The term Hispanic ( Spanish : hispano ) refers to people, cultures , or countries related to Spain , the Spanish language , or Hispanidad broadly. In some contexts, especially within the United States , "Hispanic" is used as an ethnic or meta-ethnic term.
111-635: Hispanism (sometimes referred to as Hispanic studies or Spanish studies ) is the study of the literature and culture of the Spanish -speaking world, principally that of Spain and Hispanic America . It may also entail studying Spanish language and cultural history in the United States and in other presently or formerly Spanish-speaking countries in Africa , Asia , and the Pacific , such as Equatorial Guinea and
222-515: A Hispanic not a Roman") as having been said by a native of Hispania. In Portugal, Hispanic refers to something historical related to ancient Hispania (especially the terms Hispano-Roman and Hispania) or the Spanish language and cultures shared by all the Spanish-speaking countries. Although sharing the etymology for the word (pt: hispânico , es: hispánico ), the definition for Hispanic
333-653: A Spanish centre,” observes Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera. “The nomenclatures have a radial implication which both initiates and sanctions the flawed concept that all cultural materials under this heading emanate from a singular source: the Peninsula.” The rise of “Hispanism” as a term, notes Joan Ramon Resina, “in Spain as in Latin America, was accomplished for the purpose of political administration and obedience to Castilian rule through methods of domination that eventually led to independence and
444-659: A chair of Spanish at King's College ), spread knowledge of the Spanish language and its literature. John Hookham Frere was a friend of the Duke of Rivas when the latter was in Malta, and Hookham translated some medieval and classical poetry into English. The brothers Jeremiah Holmes Wiffen and Benjamin B. Wiffen were both scholars of Spanish culture. The "Lake Poet" Robert Southey , translated Amadís de Gaula and Palmerín de Inglaterra into English, among others works. English novelists were strongly influenced by Cervantes. Especially so
555-431: A day for this purpose with festivals and religious services. Some Spanish-speakers in Latin America syncretize Roman Catholicism and African or Native American rituals and beliefs. Such is the case of Santería , popular with Afro-Cubans , which combines old African beliefs in the form of Roman Catholic saints and rituals. Other syncretistic beliefs include Spiritism and Curanderismo . In Catholic tradition, Our Lady of
666-474: A geographic basis, from the toponym Hispania as the people of Hispania spoke different languages, although Titus Livius ( Livy ) said they could all understand each other, not making clear if they spoke dialects of the same language or were polyglots. The first recorded use of an anthroponym derived from the toponym Hispania is attested in one of the five fragments, of Ennius in 236 BC who wrote "Hispane, non Romane memoretis loqui me" ("Remember that I speak like
777-531: A luxurious London edition of Don Quixote in Spanish was published, prepared by the Sephardic Cervantist Pedro Pineda , with an introduction by Gregorio Mayans and ornate engravings. Also in the 18th century two new translations of Don Quixote were published, one by the painter Charles Jervas (1742) and one by Tobias Smollett , a writer of picaresque novels (1755). Smollet appears as an avid reader of Spanish narrative, and that influence
888-410: A new focus on the Spanish language as subject matter. In 1492 Antonio de Nebrija published his Gramática castellana , the first published grammar of a modern European language. Juan de Valdés composed his Diálogo de la lengua (1533) for his Italian friends, who were eager to learn Castilian. And the lawyer Cristóbal de Villalón wrote in his Gramática castellana (Antwerp, 1558) that Castilian
999-539: A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race and states that Hispanics or Latinos can be of any race and any ancestry. Because of the technical distinctions involved in defining "race" vs. "ethnicity", there is confusion among the general population about the designation of Hispanic identity. Currently, the United States Census Bureau defines six race categories: A 1997 notice by
1110-524: A prologue in Spanish. Juan Nicolás Böhl de Faber , German consul in Spain, was a devoted student of Calderón de la Barca , of Spanish classical theater generally, and of traditional popular literature. The philologist Wilhelm von Humboldt traveled through Spain taking notes and was interested especially in the Basque language, and the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer was an avid reader and translator of Gracián . Count Adolf Friedrich von Schack (1815–1894) made
1221-746: A single nomenclature is "Iberian", and the one to refer to cultures derived from both countries in the Americas is "Iberian-American". These designations can be mutually recognized by people in Portugal and Brazil . "Hispanic" is totally void of any self-identification in Brazil, and quite to the contrary, serves the purpose of marking a clear distinction in relation to neighboring countries' culture. Brazilians may identify as Latin Americans, but refute being considered Hispanics because their language and culture are neither part of
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#17330850187211332-541: A strong influence on Manet , and more recently, painters such as Picasso and Dalí have influenced modern painting generally. Spanish music has influenced composers such as Georges Bizet , Emmanuel Chabrier , Édouard Lalo , Maurice Ravel , and Claude Debussy . Hispanic The term commonly applies to Spaniards and Spanish-speaking ( Hispanophone ) populations and countries in Hispanic America (the continent) and Hispanic Africa ( Equatorial Guinea and
1443-699: A trip to Spain in 1852 to study the remnants of the Moorish civilization and became a devoted scholar of things Spanish. Hispanists of German, Austrian, and Swiss origins include Franz Grillparzer , Wendelin Förster , Karl Vollmöller , Adolf Tobler , Heinrich Morf , Gustav Gröber , Gottfried Baist , and Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke . Among them are two emigrants to Chile, Rodolfo Lenz (1863–1938), whose works include his Diccionario etimolójico de las voces chilenas derivadas de lenguas indíjenas americanas (1904) and Chilenische Studien (1891), as well as other works on grammar and
1554-652: A two-to-one margin—33% versus 14%." 21% prefer to be referred to simply as "Americans". A majority (51%) say they most often identify themselves by their family's country of origin, while 24% say they prefer a pan-ethnic label such as Hispanic or Latino. The Miguel de Cervantes Prize is awarded to Hispanic writers, whereas the Latin Grammy Award recognizes Hispanic musicians, and the Platino Awards as given to outstanding Hispanic films. Folk and popular dance and music also varies greatly among Hispanics. For instance,
1665-1050: Is also a very popular music style in Spain, especially in Andalusia . Spanish ballads "romances" can be traced in Argentina as "milongas", same structure but different scenarios. On the other side of the ocean, Hispanic America is also home to a wide variety of music, even though Latin music is often erroneously thought of, as a single genre. Hispanic Caribbean music tends to favor complex polyrhythms of African origin. Mexican music shows combined influences of mostly European and Native American origin, while traditional Northern Mexican music— norteño and banda — polka , has influence from polka music brought by Central European settlers to Mexico which later influenced western music. The music of Hispanic Americans—such as tejano music —has influences in rock , jazz , R&B , pop , and country music as well as traditional Mexican music such as Mariachi . Meanwhile, native Andean sounds and melodies are
1776-495: Is always present in his works. Meanwhile, the best work of the 17th-century writer Charlotte Lennox is The Female Quixote (1752), which was inspired by Cervantes. Cervantes also was the inspiration for The Spiritual Quixote , by Richard Graves . Thwe first critical and annotated edition of Don Quixote was that of the English clergyman John Bowle (1781). The novelists Henry Fielding and Lawrence Sterne also were familiar with
1887-542: Is committed to Hispanic educational success in the United States, and the Hispanic and Lusitanic world. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission encourages any individual who believes that he or she is Hispanic to self-identify as Hispanic. The United States Department of Labor – Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs encourages the same self-identification. As a result, individuals with origins to part of
1998-844: Is devoted to the Golden Age, and Klaus Dieter Vervuert's Iberoamericana Vervuert Verlag , which has branches in Frankfurt and Madrid and facilitates collaboration among Hispanists. In Austria, Franz Grillparzer was the first scholar of Spanish and a reader of the theater of the Golden Age. Anton Rothbauer also distinguished himself, as a translator of modern lyric poetry and scholar of the Black Legend . Rudolf Palgen and Alfred Wolfgang Wurzbach (for example with his study of Lope de Vega ) also contributed to Hispanism in Austria. Hispanism in France dates back to
2109-399: Is different between Portugal and Spain. The Royal Spanish Academy (Spanish: Real Academia Española, RAE), the official royal institution responsible for regulating the Spanish language defines the terms " hispano " and " hispánico " (which in Spain have slightly different meanings) as: Hispano : Hispánico The modern term to identify Portuguese and Spanish territories under
2220-539: Is host to the third-largest Jewish population in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States and Canada) in the 19th century and following World War II. Many Spanish-speaking Jews also originate from the small communities of reconverted descendants of anusim —those whose Spanish Sephardi Jewish ancestors long ago hid their Jewish ancestry and beliefs in fear of persecution by the Spanish Inquisition in
2331-426: Is not a predominant language in these regions and, as a result, their inhabitants are not usually considered Hispanic. Hispanic culture is a set of customs, traditions, beliefs, and art forms in music, literature, dress, architecture, cuisine, and other cultural fields that are generally shared by peoples in Hispanic regions, but which can vary considerably from one country or territory to another. The Spanish language
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#17330850187212442-588: Is someone who is a native of Hispania with no foreign parents, while children born in Hispania of Roman parents were Hispanienses . Hispaniensis means 'connected in some way to Hispania', as in "Exercitus Hispaniensis" ('the Spanish army') or "mercatores Hispanienses" ('Spanish merchants'). Hispanicus implies 'of' or 'belonging to' Hispania or the Hispanus or of their fashion as in "gladius Hispanicus". The gentile adjectives were not ethnolinguistic but derived primarily on
2553-404: Is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from many different Indigenous tribes , in addition to colonists from Italia . Some famous Hispani (plural of Hispanus ) and Hispaniensis were the emperors Trajan , Marcus Aurelius , Hadrian , Theodosius I and Magnus Maximus , the poets Marcus Annaeus Lucanus , Martial and Prudentius , the philosophers Seneca
2664-556: Is the historical ecclesiastical title of Primate of the Spains , traditionally claimed by the Archbishop of Braga , a Portuguese prelate. With the Decretos de Nueva Planta , Philip V started to organize the fusion of his kingdoms that until then were ruled as distinct and independent, but this unification process lacked a formal and juridic proclamation. Although colloquially and literally
2775-572: Is the main cultural element shared by Hispanic peoples. The term Hispanic derives from the Latin word Hispanicus , the adjectival derivation of Hispania , which means of the Iberian Peninsula and possibly Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century (and in the late 19th century in American English). The words Spain , Spanish , and Spaniard are of
2886-634: Is the most popular sport. The men's national teams of Argentina, Uruguay and Spain have won the FIFA World Cup a total six times. The Spanish La Liga is one of the most popular in the world, known for FC Barcelona and Real Madrid . Meanwhile, the Argentine Primera División is one of the strongest leagues in the Americas. However, baseball is the most popular sport in some Central American and Caribbean countries (especially Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela), as well as in
2997-590: Is thought to have read Juan Luis Vives . Fletcher's frequent collaborator Francis Beaumont also imitated Don Quixote in the more well-known The Knight of the Burning Pestle . Fletcher also borrowed from other works by Cervantes, including Los trabajos de Persiles y Segismunda for his The Custom of the Country and La ilustre fregona for his beautiful young saleswoman. Cervantes also inspired Thomas Middleton and William Rowley , with his La gitanilla (one of
3108-563: The Novelas ejemplares ) influencing their The Spanish Gipsy (1623). The first translation of Don Quixote into a foreign language was the English version by Thomas Shelton (first part, 1612; second, 1620). And Don Quixote was imitated in the satirical poem Hudibras (1663–78), composed by Samuel Butler . In addition, the works of some great Golden Age poets were translated into English by Richard Fanshawe , who died in Madrid. As early as 1738,
3219-784: The Crown of Castile , and the Kingdom of Navarre —were collectively called The Spains. This revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal , and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance , the four kingdoms shared one vote. The terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a geographic territory , home to several kingdoms (Christian and Muslim), with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs, and
3330-510: The Duke of Rivas and Antonio Alcalá Galiano . He wrote Lettres addressées d'Espagne au directeur de la Revue de Paris , which are costumbrista sketches that feature the description of a bullfight. Mérimée's short novels Les âmes du purgatoire [ de ; fr ; pl ] (1834) and Carmen (1845) are classic works on Spain. Honoré de Balzac was a friend of Francisco Martínez de la Rosa and dedicated his novel El Verdugo (1829) to him. (And Martínez de la Rosa's play Abén Humeya
3441-581: The Iberian Peninsula and Hispanic America , etc. During the 16th century, Spain was a motor of innovation in Europe, given its links to new lands, subjects, literary sorts and personages, dances, and fashions. This hegemonic status, also advanced by commercial and economic interests, generated interest in learning the Spanish language, as Spain was the dominant political power and was the first to develop an overseas empire in post- Renaissance Europe. In order to respond to that interest, some Spanish writers developed
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3552-547: The Iberian Peninsula and Ibero-America. The Spanish Inquisition led to many forced conversions of Spanish Jews. Genetic studies on the (male) Y-chromosome conducted by the University of Leeds in 2008 appear to support the idea that the number of forced conversions have been previously underestimated significantly. They found that twenty percent of Spanish males have Y-chromosomes associated with Sephardic Jewish ancestry. This may imply that there were more forced conversions than
3663-1485: The Ladino language, which mixes Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and others, though written with Hebrew and Latin characters. Ladinos were also African slaves captive in Spain held prior to the colonial period in the Americas. (See also History of the Jews in Hispanic America and List of Hispanic American Jews .) Pere Lacavaller%C3%ADa Look for Pere Lacavallería on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Pere Lacavallería in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use
3774-562: The Nazi regime (1933–1945), German philology went through a difficult time. Some Romanists, through their work, praised and propagated the Nazi ideology. Meanwhile, others lost their professorships or underwent anti-Jewish persecution (such as Yakov Malkiel and Leo Spitzer , both of whom emigrated), by falling into disfavor with the regime or actively opposing it (for example Helmut Hatzfeld , who fled from Germany, and Werner Krauss (not to be confused with
3885-632: The Philippines , the Hispanists (or hispanista in Tagalog ) are a term that has become associated with white washing , colonial mentality and cultural cringe for the past years. In particular, it has surfaced in social media as a bias on Philippine history that regards the colonizers and conquistadors as heroes and "civilizers", and the Philippine national heroes like Andres Bonifacio and Lapulapu as
3996-469: The Spanish Empire may self-identify as Hispanic, because an employer may not override an individual's self-identification. The 1970 census was the first time that a "Hispanic" identifier was used and data collected with the question. The definition of "Hispanic" has been modified in each successive census. In a recent study, most Spanish speakers of Spanish or Hispanic American descent do not prefer
4107-964: The actor of the same name), who lost his academic position in 1935). Laboriously reconstructed after World War II, the Hispanic philology of the German-speaking countries contributed the works of Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos and Ernst Robert Curtius . Also: The Deutscher Hispanistenverband ( German Association of Hispanists ) was established in 1977 and since then has held a congress biennially. Currently in Germany, Spanish often surpasses French in number of students. About forty university departments of Romance philology exist in Germany, and there are more than ten thousand students of Spanish. Today in Germany there are publishers specialized in Hispanic Studies, such as Edition Reichenberger , in Kassel , which
4218-472: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Pere Lacavallería " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for
4329-456: The disputed territory of Western Sahara ), which were formerly part of the Spanish Empire due to colonization mainly between the 16th and 20th centuries. The cultures of Hispanophone countries outside Spain have been influenced as well by the local pre-Hispanic cultures or other foreign influences. There was also Spanish influence in the former Spanish East Indies , including the Philippines , Marianas , and other nations. However, Spanish
4440-427: The "villains". Issues and reactions had stirred on the so-called hispanista movement of Spanish restoration for their radicalism. Claims and historical narratives in the social media have included proposing to “replace” the current Filipino as the country's official language, alluding to the country's status as a former Spanish Empire colony. The anti-Tagalog bias and the demand to credit cultural achievements in
4551-434: The 18th and 19th centuries include John Hookham Frere , Henry Richard Vassall-Fox , better known as Lord Holland (1773–1840), a great friend of Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos and Manuel José Quintana , and benefactor of José María Blanco White . Lord Holland visited Spain on numerous occasions and wrote his impressions about those trips. He also collected books and manuscripts and wrote a biography of Lope de Vega . His home
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4662-529: The 1960s, almost the only German university institution dedicated to Spanish and other languages of the Iberian Peninsula. The Institute published the journal Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen (1926–1944), devoted specifically to works on dialectology and popular culture, following, in general, patterns of the Wörter und Sachen school. Meanwhile, Berlin's Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut was founded in 1930. Today,
4773-617: The 19th century who left written and artistic testimony include painters such as Eugène Delacroix and Henri Regnault ; well-known authors such as Alexandre Dumas , Théophile Gautier , George Sand , Stendhal , Hippolyte Taine and Prosper Mérimée ; and other writers, including Jean-François de Bourgoing , Jean Charles Davillier , Louis Viardot , Isidore Justin Séverin , Charles Didier , Alexandre de Laborde , Antoine de Latour , Joseph Bonaventure Laurens , Édouard Magnien , Pierre Louis de Crusy and Antoine Frédéric Ozanam . Victor Hugo
4884-582: The Beauty and Good Properties of Women, as Their Vices and Evil Conditions with a Moral Conclusion and Exhortation to Virtue. . The Scottish poet William Drummond (1585–1649) translated Garcilaso de la Vega and Juan Boscán . The English knew the masterpieces of Castilian literature, from early translations of Amadís de Gaula by Garci Rodriguez de Montalvo and the Cárcel de amor by Diego de San Pedro . Sir Philip Sidney had read Los siete libros de la Diana by
4995-553: The Berlin institute houses Europe's largest library dedicated to studies of Spain, Portugal, and Latin America, and to the languages of these countries (including Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, Basque, and the indigenous languages of the Americas). The Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut in Berlin is engaged in research in the fields of literature, linguistics, ethnology, history, and art history. Under
5106-579: The Elder and Seneca the Younger , and the usurper Maximus of Hispania . A number of these men, such as Trajan, Hadrian and others, were in fact descended from Roman colonial families. Here follows a comparison of several terms related to Hispanic : Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior . In 27 BC, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania , while Hispania Citerior
5217-599: The Englishman Richard Percivale (1591), Frenchman César Oudin (1597, 1607), Italians Lorenzo Franciosini (1620, 1624) and Arnaldo de la Porte (1659, 1669) and Austrian Nicholas Mez von Braidenbach (1666, 1670) were especially relevant. Franciosini and Oudin also translated Don Quixote . This list is far from complete and the grammars and dictionaries in general had a great number of versions, adaptations, reprintings and even translations (Oudin's Grammaire et observations de langue espagnolle , for example,
5328-558: The Filipino culture to the Spanish colonizers have resulted in backlash and a negative reputation for online supporters of these ideas in the Philippines. In the late 19th century Uruguayan José Enrique Rodó and Cuban José Martí were writers stressing the value of Spanish language and cultural heritage as part of the construction of an identity for the new Hispanic American independent nations. The first Spanish book translated into English
5439-474: The French Romantic movement. The journalist and publisher Abel Hugo , brother of Victor Hugo , emphasized the literary value of the romancero , translating and publishing a collection of romances and a history of King Rodrigo in 1821, and Romances historiques traduits de l'espagnol in 1822. He also composed a stage review, Les français en Espagne (1823), inspired by the time he spent with his brother at
5550-475: The Hispanic cultural sphere, nor Spanish-speaking world. In Spanish, the term " hispano ", as in " hispanoamericano ", refers to the people of Spanish origin who live in the Americas and to a relationship to Spain or to the Spanish language. There are people in Hispanic America that are not of Spanish origin, such as Amerindians- the original people of these areas, as well as Africans and people with origins from other parts of Europe. Like in Portugal, in
5661-668: The Hispano-Portuguese Jorge de Montemayor , whose poetry influenced him greatly. John Bourchier translated Libro de Marco Aurelio by Antonio de Guevara . David Rowland translated Lazarillo de Tormes in 1586, which may have inspired the first English picaresque novel , The Unfortunate Traveller (1594), by Thomas Nashe . By the end of the 16th century, the Celestina had been translated fully (in London, J. Wolf, 1591; Adam Islip , 1596; William Apsley , 1598; and others). Some of
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#17330850187215772-735: The Italian Girolamo Vittori (1602), the Englishman John Torius (1590) and the Frenchmen Jacques Ledel (1565), [1] Jean Palet (1604) and [2] François Huillery (1661). The lexicographical contribution of the German Heinrich Hornkens (1599) and of the Franco-Spanish author Pere Lacavallería (1642) were also important to French Hispanism. Others combined grammars and dictionaries. The works of
5883-725: The Pillar is considered the Patroness of the Hispanic people and the Hispanic world . While a tiny minority, there are some Muslims in Latin America, in the United States, and in the Philippines. Those in the Philippines live predominantly in Bangsamoro . There are also Spanish-speaking Jews , most of whom are the descendants of Ashkenazi Jews who migrated from Europe (German Jews, Russian Jews, Polish Jews, etc.) to Hispanic America, particularly Argentina , Uruguay , Peru , and Cuba (Argentina
5994-527: The Portuguese took the Catholic faith to their colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia; Catholicism remains the predominant religion amongst most Hispanics. A small but growing number of Hispanics belong to a Protestant denomination. Hispanic Christians form the largest ethno-linguistic group among Christians in the world, about 18% of the world's Christian population are Hispanic (around 430 million). In
6105-535: The Romantics. One of the émigrés, Antonio Alcalá Galiano , taught Spanish literature as a professor at the University of London in 1828 and published his notes. The publisher Rudolph Ackerman established a great business publishing Catecismos (text books) on different matters in Spanish, many of them written by Spanish émigrés, for the new Spanish-American republics. Matthew G. Lewis set some of his works in Spain. And
6216-414: The Seminario de Nobles in Madrid during the reign of Joseph Bonaparte . Madame de Stäel contributed to the knowledge of Spanish Literature in France (as she did also for German literature), which helped introduce Romanticism to the country. To this end she translated volume IV of Friedrich Bouterwek 's Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts in 1812 and gave it
6327-553: The Spanish culture among his contemporaries; in addition, he created the prize that bears his name in the Spanish Royal Academy , to reward the best works in Spanish poetry, fiction, and essays. The Austrian Romance scholar Ferdinand Wolf , a friend of Agustín Durán , was particularly interested in the romancero , in the lyric poetry of the medieval Spanish cancioneros , and in other medieval folk poetry; he also studied Spanish authors who had resided in Vienna, such as Cristóbal de Castillejo . The Swiss scholar Heinrich Morf edited
6438-525: The Spanish culture. Vossler, along with Helmut Hatzfeld and Leo Spitzer , began a new school of stylistics based on aesthetics, which focused on the means of expression of various authors. The early twentieth century marked the founding of two German institutions dedicated to Hispanic Studies (including Catalan, Galician and the Portuguese), in Hamburg and Berlin respectively. The University of Hamburg's Iberoamerikanisches Forschungsinstitut (Ibero-American Research Institute) was, from its founding in 1919 until
6549-700: The Spanish of the Americas; and Friedrich Hanssen (1857–1919), author of Spanische Grammatik auf historischer Grundlage (1910; revised ed. in Spanish, Gramática histórica de la lengua castellana , 1913), as well as other works on Old Spanish philology, Aragonese dialectology, and the Spanish of the Americas. The Handbuch der romanischen Philologie (1896) by Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke was a classic in Spain, as were his Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen (1890–1902), Einführung in das Studium der romanischen Sprachwissenschaft (1901) (translated into Spanish), and Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1935). Johannes Fastenrath , through his translations and other works, spread
6660-456: The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defined Hispanic or Latino persons as being "persons who trace their origin or descent to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South America, and other Spanish cultures." The United States Census uses the ethnonyms Hispanic or Latino to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Hispanic culture or origin regardless of race." The 2010 census asked if
6771-478: The United States, some 65% of Hispanics and Latinos report themselves Catholic and 21% Protestant, with 13% having no affiliation. A minority among the Catholics, about one in five, are charismatics . Among the Protestant, 85% are " Born-again Christians " and belong to Evangelical or Pentecostal churches. Among the smallest groups, less than 4%, are Jewish. Among the Spanish-speaking Catholics, most communities celebrate their homeland's patron saint , dedicating
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#17330850187216882-430: The United States. People who identify their origin as Hispanic, Latino or Spanish may be of any race." The U.S. Department of Transportation defines Hispanic as, "persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race." This definition has been adopted by the Small Business Administration as well as by many federal, state, and municipal agencies for
6993-527: The backbone of Peruvian and Bolivian music, but also play a significant role in the popular music of most South American countries and are heavily incorporated into the folk music of Ecuador and the tunes of Colombia, and in Chile where they play a fundamental role in the form of the greatly followed nueva canción . In U.S. communities of immigrants from these countries it is common to hear these styles. Rock en español , Latin hip-hop , Salsa , Merengue , Bachata , Cumbia and Reggaeton styles tend to appeal to
7104-430: The birth (rather than fragmentation) of a constellation of republics.” He goes on to say that “it is incumbent on us to face up to the possibility that Hispanism no longer has a future in the university.” While Nicolas Shumway believes Hispanism “is an outmoded idea based on an essentialist, ideologically driven, and Spain-centric, notions,” Carlos Alonso maintains the field of Hispanism “must be rethought and exploded.” In
7215-419: The broader Hispanic population, and varieties of Cuban music are popular with many Hispanics of all backgrounds. Spanish-language literature and folklore is very rich and is influenced by a variety of countries. There are thousands of writers from many places, and dating from the Middle Ages to the present. Some of the most recognized writers are: In the majority of the Hispanic countries, association football
7326-418: The declining great power and its now independent former colonies. Inside Spain, after the country lost definitely its empire in the Spanish defeat in 1898 , calls for cultural regeneration and a new conception of identity based in language and humanities began to emerge. During the Romantic period , the image of a Moorish and exotic medieval Spain, a picturesque country with a mixed cultural heritage, captured
7437-1419: The diaspora in the United States. Notable Hispanic teams in early baseball are the All Cubans , Cuban Stars and New York Cubans . The Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum recognizes Hispanic baseball personalities. Nearly 30 percent (22 percent foreign-born Hispanics) of MLB players today have Hispanic heritage. Several Hispanic sportspeople have been successful worldwide, such as Diego Maradona , Alfredo di Stefano , Lionel Messi , Diego Forlán , Fernando Torres , Xavi , Andrés Iniesta , Iker Casillas , Xabi Alonso (association football), Juan Manuel Fangio , Juan Pablo Montoya , Eliseo Salazar , Fernando Alonso , Marc Gené , Carlos Sainz Sr. and Carlos Sainz Jr. (auto racing), Ángel Nieto , Dani Pedrosa , Jorge Lorenzo , Marc Márquez , Marc Coma , Nani Roma (motorcycle racing), Emanuel Ginóbili , Pau Gasol , Marc Gasol (basketball), Julio César Chávez , Saúl Álvarez , Carlos Monzón (boxing), Miguel Indurain , Alberto Contador , Santiago Botero , Rigoberto Urán , Nairo Quintana (cycling), Roberto de Vicenzo , Ángel Cabrera , Sergio García , Severiano Ballesteros , José María Olazábal (golf), Luciana Aymar (field hockey), Rafael Nadal , Marcelo Ríos , Guillermo Vilas , Gabriela Sabatini , Juan Martín del Potro (tennis). Notable Hispanic sports television networks are ESPN Deportes , Fox Deportes and TyC Sports . The Spanish and
7548-433: The enthusiasm that German Romantics had for Miguel de Cervantes , Calderón de la Barca , and Gracián . Friedrich Diez (1794–1876) can be considered the first German philologist to give prominence to Spanish, in his Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen (1836–1843) and his Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen (1854). His first Spanish-related work, Altspanische Romanzen , was published in 1819. Important to
7659-414: The expression "King of Spain" or "King of the Spains" was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state. It was only in the constitution of 1812 that was adopted the name Españas (Spains) for the Spanish nation and the use of the title of "king of the Spains". The constitution of 1876 adopts for the first time the name "Spain" for the Spanish nation and from then on the kings would use
7770-571: The first work on the influences of the Germanic languages on Spanish. Authors who made more specialized contributions to Hispanic philology include the following: Fritz Krüger created the famous Hamburg School (not to be confused with the pop music genre of the 1980s, of the same name), which applied the principles of the Wörter und Sachen movement, founded earlier by Swiss and German philologists such as Hugo Schuchardt , Ruduolf Meringer, and Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke , aptly combining dialectology and ethnography. Between 1926 and 1944 Krüger directed
7881-425: The following: as well as Geoffrey Ribbans ; William James Entwistle ; Peter Edward Russell ; Nigel Glendinning ; Brian Dutton ; Gerald Brenan ; John H. Elliott ; Raymond Carr ; Henry Kamen ; John H. R. Polt ; Hugh Thomas ; Colin Smith ; Edward C. Riley ; Keith Whinnom ; Paul Preston ; Alan Deyermond ; Ian Michael ; and Ian Gibson . The Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland (AHGBI)
7992-502: The former Spanish East Indies . A hispanist is a scholar specializing in Hispanicism. It was used in an article by Miguel de Unamuno in 1908 referring to 'el hispanista italiano Farinelli', and was discussed at length for the U.S. by Hispanist Richard L. Kagan of Johns Hopkins University . The work carried out by Hispanists includes translations of literature and they may specialize in certain genres, authors or historical periods of
8103-462: The imagination of many writers. This led many to become interested in Spanish literature, legends, and traditions. Travel books written at that time maintained and intensified that interest, and led to a more serious and scientific approach to the study of Spanish and Hispanic American culture. This field did not have a word coined to name it until the early 20th century, when it ended up being called Hispanism. Hispanism has traditionally been defined as
8214-456: The journal Volkstum und Kultur der Romane and its supplements (1930–1945). It totaled 37 volumes, in which many of his students published their works. Krüger wrote mainly on Hispanic dialectology, especially on that of western Spain (Extremadura and Leon) and the Pyrenees, and he traveled on foot to gather the materials for his monumental work Die Hochpyrenäen , in which he meticulously described
8325-550: The landscape, flora, fauna, material culture, popular traditions and dialects of the Central Pyrenees. The versatile Romance scholar Gerhard Rohlfs investigated the languages and the dialects of both sides of the Pyrenees and their elements in common, as well as pre-Roman substrate languages of the Iberian Peninsula and Guanche loanwords . The works of Karl Vossler , founder of the linguistic school of idealism , include interpretations of Spanish literature and reflections on
8436-546: The legend of Don Juan , changing the ending after having seen Zorrilla's version in the edition of 1864. François-René de Chateaubriand traveled through Iberia in 1807 on his return trip from Jerusalem, and later took part in the French intervention in Spain in 1823, which he describes in his Mémoires d'Outre-tombe (1849–1850). It may have been at that time that he began to write Les aventures du dernier Abencerraje (1826), which exalted Hispano-Arabic chivalry. Another work that
8547-460: The medieval Poema de José (Leipzig, 1883). The works of Karl Vossler and Ludwig Pfandl on linguistic idealism and literary stylistics were widely read in Spain. Calderón studies in Germany were advanced by the editions of Max Krenkel . Other important authors were Emil Gessner , who wrote Das Altleonesische (Old Leonese) (Berlin 1867); Gottfried Baist , who produced an edition of Don Juan Manuel 's Libro de la caza (1880), as well as
8658-741: The more outstanding foreign authors of Spanish grammars were the Italians Giovanni Mario Alessandri (1560) and Giovanni Miranda (1566); the English Richard Percivale (1591), John Minsheu (1599) and Lewis Owen (1605); the French Jean Saulnier (1608) and Jean Doujat (1644); the German Heinrich Doergangk (1614); and the Dutch Carolus Mulerius (1630). Dictionaries were composed by
8769-547: The music from Spain is a lot different from the Hispanic American , although there is a high grade of exchange between both continents. In addition, due to the high national development of the diverse nationalities and regions of Spain , there is a lot of music in the different languages of the Peninsula ( Catalan , Galician and Basque , mainly). See, for instance, Music of Catalonia or Rock català , Music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias , and Basque music . Flamenco
8880-670: The outline of a historical grammar of Spanish, Die spanische Sprache , in the encyclopedia of Romance philology published by Gustav Gröber in 1888; Hugo Schuchardt , known for his study of Spanish flamenco music, Die cantes flamencos ; and Armin Gassner , who wrote Das altspanische Verbum (the Old Spanish verb) (1897), as well as a work on Spanish syntax (1890) and several articles on Spanish pronouns between 1893 and 1895. And Moritz Goldschmidt [ de ] wrote Zur Kritik der altgermanischen Elemente im Spanischen (Bonn 1887),
8991-475: The people and culture of Spain as well as Latin America. While originally the term Hispanic referred primarily to the Hispanos of New Mexico within the United States , today, organizations in the country use the term as a broad catchall to refer to persons with a historical and cultural relationship with Spain regardless of race and ethnicity. The United States Census Bureau uses Hispanic or Latino to refer to
9102-427: The person was "Spanish/Hispanic/Latino". The United States census uses the Hispanic or Latino to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race." The Census Bureau also explains that "[o]rigin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's ancestors before their arrival in
9213-516: The powerful influence of Spanish Golden Age literature on authors such as Pierre Corneille and Paul Scarron . Spanish influence was also brought to France by Spanish Protestants who fled the Inquisition , many of whom took up teaching of the Spanish language. These included Juan de Luna , author of a sequel to Lazarillo de Tormes . N. Charpentier's Parfaicte méthode pour entendre, écrire et parler la langue espagnole (Paris: Lucas Breyel, 1597)
9324-727: The promotion of Hispanism in Germany was a group of Romantic writers that included Ludwig Tieck , an orientalist and poet who translated Don Quixote into German (1799–1801); Friedrich Bouterwek , author of the unorthodox Geschichte der Poesie und Beredsamkeit seit dem Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts and translator of the Cervantes short farce El juez de los divorcios [ es ] ; and August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845), who translated works of Calderón de la Barca ( Spanisches Theater , 1803–1809) and Spanish classical poetry into German. The philologist and folklorist Jakob Grimm published Silva de romances viejos (Vienna, 1816) with
9435-425: The protagonist of Jane Austen 's Abbey of Northanger is deranged by her excessive reading of Gothic novels , much as was Don Quixote with his books of chivalry . Sir Walter Scott was an enthusiastic reader of Cervantes and tried his hand at translation. He dedicated his narrative poem The Vision of Roderick (1811) to Spain and its history. Thomas Rodd translated some Spanish folk ballads . Lord Byron also
9546-424: The publishing house Baudry published many works by Spanish Romantics and even maintained a collection of "best" Spanish authors, edited by Eugenio de Ochoa . Images of Spain were offered by the travel books of Madame d'Aulnoy and Saint-Simon , as well as the poet Théophile Gautier , who travelled in Spain in 1840 and published Voyage en Espagne (1845) and Espagne (1845). These works are so full of color and
9657-560: The purposes of awarding government contracts to minority owned businesses. The Congressional Hispanic Caucus and the Congressional Hispanic Conference include representatives of Spanish and Portuguese, Puerto Rican and Mexican descent. The Hispanic Society of America is dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of the Hispanic and Lusitanic world . The Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities , proclaimed champions of Hispanic success in higher education,
9768-721: The rest of Europe (and wider world) the concept of 'Hispanic' refers to historical ancient Hispania (especially the term Hispano-Roman and Hispania during the Roman Empire) or the Spanish language and cultures shared by all the Spanish-speaking countries. Both Hispanic and Latino are widely used in American English for Spanish-speaking people and their descendants in the United States. While Hispanic refers to Spanish speakers overall, Latino refers specifically to people of Latin American descent. Hispanic can also be used for
9879-538: The same etymology as Hispanus , ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule . The ancient Roman Hispania , which roughly comprised what is currently called the Iberian Peninsula , included the contemporary states of Spain , Portugal , parts of France , Andorra , and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar . In English, the term Hispano-Roman
9990-495: The sense of the picturesque that they even served as inspirations to Spanish writers themselves (poets such as José Zorrilla and narrators such as those of the Generation of '98 ), as well as to Alexandre Dumas , who attended the production of Zorrilla's Don Juan Tenorio in Madrid. Dumas wrote his somewhat negative views of his experience in his Impressions de voyage (1847–1848). In his play Don Juan de Marana , Dumas revived
10101-758: The study of the Spanish and Spanish-American cultures, and particularly of their language by foreigners or people generally not educated in Spain. The Instituto Cervantes has promoted the study of Spanish and Hispanic culture around the world, similar to the way in which institutions such as the British Council , the Alliance Française or the Goethe Institute have done for their own countries. Hispanism as an organizing rubric has been criticized by scholars in Spain and in Latin America. The term "attempts to appropriate Latin-American topics and subordinate them to
10212-456: The term Hispanic or Latino when it comes to describing their identity. Instead, they prefer to be identified by their country of origin. When asked if they have a preference for either being identified as Hispanic or Latino , the Pew study finds that "half (51%) say they have no preference for either term." Among those who do express a preference, "'Hispanic' is preferred over 'Latino' by more than
10323-464: The title of Histoire de la littérature espagnole . Spanish literature was also promoted to readers of French by the Swiss author Simonde de Sismondi with his study De la littérature du midi de l'Europe (1813). Also important for French access to Spanish poetry was the two-volume Espagne poétique (1826–27), an anthology of post-15th-century Castilian poetry translated by Juan María Maury . In Paris,
10434-640: The title of "king of Spain". The expansion of the Spanish Empire between 1492 and 1898 brought thousands of Spanish migrants to the conquered lands, who established settlements, mainly in the Americas, but also in other distant parts of the world (as in the Philippines, the lone Spanish territory in Asia), producing a number of multiracial populations. Today, the varied populations of these places, including those with Spanish ancestry, are also designated as Hispanic. The Latin gentile adjectives that belong to Hispania are Hispanus, Hispanicus, and Hispaniensis. A Hispanus
10545-658: The translators of that time traveled or lived for some time in Spain, such as Lord Berners, Bartholomew Yong , Thomas Shelton , Leonard Digges and James Mabbe . William Cecil (Lord Burghley; 1520–1598) owned the largest Spanish library in the United Kingdom. Elizabethan theater also felt the powerful influence of the Spanish Golden Age . John Fletcher , a frequent collaborator of Shakespeare , borrowed from Miguel de Cervantes 's Don Quixote for his Cardenio , possibly written in collaboration with Shakespeare, who
10656-653: The works of Cervantes. Among the British travellers in Spain in the 18th century who left written testimony of their travels are (chronologically) John Durant Breval , Thomas James , Wyndham Beawes , James Harris , Richard Twiss , Francis Carter , William Dalrymple , Philip Thicknesse , Henry Swinburne , John Talbot Dillon , Alexander Jardine , Richard Croker , Richard Cumberland , Joseph Townsend , Arthur Young , William Beckford , John Macdonald ( Memoirs of an Eighteenth-Century Footman ), Robert Southey and Neville Wyndham . Other English travel writers who straddled
10767-651: Was Charles Dickens , who created a quixotic pair in Mr. Pickwick and Sam Weller of Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club . John Ormsby translated the Cantar de Mio Cid and Don Quixote . Percy Bysshe Shelley left traces of his devotion to Calderón de la Barca in his work. The polyglot John Bowring traveled to Spain in 1819 and published the observations of his trip. Other accounts of travel in Spain include those of Richard Ford , whose Handbook for Travellers in Spain (1845)
10878-480: Was founded in 1955 by a group of university professors at St. Andrews , and since then it has held congresses annually. The AHGBI played a decisive role in the creation of the Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas (AIH), whose first congress was held at Oxford in 1962. Aside from the imitation of the picaresque novel by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen , Hispanism bloomed in Germany around
10989-437: Was greatly interested in Spain and was a reader of Don Quixote . He translated the ballad Ay de mi Alhama in part of his Childe Harold and Don Juan . Richard Trench translated Pedro Calderón de la Barca and was friends with some of the emigrated Spaniards, some of whom wrote in both English and Spanish, such as José María Blanco White and Telesforo de Trueba y Cossío , and many of whom (including Juan Calderón, who held
11100-557: Was in Spain accompanying his father in 1811 and 1813. He was proud to call himself a " grandee of Spain", and he knew the language well. In his works there are numerous allusions to El Cid and the works of Miguel de Cervantes . Prosper Mérimée , even before his repeated trips to Spain, had shaped his intuitive vision of the country in his Théatre de Clara Gazul (1825) and in La Famille de Carvajal (1828). Mérimée made many trips between 1830 and 1846, making numerous friends, among them
11211-500: Was open to all Spaniards, but especially to the liberal émigrés who arrived in the London district of Somers Town in the 19th century, fleeing the absolutist repression of King Ferdinand VII and the religious and ideological dogmatism of the country. Many of them subsisted by translating or teaching their language to English people, most of whom were interested in conducting business with Spanish America, although others wished to learn about Spanish medieval literature, much in vogue among
11322-516: Was previously thought. There are also thought to be many Catholic-professing descendants of marranos and Spanish-speaking crypto-Jews in the Southwestern United States and scattered through Hispanic America. Additionally, there are Sephardic Jews who are descendants of those Jews who fled Spain to Turkey, Syria , and North Africa, some of whom have now migrated to Hispanic America, holding on to some Spanish/Sephardic customs, such as
11433-563: Was produced in Paris in 1831.) The Spanish romancero is represented in the French Bibliothèque universelle des romans , which was published in 1774. Auguste Creuzé de Lesser published folk ballads about El Cid in 1814, comparing them (as Johann Gottfried Herder had done before him) with the Greek epic tradition, and these were reprinted in 1823 and 1836, providing much raw material to
11544-535: Was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis . This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms (Spain, and The Spains) used to refer to the peninsula and its kingdoms in the Middle Ages. Before the marriage of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, the four Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula—the Kingdom of Portugal , the Crown of Aragon ,
11655-416: Was republished in many editions, and George Borrow , author of the travelogue The Bible in Spain , which was translated into Castilian by Manuel Azaña , the poet and translator Edward Fitzgerald , and the literary historian James Fitzmaurice-Kelly , who was mentor to a whole British generation of Spanish scholars such as Edgar Allison Peers and Alexander A. Parker . Other outstanding Hispanists include
11766-526: Was spoken by Flemish, Italian, English, and French persons. For many years, especially between 1550 and 1670, European presses published a large number of Spanish grammars and dictionaries that linked Spanish to one or more other languages. Two of the oldest grammars were published anonymously in Louvain : Útil y breve institución para aprender los Principios y fundamentos de la lengua Hespañola (1555) and Gramática de la lengua vulgar de España (1559). Among
11877-513: Was supplemented by the grammar of César Oudin (also from 1597) that served as a model to those that were later written in French. Michel de Montaigne read the chroniclers of the Spanish Conquest and had as one of his models Antonio de Guevara . Molière , Alain-René Lesage , and Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian borrowed plots and characters from Spanish literature. French travelers to Spain in
11988-559: Was the Celestina , as an adaptation in verse published in London between 1525 and 1530 by John Rastell . It includes only the first four acts and is based on the Italian version of Alfonso de Ordóñez; it is often referred to as an Interlude , and its original title is A New Comedy in English in Manner of an Interlude Right Elegant and Full of Craft of Rhetoric: Wherein is Shewed and Described as well
12099-518: Was the historical remnant of the Hispano-Gothic unity. Spain was not a political entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages, one should not be confounded with the nation-state of today. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, and then the different kingdoms ruled by the same king. Illustrative of this fact
12210-405: Was translated into Latin and English). This is why it is not possible to exaggerate the great impact that the Spanish language had in the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 19th century, coinciding with the loss of the Spanish colonial empire and the birth of new Latin American republics, Europe and the United States showed a renewed interest in Hispanic history, literature and culture of
12321-745: Was widely read was the Lettres d'un espagnol (1826), by Louis Viardot , who visited Spain in 1823. Stendhal included a chapter "De l'Espagne" in his essay De l'amour (1822). Later (1834) he visited the country. George Sand spent the winter of 1837–1838 with Chopin in Majorca , installed in the Valldemossa Charterhouse . Their impressions are captured in Sand's Un hiver au midi de l'Europe (1842) and in Chopin's Memoirs . Spanish classical painting exerted
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