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123-799: Hiranandani Gardens (known popularly as Hiranandani ) is an upmarket township consisting of condominiums , penthouses , bungalows and commercial complexes in Powai in the city of Mumbai . Hiranandani was constructed by the Hiranandani Group and can be accessed by JVLR from the North and LBS Marg from the South. Hiranandani consists of residential buildings , office buildings , hospital, schools, gardens, community centre , sports club , banks, shopping malls, film studio , bus garage , hotels, restaurants , pubs and swimming pools . Spread in an area of 250 acres,

246-561: A strata , and in Quebec , where they are referred to as syndicates of co-ownership . The townhouse complex of Brentwood Village in Edmonton , Alberta , was the first condominium development in Canada (registered in 1967). With regular condominiums, the unit owner usually owns the internal unit space and a share of the corporation; the corporation owns the exterior of the building land and common area; in

369-488: A (single family) house. However, shares are not considered as real estate but as personal property and the co-op can take possession of the apartment for a term time and evict the tenant or owner because of disturbance or unpaid maintenance fees. Finnish housing cooperatives are incorporated as (non-profit) limited-liability companies ( Finnish : asunto- osakeyhtiö , Swedish : bostadsaktiebolag ), where one share usually represents one square meter (sometimes ten) of

492-431: A German conglomerate formed from the merger of six chemical companies: BASF , Bayer , Hoechst (including Cassella and Kalle & Co.  [ de ] ), Agfa , Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer . In the 1930s, Gerhard Domagk , director of Bayer's Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology, working with chemists Fritz Mietzsch and Joseph Klarer, discovered prontosil ,

615-554: A building to be classified as "Flats" is four, with a requirement for having at least one elevator or lift for buildings upwards of four floors. Almost all have a separate room called the "Drawing Room", used for guest entertainment purposes. However, its use as a TV room and dining room is common. Another unique feature is the balcony or "terrace", which is standard for all flats. In the Philippines, condominiums are classified into three types: low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise. Condos have

738-507: A circle. An illuminated version of the logo is a landmark in Leverkusen. Bayer's first major product was acetylsalicylic acid —first described by French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt in 1853 —a modification of salicylic acid or salicin , a folk remedy found in the bark of the willow plant. By 1899, Bayer's trademark Aspirin was registered worldwide for Bayer's brand of acetylsalicylic acid, but it lost its trademark status in

861-542: A complex of residences, such as an apartment building, and a condominium is purely legal. There is no way to differentiate a condominium from any other residential building simply by looking at it or visiting it. What defines a condominium is the form of ownership. A building developed as a condominium (and sold in individual units to different owners ) could actually be built at another location as (for example) an apartment building (the developers would retain ownership and rent individual units to different tenants ). Where

984-489: A condominium is a collection of individual units and common areas along with the land upon which they sit. Individual home ownership within a condominium is construed as ownership of only the air space confining the boundaries of the home. The boundaries of that space are specified by a legal document known in the United States as a Declaration, filed on record with the local governing authority. These boundaries may extend to

1107-401: A condominium is in essence an apartment building, as a practical matter, builders tend to build condominiums to higher quality standards than apartment complexes because of the differences between the rental and sale markets. They are typically slightly larger than apartments and are often constructed in a townhouse style in regions where single-family detached homes are common. Technically,

1230-498: A fee of $ 1.02 billion. In August 2019, the business acquired the ≈60% of BlueRock Therapeutics it didn't already own for up to $ 600 million. In August 2020, Bayer announced it had acquired KaNDy Therapeutics Ltd, helping to boost its female healthcare business, for $ 425 million. In October, Bayer agreed to acquire Asklepios BioPharmaceuticals for $ 2 billion upfront. In June 2021, the company announced it acquire Noria Therapeutics Inc. and PSMA Therapeutics Inc. gaining rights to

1353-470: A few censuses metropolitan areas according to Statistics Canada . Condominiums exist in most parts of Canada, though they are more common in larger cities. They are regulated under provincial or territorial legislation, and specific legal details vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In most parts of Canada, they are referred to as condominiums, except in British Columbia , where they are referred to as

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1476-410: A founding document, which may variously be called a "Master Deed", "Enabling Declaration", "Declaration of Conditions", "Conditions, Covenants, and Restrictions (CC&Rs)", "Deed of Mutual Covenant" or simply a "Condominium Document". Among other things, this document can provide for the creation of a governing body or corporation, for example, a Homeowner's Association in the United States. Rules for

1599-765: A freehold owned by a corporation, itself owned by individual leaseholders. This provides an opportunity for them to participate in the proper management of the block. Again, the quality of management is very variable. The statute creating commonholds was motivated by a desire to eliminate some of the problems and perceived injustices, such as the commercial exploitation of lessees by freeholders as their leases began to have too little time left to satisfy lenders. Since most leasehold developments are undertaken by commercial entities, commonholds did not become widespread. There are, however, other statutes in place that give some degree of protection for leaseholders. It is, nevertheless, essential to consider proper legal advice whenever engaged in

1722-513: A lower tax liability in an office condominium than in an office rented from a taxable, for-profit company. However, the frequent turnover of commercial land uses in particular can make the inflexibility of condominium arrangements problematic. In Australia, condominiums are known as " strata title schemes " or "community title schemes". The 2011 National Household Survey (NHS) showed that one in eight Canadian households lived in condominium dwellings, colloquially known as "condos", mostly located in

1845-598: A lung irritant against British forces. In 1916, Bayer scientists discovered suramin , an anti- parasite drug that is still sold by Bayer under the brand name Germanin. The formula of suramin was kept secret by Bayer for commercial reasons, but it was elucidated and published in 1924 by Ernest Fourneau and his team at the Pasteur Institute . It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . In 1925, Bayer became part of IG Farben ,

1968-417: A non-profit corporation, in which the tenants own shares; each share carries the right and duty to lease an apartment from the cooperative. Shares can be bought and sold, but often the cooperative's rules strictly limit the price for which they may change hands. (In contrast, condominiums are traded on a free market). Because the official share prices are often lower than the market value and sellers often retain

2091-405: A number of cancer-based investigational compounds based on actinium-225 . In September 2015, Bayer spun out its $ 12.3 billion materials science division into a separate, publicly traded company called Covestro in which it retained about a 70% interest. Bayer spun out the division because it had relatively low profit margins compared to its life science divisions (10.2%, compared with 24.9% for

2214-635: A special type of ownership title called a CCT - condominium certificate of title. Condominiums usually have amenities, like swimming pools, owned parking, a clubhouse, and a building for administration. Initially, the concept of a condominium was introduced by the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of the Federal Housing Policy" No. 4218-1 dated December 24, 1992: "Condominium is an association of owners of residential premises in apartment buildings with

2337-497: A variety of product lines including Alka-Seltzer , Flintstones vitamins and One-A-Day vitamins, and Cutter insect repellent . Along with the purchase of Cutter, Bayer acquired Cutter's Factor VIII business. Factor VIII, a clotting agent used to treat hemophilia , was produced, at the time, by processing donated blood. In the early days of the AIDS epidemic , people with hemophilia were found to have higher rates of AIDS, and by 1983

2460-481: Is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of Western Express Highway , 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of Eastern Express Highway with JVLR connecting both expressways. Hiranandani Gardens is 8 kilometres north-east of Mumbai airport , 35 kilometres north of Colaba , 28 kilometres north-west of Navi Mumbai and 22 kilometres south-east of Dahisar check-naka. Hiranandani Gardens is not serviced by Mumbai Suburban Railway and by Mumbai Metro . Kanjurmarg railway station

2583-522: Is a German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company and is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies and biomedical companies in the world. Headquartered in Leverkusen , Bayer's areas of business include: pharmaceuticals, consumer healthcare products, agricultural chemicals , seeds and biotechnology products. The company is a component of the EURO STOXX 50 stock market index. Bayer

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2706-426: Is an example of a General Medicine business unit. Bayer Pharma produces the birth control pills Yaz and Yasmin . Both pills use a newer type of progestin hormone called drospirenone in combination with estrogen. Yaz is advertised as a treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and moderate acne. Other key products include the cancer drug Nexavar , the multiple sclerosis drug betaferon / betaseron and

2829-459: Is assigned to specific apartments ( Finnish : hallinnanjakosopimus , Swedish : avtal om delning av besittningen ) is usually used only with detached or semi-detached houses. A housing cooperative is a common form of home ownership in Finland. Owning shares that correspond to one apartment in a housing company is generally considered as much owning your own home as actually directly owning

2952-670: Is located in St. Louis , Missouri , United States . Bayer CropScience Limited is the Indian subsidiary of Bayer AG. It is listed on the Indian stock exchanges ; the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India , and has a market capitalization of $ 2 billion. Bayer BioScience, headquartered in Hyderabad, India , has about 400 employees, and has research, production, and an extensive sales network spread across India . Before

3075-618: Is located in Powai, Mumbai. Powai is well connected through the 6-lane Jogeshwari – Vikhroli Link Road linked strategically to the two crucial arteries of Mumbai, the Western and Eastern Express Highways. In the 1990s, Hiranandani group constructed Galleria shopping complex in the township. This shopping complex epitomises the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan. Situated at the center of

3198-505: Is located in the Hiranandani Knowledge Park. The SDA Bocconi Asia Center, Mumbai , serving as SDA Bocconi School of management, Italy's Pan Asian Hub since 2012 for delivering Executive Education and Postgraduate Programs to the Indian & International Students Hiranandani Foundation School is situated on the intersection of Orchard avenue and High street – opposite Hiranandani Gardens (the garden). Established in 1990,

3321-775: Is operated by Hiranandani Group. The hospital started operations in February 2004 and is the first hospital in western India to receive the National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditation. Hiranandani Knowledge Park is situated opposite the Hiranandani Hospital and houses IFCAI Business School . The school offers bachelor's ( BBA ), master's (MBA) and doctoral (PhD) degrees in Business administration and management. The Japanese School of Mumbai , serving Mumbai's Japanese families,

3444-411: Is owned jointly by the apartment owners, who execute their joint ownership through an owner's association . The expenses of maintaining the joint property are shared pro rata among the owners. Another 5% of Danish homes are in housing cooperatives (Danish andelsbolig ), which occupy a legal position intermediate between condominiums and housing associations . The entire property is legally owned by

3567-525: Is situated on the Central Avenue, opposite D-Mart . Constructed in 2010, the building spreads over 211,610 square feet and houses the headquarters of CRISIL (Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited). CRISIL house is a green building and claims to reduce electricity consumption by 40% and water consumption by 30%. Situated on the Hill Side Avenue, Hiranandani Hospital was constructed and

3690-489: Is the "time share", although not all time shares are condominiums, and not all time shares involve actual ownership of (i.e., deeded title to) real property. Condominiums may be found in both civil law and common law legal systems as it is purely a creation of statute . Among other things, the HOA assesses unit owners for the costs of maintaining the common areas, etc. That is, the HOA decides how much each owner should pay and has

3813-454: Is the closest Mumbai Suburban railway station (4 kilometres North-East) whereas closest Mumbai Metro station is Saki Naka metro station (5 kilometres south-west). However with the opening of Line 6 (Pink Line) of the Mumbai Metro, Powai and Hiranandani Gardens will be serviced by Rambaug, Powai Lake and IIT Powai metro stations. Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road is the main arterial road serving

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3936-484: Is the main street in Hiranandani Gardens. It starts from JVLR in North and runs for 1.5 kilometres south-west to MHADA colony. The central avenue houses landmarks such as Galleria, Scorpio House, CRISIL House and Powai Plaza. Supermarkets ( D-Mart and Haiko Super Market ), hotels (Rodas and "Meluha The Fern"), several restaurants, pubs, coffee shops, banks and offices are also situated on this road. CRISIL House

4059-524: The Commonwealth of Independent States countries such as Russia , Ukraine , Kazakhstan , Belarus , and others. On 28 August 2008, an explosion occurred at the Bayer CropScience facility at Institute, West Virginia , United States . A runaway reaction ruptured a tank and the resulting explosion killed two employees. The ruptured tank was close to a methyl isocyanate tank which was undamaged by

4182-665: The IG Farben Trial like Fritz ter Meer . Bayer played a key role in the Wirtschaftswunder in post-war West Germany , quickly regaining its position as one of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical corporations. In 2016, Bayer merged with the American multinational Monsanto in what was the biggest acquisition by a German company to date. However, owing to the massive financial and reputational blows caused by ongoing litigation concerning Monsanto's herbicide Roundup ,

4305-463: The United States between 2013 and 2016. A Bayer spokesperson said that the largest investments will be made to expand the production of its herbicide Liberty. Liberty is an alternative to Monsanto's product, Roundup , which are both used to kill weeds. In 2016, as part of the wholesale corporate restructuring, Bayer CropScience became one of the three major divisions of Bayer AG, reporting directly to

4428-623: The homeowner association represents an entity with rights and duties that may include contracts. The right of ownership is divided in the first article of the WoEigG into homeownership, individual freehold ownership, part ownership, and commonhold ownership. In Greece, condominiums became very popular in the 1960s. It is a building one sees everywhere in Greece, since most of its population lives in big cities. They are known as πολυκατοικίες ( polykatoikíes ), literally "multi-residences". In Hong Kong

4551-547: The intersection of Orchard Avenue and High Street – opposite Hiranandani Foundation School . Other prominent gardens are Heritage Garden (on the Cliff avenue), Nirvana Park (on intersection of Central Avenue and JVLR ) and Glen Society Garden (in the compound of the Glen Society on Cliff avenue). Scorpio House is situated opposite Galleria and houses the headquarters of Scorpio Marine Management India Pvt. Ltd . Constructed in 1995,

4674-693: The 2016 restructuring, Bayer HealthCare comprised a further four subdivisions: Bayer Schering Pharma, Bayer Consumer Care, Bayer Animal Health and Bayer Medical Care. As part of the corporate restructuring, Animal Health was moved into its own business unit, leaving the division with the following categories; Allergy, Analgesics, Cardiovascular Risk Prevention, Cough & Cold, Dermatology, Foot Care, Gastrointestinals, Nutritionals and Sun Care. Bayer Consumer Care manages Bayer's OTC medicines portfolio. Key products include analgesics such as Bayer Aspirin and Aleve , food supplements Redoxon and Berocca , and skincare products Bepanthen and Bepanthol. Women's healthcare

4797-658: The Bayer group within IG Farben conducted medical experiments on inmates at Auschwitz and at the Mauthausen concentration camp . In one study of an anaesthetic, the company paid RM 170 per person for the use of 150 female inmates of Auschwitz. A Bayer employee wrote to Rudolf Höss , the Auschwitz commandant: "The transport of 150 women arrived in good condition. However, we were unable to obtain conclusive results because they died during

4920-559: The Belgian biotech company Plant Genetic Systems became part of Bayer through the Aventis acquisition. Also in 2002, Bayer AG acquired the Dutch seed company Nunhems, which at the time was one of the world's top five seed companies. In 2006, the U.S. Department of Agriculture announced that Bayer CropScience's LibertyLink genetically modified rice had contaminated the U.S. rice supply. Shortly after

5043-734: The CDC had identified contaminated blood products as a source of infection. According to the New York Times , this was "one of the worst drug-related medical disasters in history". Companies, including Bayer, developed new ways to treat donated blood with heat to decontaminate it, and these new products were introduced early in 1984. In 1997, Bayer and the other three makers of such blood products agreed to pay $ 660 million to settle cases on behalf of more than 6,000 hemophiliacs infected in United States. But in 2003, documents emerged showing that Cutter had continued to sell unheated blood products in markets outside

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5166-478: The Holocaust , including using slave labour from concentration camps and humans for dangerous medical testing, and production of Zyklon B , a chemical used in gas chambers . In 1951, IG Farben was split into its constituent companies, and Bayer was reincorporated as Farbenfabriken Bayer AG. After the war, Bayer re-hired several former Nazis to high-level positions, including convicted Nazi war criminals found guilty at

5289-834: The Nobel committee had awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize to a German pacifist, Carl von Ossietzky . IG Farben , Bayer's parent company, used slave labour in factories it built in Nazi concentration camps , most notably in the Monowitz concentration camp (known as Auschwitz III), part of the Auschwitz camp complex in German-occupied Poland. By 1943, almost half of IG Farben's 330,000-strong workforce consisted of slave labour or conscripts, including 30,000 Auschwitz prisoners. Helmuth Vetter , an Auschwitz camp physician, SS captain and employee of

5412-697: The Radiology Business Unit which markets contrast-enhanced diagnostic imaging equipment together with the necessary contrast agents. In addition to internal R&D, Bayer has participated in public–private partnerships . One example in the area of non-clinical safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox program. Another is the Innovative Medicines Initiative of EFPIA and the European Commission . Bayer Chemicals AG (with

5535-466: The U.S. and Canadian trademark rights to "Bayer" and the Bayer cross, as well as the ownership of the Aspirin trademark in Canada. In 2004, Bayer HealthCare acquired the over-the-counter pharmaceutical division of Roche . In March 2008, Bayer HealthCare announced an agreement to acquire the portfolio and OTC division of privately owned Sagmel, Inc., a US-based company that markets OTC medications in most of

5658-553: The US until 1985, including in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Japan and Argentina, to offload a product they were unable to sell in Europe and the US; they also continued manufacturing the unheated product for several months. Bayer said it did this because some countries were doubtful about the efficacy of the new product. Bayer has been involved in other controversies regarding its drug products. In

5781-465: The United States alone for prevention of cardiovascular events. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic health system . There is an unresolved controversy over the roles played by Bayer scientists in the development of aspirin. Arthur Eichengrün , a Bayer chemist, said he was the first to discover an aspirin formulation that did not have

5904-471: The United States, Canada and several other countries. In the United States and Canada, Bayer's assets and trademarks, including the well-known Bayer cross, were acquired by Sterling Drug , a predecessor of Sterling Winthrop and were not reclaimed until 1994. Throughout the war, Bayer was involved in production and development of various chemical weapons. In 1914, Bayer manufactured dianisidine chlorosulfate for use in 105 mm artillery shell, intended as

6027-650: The United States, France and the United Kingdom after the confiscation of Bayer's US assets and trademarks during World War I by the United States, and because of the subsequent widespread usage of the word. The term aspirin continued to be used in the US , UK and France for all brands of the drug, but it is still a registered trademark of Bayer in over 80 countries, including Canada, Mexico, Germany and Switzerland . As of 2011, approximately 40,000 tons of aspirin were produced each year and 10–20 billion tablets consumed in

6150-501: The acquisition bid, seeking a higher price. In September 2016, Monsanto agreed to a $ 66 billion offer by Bayer. In order to receive regulatory approval, Bayer agreed to divest a significant amount of its current agricultural assets to BASF in a series of deals. On 21 March 2018 the deal was approved by the European Union, and it was approved in the United States on 20 May 2018. The sale closed on 7 June 2018. The Monsanto brand

6273-788: The agriculture business and 27.5% for healthcare) and because the business required high levels of investment to maintain its growth, and to more clearly focus its efforts and identity in the life sciences. Covestro shares were first offered on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in October 2015. Effective January 2016 following the spinout of Covestro, Bayer rebranded itself as a life sciences company, and restructured into three divisions and one business unit: Pharmaceuticals, Consumer Health, Crop Science, and Animal Health. In May 2016, Bayer offered to buy U.S. biotechnology company Monsanto for $ 62 billion. Shortly after Bayer's offer, Monsanto rejected

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6396-566: The apartment. Membership in a condo is obtained by buying the shares on the open market, most often through a real estate agent. No board approval is needed to buy shares, but in some cases other stockholders or the housing cooperative itself has the right to claim the stocks being sold. There is usually no requirement for the owner(s) to live in the condo. Owning apartments for rent is a common form of saving and private investment in Finland. In Germany, condominiums are known as Eigentumswohnungen ( lit.   ' ownership dwellings ' ) and

6519-406: The area then was barren and hilly. The area lacked basic infrastructure such as roads, sanitary sewer lines, water or electrical connections. Along with developing the basic infrastructure, more than 100,000 trees were also planted. By the early 1990s the first phase of apartments were ready and were initially sold at the rate of ₹ 500 (equivalent to ₹ 4,900 or US$ 58.70 in 2023) per ft. In

6642-426: The association may be in the master deed, or could be a separate set of bylaws governing the internal affairs of the condominium. Matters addressed in the condominium bylaws may include the responsibilities of the owners' association, voting procedures to be used at association meetings , the qualifications, powers, and duties of the board of directors, and the powers and duties of the officers. The Bylaws may also cover

6765-510: The blood-clotting drug, Kogenate . In May 2014, it was announced that Bayer would buy Merck & Co 's consumer health care unit for $ 14.2 billion. Bayer also controls Dihon Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd in China. The Pharmaceuticals Division focuses on prescription products, especially for women's healthcare and cardiology , and also on specialty therapeutics in the areas of oncology , hematology and ophthalmology . The division also comprises

6888-407: The building is spread over 65,000 square feet. This building was earlier called Bayer House and was the headquarter of Bayer India limited from 1995 to 2013. In 1995, Bayer India acquired the building for ₹ 30 crore (equivalent to ₹ 179 crore or US$ 21.4 million in 2023) (including the cost of land, building and fixtures). Bayer India sought to sell the building in 2002 as well but

7011-409: The case of a freehold condominium the owner owns the land and building and the corporation owns common shared roadways and amenities. The Canadian Condominium Institute is a non-profit association of condominium owners and corporations with chapters in each province and territory. The Condo Owners Association COA Ontario is a non-profit association representing condominium owners with divisions across

7134-564: The company's most important products. The headquarters and most production facilities moved from Barmen to a larger area in Elberfeld in 1866. Friedrich Bayer (1851–1920), the son of the company's founder, was a chemist and joined the company in 1873. After the death of his father in 1880, the company became a joint-stock company, Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co, also known as Elberfelder Farbenfabriken. A further expansion in Elberfeld

7257-567: The condominium ( "Condominio" ) is governed by law, last reformed in 2012. Co-ownership of the common parts of the buildings (such as the stairs, main walls, facades, roof, and courtyards) is mandatory: a landlord can not give up the right to common parts for not paying the costs. Each owner's quota in the condominium is expressed in thousandths ( "millesimi" ) of the whole; these are used to determine majorities in owners' assemblies ( "assemblee condominiali" ). See housing cooperative under owners association . Condominiums (Norwegian Eierseksjon )

7380-509: The deal is considered one of the worst corporate mergers in history. Bayer owns the Bundesliga football club Bayer 04 Leverkusen . Bayer AG was founded as a dyestuffs factory in 1863 in Barmen (later part of Wuppertal ), Germany, by Friedrich Bayer and his partner, Johann Friedrich Weskott, a master dyer. Bayer was responsible for the commercial tasks. Fuchsine and aniline became

7503-576: The deal is considered one of the worst corporate mergers in history. By 2023, Bayer's market value had declined by over 60% since its 2016 merger, leaving the company's overall worth at less than half of what it paid to acquire Monsanto. In 2003, to separate operational and strategic managements, Bayer AG was reorganized into a holding company . The group's core businesses were transformed into limited companies, each controlled by Bayer AG . These companies were: Bayer CropScience AG; Bayer HealthCare AG; Bayer MaterialScience AG and Bayer Chemicals AG, and

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7626-449: The development is built on leased land. As condominium unit owners may wish to rent their home to tenants , similar to renting out single-owner real estate, but leasing rights may be subject to conditions or restrictions set forth in the declaration (such as a rental cap for the total number of units in a community that can be leased at one time) or otherwise as permitted by local law. A homeowners association (HOA), whose members are

7749-490: The discovery of phenobarbital in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014 it remains on the World Health Organization's list of essential medications. During World War I (1914–1918), Bayer's assets, including the rights to its name and trademarks, were confiscated in

7872-479: The drug to have "too complicated a name" so Bayer settled on heroisch, the German word for heroic. In 1903, Bayer licensed the patent for the hypnotic drug diethylbarbituric acid from its inventors Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering. It was marketed under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action at Bayer led to

7995-619: The equivalent legal structures of a condominium is commonhold , a form of ownership introduced in September 2004. As of 3 June 2009, there were 12 commonhold residential developments comprising 97 units in England and one commonhold residential development, comprising 30 units, in Wales. "Condominium" is not a term that is widely used in England and Wales. Commonhold is a creature of statute and comparatively rare, and condominiums are more likely to be found in

8118-411: The equivalent to a condominium is a "multi-owner building" or "building in multiple ownership". These are sometimes part of a private housing estate comprising multiple buildings but often consist of a single building owned in common. The relationships among the parties, including rights of exclusive occupation of flats and parking spaces, are defined by the deed of mutual covenant ("DMC", analogous to

8241-465: The establishment of conditions for joint ownership and use of inter-apartment stairs, elevators, corridors, roofs, technical basements, non-apartment engineering equipment, adjacent territory, and other common areas. In Singapore and Malaysia , "Condo" or "Condominium" are terms used for housing buildings with some special luxury features like security guards, swimming pools, or tennis courts. In Singapore, most houses without such features are built by

8364-481: The expenditure of money to perform. This did not create a significant problem until the 1950s when flats (where ownership is divided horizontally) first began to appear on the market as more affordable, particularly for first-time buyers. Until then flats had been confined to short-term unsaleable tenancies, with varying degrees of statutory rent protection and security of tenure. It was soon learned that freehold flats were an unsatisfactory form of ownership because it

8487-463: The experiments. We would kindly request that you send us another group of women to the same number and at the same price." After the war, the Allied Control Council seized IG Farben for "knowingly and prominently ... building up and maintaining German war potential". It was split into its six constituent companies in 1951, then split again into three: BASF, Bayer and Hoechst. Bayer

8610-509: The explosion. In March 2006, Merck KGaA announced a €14.6 billion bid for Schering AG , founded in 1851. By 2006, Schering had annual gross revenue of around €5 billion and employed about 26,000 people in 140 subsidiaries worldwide. Bayer responded with a white knight bid and in July acquired the majority of shares of Schering for €14.6 billion, and in 2007, Bayer took over Schering AG and formed Bayer Schering Pharma. The acquisition of Schering

8733-526: The exterior of the units. Generally, these sets of rules and regulations are made available to residents and or as a matter of public record, via a condominium or homeowners association website, or through public files, depending on the state and its applicable laws. Condominiums are usually owned in fee simple title , but can be owned in ways that other real estate can be owned, such as title held in trust . In some jurisdictions, such as Ontario , Canada, or Hawaii US, there are "leasehold condominiums" where

8856-404: The exteriors of the dwellings or yards, and "site condominiums", where the owner has more control and possibly ownership (as in a "whole lot" or "lot line" condominium) over the exterior appearance. These structures are preferred by some planned neighborhoods and gated communities . The description of the condominium units and the common areas and any restrictions on their use are established in

8979-561: The first commercially available antibacterial drug. The discovery and development of this first sulfonamide drug opened a new era in medicine. Domagk won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil". He was forced by the Nazi Party to relinquish the reward; German citizens had been forbidden from accepting Nobel prizes since

9102-424: The first neuroleptic ( chlorpromazine ) onto the German market. In the 1960s, Bayer introduced a pregnancy test, Primodos , that consisted of two pills that contained norethisterone (as acetate) and ethinylestradiol . It detected pregnancy by inducing menstruation in women who were not pregnant; the presence or absence of menstrual bleeding was then used to determine whether the user was pregnant. The test became

9225-519: The form of leaseholds because of long-standing legal differences between leasehold and freehold tenure. By virtue of the landmark case of Tulk v Moxhay , in English law only restrictive covenants can be enforced against freehold land. This means it is not possible to enforce a positive covenant on successive owners of freehold land, other than to maintain a boundary fence, without creating an elaborate trust. A positive covenant is, broadly, one that involves

9348-478: The four core units, as depicted below. Bayer CropScience has products in crop protection (i.e. pesticides ), nonagricultural pest control, and seeds and plant biotechnology . In addition to conventional agrochemical business, it is involved in genetic engineering of food . In 2002, Bayer AG acquired Aventis (now part of Sanofi ) CropScience and fused it with their own agrochemicals division (Bayer Pflanzenschutz or "Crop Protection") to form Bayer CropScience;

9471-436: The freedom to select whom to sell to, under-the-table payments are common. Current public policy favors condominiums over housing cooperatives, and recent legislation has aimed at making the latter more condominium-like. For example, since 2005, cooperative shares may be used to secure bank loans. (However, Danish mortgage banks still may not mortgage individual housing cooperative apartments.) In England and Wales , one of

9594-412: The governmental Housing Development Board (HDB), and such HDB units can be possessed for rent or individually bought from the government. Condominiums and HDB flats make up the overwhelming majority of available residential housing in the country. Bayer India Bayer AG ( English: / ˈ b aɪ . ər / , commonly pronounced / ˈ b eɪ ər / ; German: [ˈbaɪɐ] )

9717-485: The group, Maharashtra state and the MMRDA for developing 230 acres of land and for constructing affordable housing. The contract was signed at the rate of ₹ 0.40 (equivalent to ₹ 5.00 or 6.0¢ US in 2023) per acre. As per the contract, the real estate developer was to construct apartments measuring 430 ft and 861 ft (50% each) as "Medium Income Group Homes" (affordable housing). Construction started in 1989 and

9840-513: The head of the division, Liam Condon. Under the terms of the merger, Bayer promised to maintain Monsanto's more than 9,000 U.S. jobs and add 3,000 new U.S. high-tech positions. The prospective merger parties said at the time the combined agriculture business planned to spend $ 16 billion on research and development over the next six years and at least $ 8 billion on research and development in the United States. The global headquarters of Bayer CropScience

9963-401: The individual retail and office spaces are owned by the businesses that occupy them, while the common areas of the mall are collectively owned by all the business entities that own the individual spaces. Unlike apartments, which are leased by their tenants , in most systems condominium units are owned outright, and the owners of the individual units also collectively own the common areas of

10086-547: The interior side of the walls surrounding a condo, allowing the homeowner to make some interior modifications without impacting the common area. Anything outside this boundary is held in an undivided ownership interest by a corporation established at the time of the condominium's creation. The corporation holds this property in trust on behalf of the homeowners as a group—it may not have ownership itself. Some condominium complexes consist of single-family dwellings. There are also "detached condominiums" where homeowners do not maintain

10209-437: The late 1990s it introduced a statin drug, Baycol ( cerivastatin ), but after 52 deaths were attributed to it, Bayer discontinued it in 2001. The side effect was rhabdomyolysis , causing kidney failure , which occurred with a tenfold greater frequency in patients treated with Baycol in comparison to those prescribed alternate medications of the statin class. Trasylol ( aprotinin ), used to control bleeding during major surgery,

10332-628: The late 1990s, the construction and the architecture strategy was changed from "affordable" to upmarket housing and the neoclassical architecture was adapted as theme for upcoming buildings. By the mid 1990s, a shopping mall (Galleria) was constructed at the geographical center of the township. Supreme Business Park is an executive business centre in Mumbai offer fully furnished serviced office space with all facilities, business address at prime location, commercial office space, virtual office, meeting rooms and HD conferencing rooms in Mumbai. Supreme Business Park

10455-416: The legal power to collect that. Condominium ownership is also used, albeit less frequently, for non-residential land uses: offices, hotel rooms, retail shops, private airports, marinas, group housing facilities (retirement homes or dormitories), bare land (in British Columbia ) and storage . The legal structure is the same, and many of the benefits are similar; for instance, a nonprofit corporation may face

10578-587: The master deed described above) and the Building Management Ordinance Cap. 344. Condominiums are a very common form of real estate ownership in contemporary Hungary, as most state- or municipality-owned apartments were privatized following the end of socialism in Hungary in 1989. Historically, condominiums ( Hungarian : társasház ) were formalized as a legal ownership structure as early as 1924. Condominiums in Hungary are traded and mortgaged on

10701-475: The most important law considering condominiums is the Wohnungseigentumsgesetz (abbreviated WoEigG). It is the basis for all legal regulations involving individual freehold ownership, the rights, and duties of homeowner associations, and the management of condominiums. The WoEigG dates back to 1951, but it was re-enacted in 2007. Now, homeowners are invested with partial legal capacity, which means that

10824-535: The obligations of the owners with regard to assessments, maintenance, and use of the units and common areas, although those obligations are often found in the condominium's founding documents. Finally, they may set limits on the conduct of unit owners and residents. These are more readily amendable than the declaration or association bylaws, typically requiring only a vote of the governing body. Typical rules include mandatory maintenance fees (perhaps collected monthly), pet restrictions, and color/design choices visible from

10947-539: The other being a Co-operative Housing Society (CHS) or Co-operative Group Housing Society (CGHS), which needs to be registered with the municipal authorities. Iranian government has begun supporting villas and opposing apartment building concerned by people's manner. In Israel, condominiums (known "בתים משותפים" , "shared houses" or "cooperative houses") are a common form of home ownership. Public housing has historically been organized as subsidized purchases and mortgages in government-constructed condominiums. In Italy,

11070-792: The owners themselves; in the 21st century, however, the owners' convention typically hires a professional building manager who does not personally live in the building. Decisions that involve changes to the terms and conditions, or larger common expenses, still need to be approved by the convention, however. Voting power is based on the percentage of property owned. In India, condominiums are known as "Apartments" or "Apartment Buildings/Complexes" or "Societies" or "Flats". Each building consists of multiple floors and flats/living units with different configurations. The most common configurations are "1-BHK", "2-BHK" and "3-BHK" (BHK stands for bedroom-hall-kitchen). The association of homeowners has many names - two common names are Resident Welfare Association (RWA) and

11193-725: The owners through their association, such as a homeowner association or its equivalent. Scholars have traced the earliest known use of the condominium form of tenure to a document from first-century Babylon . The word condominium originated in Latin . Condominium is an invented Latin word formed by adding the prefix con- 'together' to the word dominium 'dominion, ownership'. Its meaning is, therefore, 'joint dominion' or 'co-ownership'. Condominia (the Latin plural of condominium ) originally referred to territories over which two or more sovereign powers shared joint sovereignty. This technique

11316-498: The popular films shot in Hiranandani Gardens are Haseena Maan Jaayegi (1999), Taal (1999), Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2000), Shakti: The Power (2002), Aankhen (2002), Chalte Chalte (2003), Khushi (2003) , Kalyug (2005), Ghajini (2008), and Slumdog Millionaire (2008). Condominium Residential condominiums are frequently constructed as apartment buildings, referred as well as Horizontal Property. There are also rowhouse style condominiums, in which

11439-543: The property, such as the exterior of the building, roof, corridors/hallways, walkways, and laundry rooms, as well as common utilities and amenities, such as the HVAC system and elevators. In other property regimes, such as those in Hong Kong and Finland , the entire buildings are owned in common with exclusive rights to occupy units assigned to the individual owners. The common areas, amenities, and utilities are managed collectively by

11562-412: The province and districts within the various municipalities. Apartments (Danish ejerlejlighed , literally "owner-apartment") comprise some 5% of Danish homes. They are traded and mortgaged on the same markets as freestanding houses, and are treated legally much like other forms of real estate. Each owner-tenant directly owns their own apartment; the rest of the building and the ground on which it stands

11685-473: The provisions to create enforceable positive covenants in freehold blocks of flats were occasionally mooted but never gained currency. On 21 July 2020 the UK Law Commission reported on the existing difficulties and made proposals to improve the law and encourage the acceptance of commonhold as the preferred form of tenure. In Finland, a condominium-like arrangement where the ownership of the real estate

11808-508: The public learned of the contamination, the E.U. banned imports of U.S. long-grain rice and the futures price plunged. In April 2010, a Lonoke County, Arkansas jury awarded a dozen farmers $ 48 million. The case was appealed to the Arkansas Supreme Court, which affirmed the judgement. On 1 July 2011, Bayer CropScience agreed to a global settlement for up to $ 750 million. In September 2014, the firm announced plans to invest $ 1 billion in

11931-413: The purchase of a flat, for the requirements for a fully marketable flat remain complex. The Law of Property Act 1925 , s. 153, contains provisions for the "enlargement" of leases into freeholds, one of the effects of which is to preserve the enforceability of positive covenants contained in the lease against the resulting freehold. There are clear, but stringent, requirements. Artificial schemes using

12054-596: The sale did not take place due to pricing issues. In 2012, Bayer India acquired 165,000 square feet office space in Hiranandani Estate in Thane and shifted its India HQ to the new location. Scorpio Marine Management acquired the Bayer House for ₹ 90 crore (equivalent to ₹ 153 crore or US$ 18.3 million in 2023) in 2013 and shifted its India HQ to this building and renamed it "Scorpio House". Central Avenue

12177-401: The same market as any free-standing single-family home ( Hungarian : kertesház ; "garden-house"), and are treated much like other forms of real estate. The condominium acts as a non-profit legal entity maintaining the common areas of the property, and is managed by a representative ( Hungarian : közös képviselő ) elected by the owners' convention. Historically, this representative was one of

12300-696: The school follows the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) curriculum and the International Baccalaureate (IB) teaching programs. It offers schooling for students from nursery to twelfth grade . Apart from the Hiranandani Foundation School Powai, there is also Bunts Sangha S. M. Shetty school and IIT Bombay in the vicinity. This institute follows the SSC and HSC educational programs. They have classes from Kindergarten all

12423-427: The security of flats unless certain basic provisions were included. This benefited owners whether or not they borrowed money since the purchase was invariably conducted through a solicitor or licensed conveyancer trained to reject leases failing to meet the necessary standards. Despite these standards, the actual form of leasehold systems is variable. Highly favoured are arrangements where the leases are granted out of

12546-548: The subject of controversy when it was blamed for birth defects , and it was withdrawn from the market in the mid-1970s. Litigation in the 1980s ended inconclusively. A review of the matter by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in 2014 assessed the studies performed to date and found the evidence for adverse effects to be inconclusive. In 1978, Bayer purchased Miles Laboratories and its subsidiaries Miles Canada and Cutter Laboratories , acquiring along with them

12669-411: The three service limited companies Bayer Technology Services GmbH , Bayer Business Services GmbH and Bayer Industry Services GmbH & Co. OHG. In 2016, the company began a second restructuring with the aim of allowing it to transition to a life sciences based company. By divesting its Chemicals division in 2004 and with the aim of off-loading its Materials division by mid-2016, Bayer will be left with

12792-517: The township from North and LBS marg serving the township from the South-side. Western and Eastern Express Highways are the main highways in proximity (8 kilometres west and 5 kilometres east respectively from Hiranandani Gardens). Hiranandani Gardens has regular connectivity by BEST . Closest airport is Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport . Many Bollywood films, songs, TV commercials and documentaries are shot in Hiranandani Gardens. Some of

12915-459: The township houses 42 residential buildings and 23 commercial buildings with a building falling under SEZ category (Kensington). Hiranandani Gardens is also accorded as Mumbai's start-up and outsourcing hub. Hiranandani Gardens houses several startup companies , Investment banking firms, Venture capital firms and BPOs . In 1986, the Hiranandani group signed a tripartite agreement between

13038-404: The township, the shopping complex is constructed in two floors and houses banks, parking lot, food court, restaurants, pubs and several shops. The Galleria is a tourist attraction and several movies, commercials, TV serials and songs have been filmed here. Hiranandani Gardens houses several gardens and parks; the main garden being "Hiranandani Gardens" (township named after this garden) situated on

13161-399: The unit owners, manages the condominium through a board of directors elected by the membership. This exists under various names depending on the jurisdiction, such as "unit title", "sectional title", " commonhold ", "strata council", or " tenant-owner's association ", "body corporate", "Owners Corporation", "condominium corporation" or "condominium association". Another variation of this concept

13284-413: The units open directly to the outside and are not stacked. Alternatively, detached condominiums look like single-family homes , but the yards (gardens), building exteriors, and streets, as well as any recreational facilities (such as a pool, bowling alley, tennis courts, and golf course), are jointly owned and maintained by a community association . Many shopping malls are commercial condominiums in which

13407-509: The unpleasant side effects of nausea and gastric pain . He also said he had invented the name aspirin and was the first person to use the new formulation to test its safety and efficacy. Bayer contends that aspirin was discovered by Felix Hoffmann to help his father, who had arthritis . Various sources support the conflicting claims. Most mainstream historians attribute the invention of aspirin to Hoffmann and/or Eichengrün. Heroin (diacetylmorphine), now illegal as an addictive drug,

13530-580: The way up to Masters programs. Although Hiranandani Gardens comes under the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation jurisdiction , it is the Hiranandani group that undertakes the cleanliness and road repair work of the area. The township is a part of the Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency and Chandivali assembly constituency . Hiranandani Gardens is located in the geographic center of Mumbai city. The township

13653-487: The world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical company. The first sulfonamide and the first systemically active antibacterial drug, forerunner of antibiotics , Prontosil , was developed by a research team led by Gerhard Domagk in 1932 or 1933 at the Bayer Laboratories. Following World War II , the Allied Control Council seized IG Farben's assets because of its role in the Nazi war effort and involvement in

13776-655: Was at that point known as Farbenfabriken Bayer AG ; it changed its name to Bayer AG in 1972. After the war, some employees of Bayer appeared in the IG Farben Trial, one of the Nuremberg Subsequent Tribunals under US jurisdiction. Among them was Fritz ter Meer , who helped to plan the Monowitz camp (Auschwitz III) and IG Farben's Buna Werke factory at Auschwitz, where medical experimentation had been conducted and where 25,000 forced laborers were deployed. Ter Meer

13899-431: Was discontinued; its products are now marketed under the Bayer name. On 16 September 2019, under the approval of National Company Law Tribunal, Bayer completed the merger of Monsanto India. Bayer's Monsanto acquisition is the biggest acquisition by a German company to date. However, owing to ongoing litigation concerning the Monsanto's herbicide Roundup and the massive financial and reputational blows it has caused Bayer,

14022-501: Was formally introduced in 1983. Approximately 19% of Norwegian homes are condominiums, as approximately 50% of the owner-occupied flats and duplexes, approximately 30% of the rowhouses, and 2.5% of the detached houses are organized as condominiums. The title "Condominiums" is not used in Pakistan rather they are called "Flats" for average-style buildings while "Complexes" for sophisticated and larger buildings. The minimum number of floors for

14145-472: Was founded in 1863 in Barmen as a partnership between dye salesman Friedrich Bayer (1825–1880) and dyer Friedrich Weskott (1821–1876). The company was established as a dyestuffs producer, but the versatility of aniline chemistry led Bayer to expand its business into other areas. In 1899, Bayer launched the compound acetylsalicylic acid under the trademarked name Aspirin . Aspirin is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . In 2021, it

14268-510: Was frequently used to settle border disputes when multiple claimants could not agree on how to partition the disputed territory. For example, from 1818 to 1846, Oregon Country was a condominium over which both the United States and Great Britain shared joint sovereignty until the Oregon Treaty resolved the issue by splitting the territory along the 49th parallel and each country gaining sole sovereignty of one side. The distinction between

14391-408: Was impossible, so the company moved to the village Wiesdorf at Rhein and settled in the area of the alizarin producer Leverkus and Sons . A new city, Leverkusen , was founded there in 1930 and became home to Bayer AG's headquarters. The company's corporate logo, the Bayer cross, was introduced in 1904, consisting of the word BAYER written vertically and horizontally, sharing the Y and enclosed in

14514-455: Was introduced as a non-addictive substitute for morphine , and trademarked and marketed by Bayer from 1898 to 1910 as a cough suppressant and over-the-counter treatment for other common ailments, including pneumonia and tuberculosis . While Bayer scientists were not the first to make heroin, the company did lead the way in commercializing it. Heroin was a Bayer trademark until after World War I. Bayer's director of pharmacology did not want

14637-487: Was not possible to impose essential maintenance requirements. As such, flats became virtually unmarketable because they were an unacceptable form of security to lenders. Thus solicitors, the principal property lawyers in England and Wales in those days, began to use leases instead, where such limitations did not apply. Progress was haphazard and piecemeal, but over time things became more standard. Improvements became universal as institutional lenders refused to advance money on

14760-412: Was sentenced to seven years, but was released in 1950. Despite being a convicted nazi war criminal , Ter Meer was elected as chairman of Bayer AG's supervisory board in 1956, a position he retained until 1964. Helge Wehmeier, then CEO of Bayer, offered a public apology in 1995 to Elie Wiesel for the company's actions during World War II (1939–1945) and the Holocaust . In 1953, Bayer brought

14883-528: Was the 34th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 17   million prescriptions. In 1904, Bayer received a trademark for the "Bayer Cross" logo, which was subsequently stamped onto each aspirin tablet, creating an iconic product that is still sold by Bayer. Other commonly known products initially commercialized by Bayer include heroin , phenobarbital , polyurethanes , and polycarbonates . In 1925, Bayer merged with five other German companies to form IG Farben , creating

15006-720: Was the largest take-over in Bayer's history, and as of 2015, was one of the ten biggest pharma mergers of all time. In November 2010, Bayer AG signed an agreement to buy Auckland-based animal health company Bomac Group. Bayer partnered on the development of the radiotherapeutic Xofigo with Algeta, and in 2014, moved to acquire the company for about $ 2.9 billion. In 2014, Bayer agreed to buy Merck's consumer health business for $ 14.2 billion which would provide Bayer control with brands such as Claritin, Coppertone and Dr. Scholl's. Bayer would attain second place globally in nonprescription drugs. In June 2015, Bayer agreed to sell its diabetic care business to Panasonic Healthcare Holdings for

15129-731: Was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2007 when reports of increased mortality emerged; it was later re-introduced in Europe but not in the US. In 2014, pharmaceutical products contributed €12.05 billion of Bayer's €40.15 billion in gross revenue. In 2019, identified "key growth" products were Xarelto ( rivaroxaban ), Eylea ( aflibercept ), Stivarga ( regorafenib ), Xofigo ( radium-223 ), and Adempas (riociguat). Top-selling products as of 2014 included: Bayer produces various fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and some crop varieties. In 1994, Bayer AG purchased Sterling Winthrop's over-the-counter (OTC) drug business from SmithKline Beecham and merged it with Miles Laboratories, thereby reclaiming

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