ 74,853, and
1650-510: The area and began squatting on the land. He was eventually joined by his father and brothers. Hard feelings arose at the distance of the new settlement from Dedham and the fact that the proprietors were not strictly "a Dedham company." On May 7, 1673, the General Court separated the town of Deerfield, with additional lands, provided they establish a church and settle a minister within three years. The Pocumtuck were much reduced in number by
1700-406: The area was hilly, with few meadows, and was generally unsuitable for their purposes. After a potential location was claimed by others before Dedham could do so, a report was received about land at a place known as Pocomtuck , about 12 or 14 miles from Hadley . It was decided to claim the land before others could do so. Joshua Fisher , Ensign John Euerard, and Jonathan Danforth were assigned by
1750-609: The command of Captain Thomas Lathrop before being driven off by reinforcements. Colonial casualties numbered about 60. At dawn on May 19, 1676, Captain William Turner led an army of settlers in a surprise retaliatory attack on Peskeompskut, in present-day Montague , then a traditional native gathering place. Turner and his men killed 200 natives, mostly women and children. When the men of the tribe returned, they routed Turner's forces; Turner died after being wounded at Green River. In
1800-527: The eastern side of town north of Sugarloaf. Interstate 91 passes from south to north through the central part of town, crossing the Deerfield River near the river's southernmost bend. The interstate is paralleled by U.S. Route 5 and Massachusetts Route 10 , which run concurrently through the town. Route 116 also passes through town, combining with Routes 5 and 10 for a one-mile stretch, briefly passing into Whately before separating and crossing through
1850-518: The land from the Pocomtuc Indians who lived there. They contracted with John Pynchon, who had a relationship with the native peoples there, and he obtained a quitclaim deed from them. Pynchon signed a treaty with the Pocumtuck, including a man named Chaulk. But Chaulk had no authority to deed the land to the colonists and appeared to have only a rough idea of what he was signing. Native Americans and
1900-438: The median income for a family was $ 83,859. Men who worked full-time year-round had a median income of $ 70,873 versus $ 49,115 for similar females. The per capita income for the town was $ 38,379. Four percent of families and 7.5 percent of the population were below the poverty line , including 6.6 percent of those under age 18 and 7.8 percent of those age 65 or over. Deerfield employs the open town meeting form of government and
1950-414: The palisade and raided the village. They killed numerous settlers and took more than 100 residents captive. Before leaving for Canada, the raiding party burned the village. Almost all of those who survived the attack and the march to Canada eventually were ransomed and returned to New England. Eunice Williams , captured at age eight, was adopted by a Mohawk family and became totally assimilated. She married
2000-526: The predawn hours of February 29, 1704, during Queen Anne's War , joint French and Indian forces (including 47 Canadiens and 200 Abenaki , along with some Kanienkehaka (Mohawk) , Wyandot , and a few Pocumtuck, all under the command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville) attacked the town in what became known as the Raid on Deerfield . They razed much of the settlement and killed 56 colonists, including 22 men, 9 women, and 25 children. The attackers took 112 captives, including women and children, and forced them on
2050-471: The purpose of settling Christianized Indians. For much of the colonial period Deerfield was one of New England's frontier villages. Briefly abandoned during King Philip's War in the 1670s, it was subjected to French and Indian raids during King William's War in the 1690s. In Queen Anne's War the village was subjected to a major raid , in which 40 percent of the population was taken prisoner. French and allied Abenaki , Mohawk , and other warriors breached
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2100-558: The rest of their lives. As the frontier moved north, Deerfield became another colonial town with an unquiet early history. In 1753 Greenfield was set off and incorporated. During the early nineteenth century, Deerfield's role in Northeast agricultural production declined. It was overtaken by the rapid development of the Midwestern United States as the nation's breadbasket , as transportation to eastern markets and New York City
2150-479: The selectmen to go and map the land in return for 150 acres. Two weeks later he appeared before the board, demanding 300 acres instead. The selectmen agreed, provided that he provide a plot map of the land. Fisher's map and report were submitted to the General Court, and they agreed to give the land to Dedham provided that they settle the land and "maintain the ordinances of Christ there" within five years. Daniel Fisher and Eleazer Lusher were sent to purchase
2200-560: The southern part of town and over the Connecticut River at the Sunderland Bridge . All three routes historically crossed through the center of the village prior to the construction of I-91 but were rerouted to a more direct route, closer to the highway. A portion of the Springfield Terminal freight rail line passes through the town before branching off eastward and westward around Greenfield. The nearest Amtrak passenger service
2250-722: The surviving pieces of the White Dove school were created by the children of prominent families in the area, and are in the collection of Historic Deerfield. Other examples of the style include the other sampler pictured on this page, made by Katy Bernard in 1793. Historic Deerfield's collections can be searched on the database maintained by the Five College Museums/Historic Deerfield . [REDACTED] Media related to Historic Deerfield at Wikimedia Commons 42°32′49.2″N 72°36′14.9″W / 42.547000°N 72.604139°W / 42.547000; -72.604139 Deerfield, Massachusetts Deerfield
2300-507: The time the settlers arrived, as they had been victims of infectious diseases and war with the more powerful Mohawk . The settlers forcibly expelled the few Pocumtuck who remained; the Pocumtuck in turn sought French protection in Canada from the English colonists. At the Battle of Bloody Brook , on September 18, 1675, during King Philip's War , the dispossessed Indians destroyed a small force under
2350-402: The titular two white doves outlined in black stand with their wings spread. The picture is symmetrical up to the second tree on either side. On the left hand side, birds perch on sunflowers and crops, while an elephant and a monkey reside underneath. To the right, a fruit tree stands next to two of the popular white dove style fruit baskets. Though the instructor who taught this style is unknown,
2400-488: The town. The population density was 158.2 inhabitants per square mile (61.1/km ). There were 2,181 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 95 percent White , 0.8 percent African American , 0.1 percent Native American , 1.9 percent Asian , 0.5 percent from other races , and 1.8 percent from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.6 percent of the population. There were 2,053 households, out of which 26.3 percent had their own children under
2450-682: Was enhanced by construction of the Erie Canal and later railroads. During the Colonial Revival movement of the late nineteenth century, Deerfield citizens rediscovered the town's past. Residents founded the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association in 1870 and erected monuments to commemorate various events, including the Bloody Brook and 1704 attacks. In 1890 Charlotte Alice Baker returned to Deerfield to restore her family home,
2500-458: Was the site of intertribal warfare and several Anglo-French and Indian skirmishes during its early history. At the time of the English colonists' arrival, the Deerfield area was inhabited by the Algonquian -speaking Pocumtuck nation, who settled a major village by the same name. After the "Praying Indians" were given 8,000 acres (32 km ) in what is today Natick , the General Court gave
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