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59-582: The art school was the first in Israel to adapt and teach modern art trends. It was particularly influenced by modern French art and the School of Paris . Isaac Frenkel, who studied in Paris, taught his students the modern Parisian art trends. Frenkel presented a modernist alternative to Bezalel 's (a Jerusalem art school) Orientalist style. The art studio was one of many catalysts to Tel Aviv 's rise in cultural prominence in

118-570: A "New society". The Histadrut Art Studio also presented its works in the Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium , but several of the young artists were unable to frame their paintings due to their poverty. School of Paris The School of Paris ( French : École de Paris , pronounced [ekɔl də paʁi] ) refers to the French and émigré artists who worked in Paris in the first half of

177-982: A French Jew, in 1931 lamented that the School of Paris name "allows any artist to pretend he is French...it refers to French tradition but instead annihilates it." School of Paris artists were progressively marginalised. Beginning in 1935, articles about Chagall no longer appeared in art publications (other than those published for Jewish audiences), and by June 1940 when the Vichy government took power, School of Paris artists could no longer exhibit in Paris at all. The artists working in Paris between World War I and World War II experimented with various styles including Cubism , Orphism , Surrealism and Dada . Foreign and French artists working in Paris included Jean Arp , Joan Miró , Constantin Brâncuși , Raoul Dufy , Tsuguharu Foujita , artists from Belarus like Michel Kikoine , Pinchus Kremegne ,

236-422: A community of nuns. By the 15th century, the north and northeast slopes of the hill were the site of a village surrounded by vineyards, gardens and orchards of peach and cherry trees . The first mills were built on the western slope in 1529, grinding wheat , barley and rye . There were thirteen mills at one time, though by the late nineteenth century only two remained, During the 1590 Siege of Paris , in

295-551: A dance at Montmartre on a Sunday afternoon. Maurice Utrillo lived at the same address from 1906 to 1914, and Raoul Dufy shared an atelier there from 1901 to 1911. The building is now the Musée de Montmartre . Pablo Picasso , Amedeo Modigliani and other artists lived and worked in a building called Le Bateau-Lavoir during the years 1904–1909, where Picasso painted one of his most important masterpieces, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon . Several composers, including Erik Satie , lived in

354-1146: A hundred painters from 28 different countries at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris. The exhibition's curators were the art critics Henry Galy-Carles and Lydia Harambourg. Art critics and renowned writers have written prefaces, books, and articles regarding the painters of the School of Paris, notably in periodicals such as Libération , Le Figaro , Le Peintre , Combat, Les Lettres françaises , Les Nouvelles littéraires . Among these writers and critiques were Waldermar George , Georges-Emmanuel Clancier , Jean-Paul Crespelle , Arthur Conte , Robert Beauvais , Jean Lescure , Jean Cassou , Bernard Dorival , André Warnod , Jean-Pierre Pietri , George Besson , Georges Boudaille, Jean-Albert Cartier , Jean Chabanon, Raymond Cogniat , Guy Dornand, Jean Bouret, Raymond Charmet, Florent Fels, Georges Charensol, Frank Elgar, Roger Van Gindertael, Georges Limbour, Marcel Zahar. Montmartre Montmartre ( UK : / m ɒ n ˈ m ɑːr t r ə / mon- MAR -trə , US : / m oʊ n ˈ -/ mohn- , French: [mɔ̃maʁtʁ] )

413-489: A large number of cannon in a park at the top of the hill, near where the basilica is today. On 18 March 1871, the soldiers from the French Army tried to remove the cannon from the hilltop. They were blocked by members of the politically radicalised Paris National Guard , who captured and then killed two French army generals, and installed a revolutionary government that lasted two months. The heights of Montmartre were retaken by

472-683: A marked influence in the École de Paris. Paris the capital of the art world attracted Jewish artists from Eastern Europe , several of them fleeing persecution, discrimination and pogroms. Many of these artists settled in Montparnasse . Several Jewish painters were notable in the movement; these include Marc Chagall and Jules Pascin , the expressionists Chaïm Soutine and Isaac Frenkel Frenel as well as Amedeo Modigliani and Abraham Mintchine . Many Jewish artists were known for depicting Jewish themes in their work, and some artists' paintings were imbued with heavy emotional tones. Frenkel described

531-521: A peaceful compromise between the even more radical Paris Commune and the more conservative French government. The Commune refused to recognize him as mayor, and seized the town hall. He ran for a seat in the council of the Paris Commune, but received less than eight hundred votes. He did not participate in the Commune, and was out of the city when the Commune was suppressed by the French army. In 1876, he again

590-819: A small theater space for plays and concerts. La Ruche opened in 1902, with the blessing of the French government. It was often the first destination of émigré artists who arrived in Paris eager to join the art scene and find affordable housing. Living and working in close quarters, many artists forged lasting friendships, e.g., Chaïm Soutine with Modigliani , Chagall and poet Blaise Cendrars , and influenced each other's works. Artists who lived and worked in La Ruche include Amedeo Modigliani , Yitzhak Frenkel , Diego Rivera , Tsuguharu Foujita , Jacob, Soutine, Michel Kikoine , Moïse Kisling , Pinchus Krémègne , Ossip Zadkine , Jules Pascin , Marc Chagall , Amshey Nurenberg , Jacques Lipchitz , and more. The term "School of Paris"

649-505: Is a large hill in Paris 's northern 18th arrondissement . It is 130 m (430 ft) high and gives its name to the surrounding district, part of the Right Bank . Montmartre is primarily known for its artistic history, for the white-domed Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur on its summit, and as a nightclub district. The other church on the hill, Saint Pierre de Montmartre , built in 1147, was

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708-483: Is also the setting for several hit films. The area is served by the underground Métro , with Line 2 stations at Barbès–Rochechouart , Anvers , Pigalle and Blanche , Line 4 stations at Château Rouge and Barbès–Rochechouart, as well as Line 12 stations at Pigalle, Abbesses , Lamarck–Caulaincourt and Jules Joffrin . It is also served by the Montmartre Funicular . The historic district established by

767-442: Is in the house where the painters Maurice Utrillo and Suzanne Valadon lived and worked in second-floor studios. The house was Pierre-Auguste Renoir 's first Montmartre address. Many other personalities moved through the premises. The mansion in the garden at the back is the oldest hotel on Montmartre, and one of its first owners was Claude de la Rose, a 17th-century actor known as Rosimond , who bought it in 1680. Claude de la Rose

826-425: The 1900 Paris World's Fair , it comprised 50 modest studios with large windows that let in a lot of light, with nearby buildings providing 50 more studios for the overflow of artists. Boucher called the complex La Ruche – French for "beehive" – because he wanted the artists to work like bees in a beehive; he dedicated a large room in the complex where the poorer artists could draw a model that he paid for, and included

885-528: The Café Du Dôme in Montparnasse. They included Alexandre Tansman , Alexander Tcherepnin , Bohuslav Martinů and Tibor Harsányi . Unlike Les Six , another group of Montparnasse musicians at this time, the musical school of Paris was a loosely-knit group that did not adhere to any particular stylistic orientation. In the aftermath of the war, " nationalistic and anti-Semitic attitudes were discredited, and

944-540: The Kabbalistic mountain city. The artists' quarter founded in 1949 was formed at first by Moshe Castel , Shimshon Holzman , Yitzhak Frenkel and other artists, many of them influenced by or part of the School of Paris. Though not united by a common artistic trope, it was a clear bastion of École de Paris in the country. The painters of the community who were influenced by the Ecole de Paris attempted to express or reflect

1003-560: The Yishuv ; the studio's role was especially prominent in the sphere of art. Several Bezalel students would join the studio during the weekends in order to learn the new modern French art from Frenkel. These students include Moshe Castel , Avigdor Stematsky , Ziona Tagger , and, Yehezkel Streichman . In September 1927 the studio was made up of 17 students of whom 6 were female. Due to the extreme poverty of his students, Frenkel did not even demand one grush in payment. The art studio emphasized

1062-467: The fontaine Saint-Denis (on modern impasse Girardon ), then descended the north slope of the hill, where he died. Hilduin wrote that a church had been built "in the place formerly called Mont de Mars, and then, by a happy change, 'Mont des Martyrs'." In 1134, King Louis VI purchased the Merovingian chapel and built on the site the church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre , still standing. He also founded

1121-502: The place du Tertre . By the 19th century, the butte was famous for its cafés, guinguettes with public dancing, and cabarets. Le Chat Noir at 84 boulevard de Rochechouart was founded in 1881 by Rodolphe Salis , and became a popular haunt for writers and poets. The composer Eric Satie earned money by playing the piano there. The Moulin Rouge at 94 boulevard de Clichy was founded in 1889 by Joseph Oller and Charles Zidler ; it became

1180-473: The 1920s and 1940s, with French art continuing to strongly influence Israeli art for the following decades. This phenomenon began with the return of École de Paris Isaac Frenkel Frenel to Mandatory Palestine in 1925 and his opening of the Histadrut Art Studio . His students were encouraged to continue their studies in Paris, and upon their return to Pre-Independence Israel amplified the influence of

1239-461: The 1930s several such painters would paint scenes in Israel in an Impressionist style and a Parisian light, greyer dimmer compared to the powerful Mediterranean sun. Safed, a city in the mountains of the Galilee and one of the four holy cities of Judaism, was a Centre of École de Paris artists during the mid and late 20th century. Artists were attracted there by the romantic and mystical qualities of

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1298-441: The 20th century. The School of Paris was not a single art movement or institution, but refers to the importance of Paris as a centre of Western art in the early decades of the 20th century. Between 1900 and 1940 the city drew artists from all over the world and became a centre for artistic activity. School of Paris coined by André Warnod , was used to describe this loose community, particularly of non-French artists, centered in

1357-450: The 7th and 9th centuries, most of the sarcophagi found in ancient sites were made of molded gypsum. In modern times, the mining was done with explosives, which riddled the ground under the butte with tunnels, making the ground very unstable and difficult to build upon. The construction of the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur required making a special foundation that descended 40 metres (130 ft) under

1416-526: The 8th century cite the name of mons Mercori (Mount Mercury); a 9th-century text speaks of Mount Mars. Excavations in 1975 north of the Church of Saint-Pierre found coins from the 3rd century and the remains of a major wall. Earlier excavations in the 17th century at the Fontaine-du-But (2 rue Pierre-Dac) found vestiges of Roman baths from the 2nd century. The butte owes its particular religious importance to

1475-625: The City of Paris in 1995 contains 60 ha (150 acres). and is bordered by Rue Caulaincourt and Rue Custine on the north, the Rue de Clignancourt on the east and the Boulevard de Clichy and Boulevard de Rochechouart to the south. The toponym Mons Martis , Latin for "Mount of Mars", survived into Merovingian times, gallicised as Montmartre. Archaeological excavations show that the heights of Montmartre were occupied from at least Gallo-Roman times. Texts from

1534-639: The French Army with heavy fighting at the end of May 1871, during what became known as the Semaine Sanglante , or "Bloody Week". In 1870, the future French prime minister during World War I, Georges Clemenceau , was appointed mayor of the 18th arrondissement, including Montmartre, by the new government of the Third Republic , and was also elected to the National Assembly . A member of the radical republican party, Clemenceau tried unsuccessfully to find

1593-645: The Galerie de France in Paris, and then at the Salon de Mai where a group of them exhibited until the 1970s. In 1996, UNESCO organized the 50th anniversary of the School of Paris (1954-1975), bringing together "100 painters of the New School of Paris." Notable artists included Arthur Aeschbacher , Jean Bazaine , Leonardo Cremonini , Olivier Debré , Chu Teh-Chun , Jean Piaubert , Jean Cortot , Zao Wou-ki , François Baron-Renouard , among others. This grand exhibition featured

1652-699: The Histadrut Art studio left Mandatory Palestine to study in Paris, returning home a few years later and augmenting the influence of French art in the Jewish Yishuv. Frenkel's studio participated in several major art exhibitions during the 1920s, including the Modern Artists Exhibition in the Ohel theatre and the tower of David exhibitions. In the Modern Artists' Exhibition they presented "New art" for

1711-510: The Jewish School of Paris were stylistically diverse. Some, like Louis Marcoussis , worked in a Cubist style, but most tended toward expression of mood rather than an emphasis on formal structure. Their paintings often feature thickly brushed or troweled impasto . The Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme has works from School of Paris artists including Pascin, Kikoine, Soutine, Mintchine, Orloff and Lipschitz. Artists of Jewish origin had

1770-564: The Jewish artists of the School of Paris they encountered. These artists, centered in Montparnasse in Paris and in Tel Aviv and Safed in Israel , tended to portray humanity and the emotion evoked through human facial expression. Furthermore, characteristically of Jewish Parisian Expressionism , the art was dramatic and even tragic, perhaps in connection to the suffering of the Jewish soul. During

1829-540: The Lithuanian Jacques Lipchitz and Arbit Blatas , who documented some of the greatest representatives of the School of Paris in his oeuvre, the Polish artists Marek Szwarc and Morice Lipsi and others such as Russian-born prince Alexis Arapoff . A significant subset, the Jewish artists, came to be known as the Jewish School of Paris or the School of Montparnasse. The "core members were almost all Jews, and

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1888-568: The Royal Abbey of Montmartre , a monastery of the Benedictine order , whose buildings, gardens and fields occupied most of Montmartre. He also built a small chapel, called the Martyrium , at the site where it was believed that Saint Denis had been decapitated. It became a popular pilgrimage site. In the 17th century, a priory called abbaye d'en bas was built at that site, and in 1686 it was occupied by

1947-493: The area. The last of the bohemian Montmartre artists was Gen Paul (1895–1975), born in Montmartre and a friend of Utrillo. Paul's calligraphic expressionist lithographs, sometimes memorializing picturesque Montmartre itself, owe a lot to Raoul Dufy . Among the last of the neighborhood's bohemian gathering places was R-26 , an artistic salon frequented by Josephine Baker , Le Corbusier and Django Reinhardt . Its name

2006-882: The artistic ferment took place in Montmartre and the well-established art scene there. But Picasso moved away, the war scattered almost everyone, by the 1920s Montparnasse had become a centre of the avant-garde . After World War II the name was applied to another different group of abstract artists . Before World War I , a group of expatriates in Paris created art in the styles of Post-Impressionism , Cubism and Fauvism . The group in its broader sense included artists like Pablo Picasso , Marc Chagall , Amedeo Modigliani and Piet Mondrian . Associated French artists included Pierre Bonnard , Henri Matisse , Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes . Whilst in its more narrow description described Chagall and Modigliani. Picasso and Matisse have been described as twin leaders ( chefs d'école ) of

2065-414: The artists as "members of the minority characterized by restlessness whose expressionism is therefore extreme in its emotionalism". The term l'École de Paris coined by the art critic André Warnod in 1925 in the magazine Comœdia , was intended by Warnod to negate xenophobic attitudes towards the foreign artists, many of whom were Jewish Eastern European. Louis Vauxcelles wrote several monographs for

2124-552: The birthplace of the French cancan . Artists who performed in the cabarets of Montmartre included Yvette Guilbert , Marcelle Lender , Aristide Bruant , La Goulue , Georges Guibourg , Mistinguett , Fréhel , Jane Avril , and Damia . During the Belle Époque from 1872 to 1914, many artists lived and worked in Montmartre, where the rents were low and the atmosphere congenial. Pierre-Auguste Renoir rented space at 12 rue Cortot in 1876 to paint Bal du moulin de la Galette , showing

2183-436: The cafes, salons and shared workspaces and galleries of Montparnasse . Many artists of Jewish origin formed a prominent part of the School of Paris and later heavily influenced art in Israel . Before World War I the name was also applied to artists involved in the many collaborations and overlapping new art movements, between Post-Impressionists and Pointillism and Orphism (art) , Fauvism and Cubism . In that period

2242-804: The church of the prestigious Montmartre Abbey. On 15 August 1534, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, Saint Francis Xavier and five other companions bound themselves by vows in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, 11 Rue Yvonne Le Tac, the first step in the creation of the Jesuits . Near the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th, during the Belle Époque , many artists lived, worked, or had studios in or around Montmartre, including Amedeo Modigliani , Claude Monet , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , Edgar Degas , Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , Suzanne Valadon , Piet Mondrian , Pablo Picasso , Camille Pissarro and Vincent van Gogh . Montmartre

2301-522: The city. Montmartre remained outside of the city limits of Paris until January 1, 1860, when it was annexed to the city along with other communities ( faubourgs ) surrounding Paris, and became part of the 18th arrondissement of Paris . In 1871, Montmartre was the site of the beginning of the revolutionary uprising of the Paris Commune . During the Franco-Prussian War , the French army had stored

2360-467: The former abbey. The main businesses of the commune were wine making, stone quarries and gypsum mines. The mining of gypsum had begun in the Gallo-Roman period , first in open air mines and then underground, and continued until 1860. The gypsum was cut into blocks, baked, then ground and put into sacks. Sold as montmartarite , it was used for plaster, because of its resistance to fire and water. Between

2419-478: The ground to hold the structure in place. A fossil tooth found in one of these mines was identified by Georges Cuvier as an extinct equine , which he dubbed Palaeotherium , the "ancient animal". His sketch of the entire animal in 1825 was matched by a skeleton discovered later. Russian soldiers occupied Montmartre during the Battle of Paris in 1814. They used the altitude of the hill for artillery bombardment of

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2478-537: The last decade of the French Wars of Religion , Henry IV placed his artillery on top of the butte of Montmartre to fire down into the city. The siege eventually failed when a large relief force approached and forced Henry to withdraw. The abbey was destroyed in 1790 during the French Revolution , and the convent demolished to make place for gypsum mines . The last abbess, Marie-Louise de Laval-Montmorency ,

2537-490: The mystics of Tzfat . Painting with colors that reflect the dynamism and spirituality of the ancient city, painting the fiery or serene sunsets over Mt Meron . Marc Chagall would walk the streets and paint portraits of religious children. Several of these artists would commute between Safed and Paris . In the same period, the School of Paris name was also extended to an informal association of classical composers , émigrés from Central and Eastern Europe to who met at

2596-635: The neighbourhood. Most of the artists left after the outbreak of World War I, the majority of them going to the Montparnasse quarter. Artists' associations such as Les Nabis and the Incohérents were formed and individuals including Vincent van Gogh , Pierre Brissaud , Alfred Jarry , Jacques Villon , Raymond Duchamp-Villon , Henri Matisse , André Derain , Suzanne Valadon , Edgar Degas , Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , Théophile Steinlen , and African-American expatriates such as Langston Hughes worked in Montmartre and drew some of their inspiration from

2655-535: The publisher Le Triangle , a prolific critic of Jewish painters. In a 1931 monograph, he wrote: "like a swarm of locusts, an invasion of Jewish colorists fell on Paris – on the Paris of Montparnasse. The causes of this exodus: the Russian revolution, and all that it brought with it of misery, pogroms, exactions, persecutions; the unfortunate young artists take refuge here, attracted by the influence of contemporary French art   .... They will constitute [an element of] what

2714-585: The resentment expressed toward them by French critics in the 1930s was unquestionably fueled by anti-Semitism ." One account points to the 1924 Salon des Indépendants , which decided to separate the works of French-born artists from those by immigrants; in response critic Roger Allard  [ fr ] referred to them as the School of Paris. Jewish members of the group included Emmanuel Mané-Katz , Abraham Mintchine , Chaïm Soutine , Adolphe Féder , Marc Chagall , Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel , Moïse Kisling , Maxa Nordau and Shimshon Holzman . The artists of

2773-525: The school before the war. Many École de Paris artists lived in the iconic La Ruche , a complex of studio apartments and other facilities in Montparnasse on the Left Bank, at 2 Passage Dantzig, built by a successful sculptor, Alfred Boucher , who wanted to develop a creative hub where struggling artists could live, work and interact. Built from materials dismantled from the Medoc Wine Pavilion from

2832-756: The term "New School of Paris" or École de Paris III often referred to tachisme , and lyrical abstraction , a European parallel to American Abstract Expressionism . These artists include again foreign ones and are also related to CoBrA . Important proponents were Jean Dubuffet , Jean Fautrier , Pierre Soulages , Nicolas de Staël , Hans Hartung , Wols , Serge Poliakoff , Bram van Velde , Simon Hantaï , Gérard Schneider , Maria Helena Vieira da Silva , Zao Wou-Ki , Chu Teh-Chun , Georges Mathieu , André Masson , Jean Degottex , Pierre Tal-Coat , Jean Messagier , Alfred Manessier , Jean Le Moal , Olivier Debré , Zoran Mušič , Jean-Michel Coulon and Fahrelnissa Zeid , among others. Many of their exhibitions took place at

2891-460: The term took on a more general use denoting both foreign and French artists in Paris". But although the "Jewish problem" trope continued to surface in public discourse, art critics ceased making ethnic distinctions in using the term. While in the early 20th century French art critics contrasted The School of Paris and the École de France, after World War II the question was School of Paris vs School of New York. Post-World War II ( Après-guerre ),

2950-568: The text entitled Miracles of Saint-Denis , written before 885 by Hilduin , abbot of the monastery of Saint-Denis, which recounted how Saint Denis , a Christian bishop, was decapitated on the hilltop in 250 AD on orders of the Roman prefect Fescennius Sisinius for preaching the Christian faith to the Gallo-Roman inhabitants of Lutetia . According to Hilduin, Denis collected his head and carried it as far as

3009-464: The time in Mandatory-Palestine. The artists were also exposed to the ideas and works of living artists, especially the Jewish artists of the Ecole de Paris, which include: Chaim Soutine , Michel Kikoine , Jules Pascin and others. Frenkel, through his studio, encouraged the young students to travel to France following their studies in the studio. In the 1920s and 30s, a wave of students from

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3068-507: The top of the butte, Espace Dalí showcases surrealist artist Salvador Dalí 's work. Montmartre is an officially designated historic district with limited development allowed in order to maintain its historic character. An inclined railway, the Funiculaire de Montmartre , operated by the RATP , ascends the hill from the south, while the Montmartre bus circles the hill. Downhill to the southwest

3127-547: The use of modern techniques in painting. Furthermore, at the studio, reproductions of Modern artists such as van Gogh , Degas , Cezanne and others were shown in the class. Some of these were the only reproductions of these artists available in Mandatory Palestine. Only 3 such reproductions were available in Tel Aviv in the beginning, one of van Gogh, of Cezanne and Gauguin . The school taught Post-Impressionism , unknown at

3186-575: The young critic will call the School of Paris. Many talents are to be considered in this crowd of metèques." Following the Nazi occupation of France ; several prominent Jewish artists died during the holocaust , leading to the dwindling of the Jewish School Of Paris. Others managed to left or fled Europe, mostly to Israel or the US . Israeli art was dominated by the École de Paris inspired art between

3245-464: Was commemorated by Reinhardt in his 1947 tune " R. vingt-six ". There is a small vineyard in the Rue Saint-Vincent, which continues the tradition of wine production in the Île de France, and a wild garden , occupied by midwife toads , also in the Rue Saint-Vincent. The vineyard yields about 500 litres (110 imp gal; 130 US gal) of wine per year, The Musée de Montmartre

3304-469: Was elected as deputy for Montmartre and the 18th arrondissement. The Basilica of the Sacré-Cœur was built on Montmartre from 1876 to 1919, financed by public subscription as a gesture of expiation for the suffering of France during the Franco-Prussian War . Its white dome is a highly visible landmark in the city, and near it artists set up their easels each day amidst the tables and colourful umbrellas of

3363-580: Was guillotined in 1794. The church of Saint-Pierre was saved. At the place where the chapel of the Martyrs was located (now 11 rue Yvonne-Le Tac), an oratory was built in 1855. It was renovated in 1994. In 1790, Montmartre was located just outside the limits of Paris. That year, under the revolutionary government of the National Constituent Assembly , it became the commune of Montmartre, with its town hall located on place du Tertre , site of

3422-586: Was the actor who replaced Molière , and who, like his predecessor, died on stage. Nearby, day and night, tourists visit such sights as Place du Tertre and the cabaret du Lapin Agile , where the artists had worked and gathered. Many renowned artists, such as painter and sculptor Edgar Degas and film director François Truffaut , are buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre and the Cimetière Saint-Vincent . Near

3481-497: Was used in 1925 by André Warnod to refer to the many foreign-born artists who had migrated to Paris. The term soon gained currency, often as a derogatory label by critics who saw the foreign artists—many of whom were Jewish—as a threat to the purity of French art. Art critic Louis Vauxcelles , noted for coining the terms " Fauvism " and " Cubism " (also meant disparagingly), called immigrant artists unwashed " Slavs disguised as representatives of French art". Waldemar George, himself

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