Condesa or La Condesa is an area in the Cuauhtémoc Borough of Mexico City , south of Zona Rosa and 4 to 5 km west of the Zócalo , the city's main square. It is immediately west of Colonia Roma , together with which it is designated as a "Barrio Mágico Turístico" ("Magic Neighborhood for Tourists"). Together they are often referred to as Condesa–Roma , one of the most architecturally significant and bastion of the creative communities of the city.
134-430: It consists of three colonias or officially recognized neighborhoods: Colonia Condesa , Colonia Hipódromo and Colonia Hipódromo Condesa . The area is considered to be fashionable and popular with younger businesspeople, students and pet lovers. It features a large number of international restaurants, bars and nightclubs. "Condesa" means "countess" and it is named after María Magdalena Dávalos de Bracamontes y Orozco,
268-518: A children's room, the Bar Malverde, with its lucha libre theme, and the Café La Gloria, which has been around for over a decade. Most of the bars and cafes are concentrated along Amsterdam and Michoacán avenues. While the area has been residential, its “ bohemian ” character has only been in existence since the late 1980s. While longtime residents complain about noise, crime and other disturbances,
402-472: A compromise between the two, combining modernist forms and stylized decoration. The dominant figure in the rise of modernism in France was Charles-Édouard Jeanerette, a Swiss-French architect who in 1920 took the name Le Corbusier . In 1920 he co-founded a journal called ' L'Espirit Nouveau and energetically promoted architecture that was functional, pure, and free of any decoration or historical associations. He
536-515: A cost of over 12 million pesos. In 2009, it was declared as the “Territory of Music and Poetry” (Territorio de Música y Poesía). Small park in between Alfonso Reyes and Campeche. Right outside a children's school were people tend to set their dogs free. There is a playground for kids as well as a small workout area with machines for adults. The Condesa pocket park was carved out of a large intersection in 2013. The trolleybuses of Roma Condesa are permanently parked trolleybuses donated to Mexico by
670-464: A hacienda with a manor house which still exists. The neighborhood is named after this countess. The lands of this hacienda extended over what is now Colonia Roma, Colonia Condesa, Colonia Hipódromo and part of Tacubaya. At the end of the 19th century, the property passed into the hands of Dolores Escandón y Arango. The hacienda manor was rented and today it serves as the Russian Embassy. The colonia
804-461: A hotel near Chandler, Arizona , and the most famous of all his residences, Fallingwater (1934–37), a vacation house in Pennsylvania for Edgar J. Kaufman. Fallingwater is a remarkable structure of concrete slabs suspended over a waterfall, perfectly uniting architecture and nature. The Austrian architect Rudolph Schindler designed what could be called the first house in the modern style in 1922,
938-508: A large demand for restaurants as originally, the number and quality of restaurants was limited. Many of these specialized in “mittle” or European food. New restaurants appeared and competed for business and their overall reputation for quality grew. The young people and restaurants then attracted bars and nightclubs to the area. Most of the restaurants today are located from Avenida Mazatlán to Insurgentes and on Alfonso Reyes to Juan Escutia and are estimated at 120. The newer restaurants introduced
1072-632: A lighthouse-like tower in the center to inspire hope. His rebuilt city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2005. Shortly after the War, the French architect Le Corbusier , who was nearly sixty years old and had not constructed a building in ten years, was commissioned by the French government to construct a new apartment block in Marseille . He called it Unité d'Habitation in Marseille, but it more popularly took
1206-637: A major exposition of modernist design in Cologne just a few weeks before the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. For the 1914 Cologne exhibition, Bruno Taut built a revolutionary glass pavilion. Frank Lloyd Wright was a highly original and independent American architect who refused to be categorized in any one architectural movement. Like Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , he had no formal architectural training. From 1887 to 1893 he worked in
1340-758: A neo-gothic or neoclassical style, but these buildings were very different; they combined modern materials and technology (stainless steel, concrete, aluminum, chrome-plated steel) with Art Deco geometry; stylized zig-zags, lightning flashes, fountains, sunrises, and, at the top of the Chrysler building, Art Deco "gargoyles" in the form of stainless steel radiator ornaments. The interiors of these new buildings, sometimes termed Cathedrals of Commerce", were lavishly decorated in bright contrasting colors, with geometric patterns variously influenced by Egyptian and Mayan pyramids, African textile patterns, and European cathedrals, Frank Lloyd Wright himself experimented with Mayan Revival , in
1474-448: A new architecture. For each function its material; for each material its form and its ornament." This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan , Victor Horta , Hector Guimard , and Antoni Gaudí . At the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and
SECTION 10
#17328913569881608-540: A new element to dining in Condesa, tables set out on the sidewalk, a rarity as late as the 1990s. However, given Mexico City's mild climate, the concept was an instant success. These restaurant also tend to be more informal and cater to younger crowds with more noise and music than traditional venues and decorated with local artwork. The influx of new people and business also brought in some negative elements such as parking problems, trash, transients, noise, crime and overload of
1742-490: A new style for government buildings, sometimes called PWA Moderne , for the Public Works Administration , which launched gigantic construction programs in the U.S. to stimulate employment. It was essentially classical architecture stripped of ornament, and was employed in state and federal buildings, from post offices to the largest office building in the world at that time, Pentagon (1941–43), begun just before
1876-474: A new style. They became leaders in the postwar modernist movement. World War II (1939–1945) and its aftermath was a major factor in driving innovation in building technology, and in turn, architectural possibilities. The wartime industrial demands resulted in shortages of steel and other building materials, leading to the adoption of new materials, such as aluminum, The war and postwar period brought greatly expanded use of prefabricated building ; largely for
2010-491: A number of foreigners. Many of these earlier residents had an artistic bent, such as Agustín Lara , a composer of romantic ballads, flamenco dancer Pilar Rioja and painter Juan Soriano . Cantínflas , a famous Mexican film comedian had offices here. In the 1920s, large wave of Jewish immigrants into Mexico, mostly Ashkenazis from Eastern Europe settled in the city, many in this colonia. They opened synagogues , community centers, kosher shops and bakeries. There were also
2144-470: A nursery school, and other serves, and the flat terrace roof had a running track, ventilation ducts, and a small theater. Le Corbusier designed furniture, carpets, and lamps to go with the building, all purely functional; the only decoration was a choice of interior colors that Le Corbusier gave to residents. Unité d'Habitation became a prototype for similar buildings in other cities, both in France and Germany. Combined with his equally radical organic design for
2278-428: A pioneer in the architecture of collective housing , though his Moroccan colleague Elie Azagury was critical of him for serving as a tool of the French colonial regime and for ignoring the economic and social necessity that Moroccans live in higher density vertical housing. Late modernist architecture is generally understood to include buildings designed (1968–1980) with exceptions. Modernist architecture includes
2412-484: A prominent architectural commentator. Its goal was to bring together designers and industrialists, to turn out well-designed, high-quality products, and in the process to invent a new type of architecture. The organization originally included twelve architects and twelve business firms, but quickly expanded. The architects include Peter Behrens , Theodor Fischer (who served as its first president), Josef Hoffmann and Richard Riemerschmid . In 1909 Behrens designed one of
2546-599: A proponent of monumental fascist architecture, who rebuilt the University of Rome, and designed the Italian pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition, and planned a grand reconstruction of Rome on the fascist model. The 1939 New York World's Fair marked a turning point in architecture between Art Deco and modern architecture. The theme of the Fair was the World of Tomorrow , and its symbols were
2680-452: A row of white pylons in the center of a large lawn, it became an icon of modernist architecture. In Germany, two important modernist movements appeared after the first World War, The Bauhaus was a school founded in Weimar in 1919 under the direction of Walter Gropius . Gropius was the son of the official state architect of Berlin, who studied before the war with Peter Behrens , and designed
2814-533: A significant number of Spanish refugees from the Spanish Civil War . German immigrants settled in the neighbourhood as well, where the German school Colegio Alemán Alexander for Humboldt had its main campus from 1940 until the 1980's. All of this would give the neighborhood an urbane and cosmopolitan reputation. In the first half of the 20th century, it was tradition here to go every Sunday to La Coronación church on
SECTION 20
#17328913569882948-514: A study of Casablanca's bidonvilles entitled "Habitat for the Greatest Number". The presenters, Georges Candilis and Michel Ecochard , argued—against doctrine—that architects must consider local culture and climate in their designs. This generated great debate among modernist architects around the world and eventually provoked a schism and the creation of Team 10 . Ecochard's 8x8 meter model at Carrières Centrales earned him recognition as
3082-408: A temporary halt to the construction of new skyscrapers. It also brought in a new style, called " Streamline Moderne " or sometimes just Streamline. This style, sometimes modeled after for the form of ocean liners, featured rounded corners, strong horizontal lines, and often nautical features, such as superstructures and steel railings. It was associated with modernity and especially with transportation;
3216-455: Is a 1946 building designed in the Functionalist style of Modernist architecture , with market stalls and prepared food stands. The medians of Avenida Ámsterdam , which runs as an oval around Parque México, as well as the medians of avenidas Campeche, Benjamín Hill and Alfonso Reyes, are lined with trees and plants on either side of pedestrian paths that run down the middle. Parque México
3350-457: Is a machine for living in." He tirelessly promoted his ideas through slogans, articles, books, conferences, and participation in Expositions. To illustrate his ideas, in the 1920s he built a series of houses and villas in and around Paris. They were all built according to a common system, based upon the use of reinforced concrete, and of reinforced concrete pylons in the interior which supported
3484-711: Is a name often given to the Modern architecture that emerged in Europe, primarily German-speaking Europe, in the 1920s and 30s. It is also frequently called Neues Bauen (New Building). The New Objectivity took place in many German cities in that period, for example in Frankfurt with its Neues Frankfurt project. By the late 1920s, modernism had become an important movement in Europe. Architecture, which previously had been predominantly national, began to become international. The architects traveled, met each other, and shared ideas. Several modernists, including Le Corbusier , had participated in
3618-482: Is known as Brick Expressionism . Erich Mendelsohn , (who disliked the term Expressionism for his work) began his career designing churches, silos, and factories which were highly imaginative, but, for lack of resources, were never built. In 1920, he finally was able to construct one of his works in the city of Potsdam; an observatory and research center called the Einsteinium , named in tribute to Albert Einstein . It
3752-416: Is now a part of Universidad La Salle . Colonias of Mexico City In Mexico , the neighborhoods of large metropolitan areas are known as colonias . One theory suggests that the name, which literally means colony , arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when one of the first urban developments outside Mexico City 's core was built by a French immigrant colony. Unlike neighborhoods in
3886-492: Is now closed because the building was damaged during the 2017 earthquake. A bastion of the creative communities of the city, Condesa is home to many art galleries. Although many venues that used to host live music have shut down for various reasons, there are still some music cultural hubs such as The Rock Lab/Holawave (a musical instruments shop), Veerkamp (musical instruments shop), Sala Chopin (Piano Store), in between some other coffee shops and restaurants. The first owner of
4020-474: Is now western Mexico City until the second half of the 19th century. A horse from this estate served as a model for the one which is part of the statue of Carlos V done by Manuel Tolsá . When the last of the direct descendants of the couple died, the land was divided and some of it was acquired by a new owner, María Magdalena Dávalos de Bracamontes y Orozco, the Countess of Miravalle. She converted her property into
4154-641: The Austrian Postal Savings Bank (1904–1906). Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior. The reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, a large open space of steel, glass, and concrete where the only decoration was the structure itself. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings. His Steiner House , in Vienna (1910),
Condesa - Misplaced Pages Continue
4288-451: The Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building , in the heart of Chicago in 1904–1906. While these buildings were revolutionary in their steel frames and height, their decoration was borrowed from Neo-Renaissance , Neo-Gothic and Beaux-Arts architecture . The Woolworth Building , designed by Cass Gilbert , was completed in 1912, and was the tallest building in the world until the completion of
4422-602: The Chapel of Notre-Dame du-Haut at Ronchamp , this work propelled Corbusier in the first rank of postwar modern architects. In the early 1950s, Michel Écochard , director of urban planning under the French Protectorate in Morocco , commissioned GAMMA ( Groupe des Architectes Modernes Marocains )—which initially included the architects Elie Azagury , George Candillis , Alexis Josic and Shadrach Woods —to design housing in
4556-532: The Chrysler Building in 1929. The structure was purely modern, but its exterior was decorated with Neo-Gothic ornament, complete with decorative buttresses, arches and spires, which caused it to be nicknamed the "Cathedral of Commerce". After the first World War, a prolonged struggle began between architects who favored the more traditional styles of neo-classicism and the Beaux-Arts architecture style, and
4690-605: The Colonia Roma area is a mansion that belonged to Fernando Torreblanca, personal secretary to Álvaro Obregón , and Hortensia Elias Calles. It was designed by engineer Manuel Luis Stampa. The mansión is now the Fideicomiso Archivos Plutarco Elías Calles y Fernando Torreblanca (FAPECyFT), which houses many documents related to the country's history after the Mexican Revolution . Michoacán Market
4824-11759: The Cuahtémoc borough of Mexico City are: 6 De Junio • 7 De Noviembre • 15 De Agosto • 25 De Julio • 51 Legislatura • Acueducto De Guadalupe (Rdcial) • Acueducto De Guadalupe (U Hab) • Ahuehuetes • Aidee Solís Cárdenas-Matías Romero (U Hab) • Aragon Inguaran • Aragon La Villa (Aragon) • Arboledas De Cuautepec • Arboledas De Cuautepec (Ampl) • Arroyo Guadalupe (U Hab) • Belisario Dominguez • Benito Juarez • Benito Juarez (Ampl) • Bondojito • C T M Aragon (U) • C T M Aragon Ampliacion (U) • Camino A San Juan De Aragon (Pblo) • Campestre Aragon I • Campestre Aragon Ii • Capultitlan • Casas Aleman (Ampl) I • Casas Aleman (Ampl) Ii • Castillo Chico • Castillo Grande • Castillo Grande (Ampl) • Cerro Prieto • Chalma De Guadalupe I • Chalma De Guadalupe Ii • Churubusco Tepeyac • Cocoyotes • Cocoyotes (Ampl) • Compositores Mexicanos • Constitucion De La Republica • Cooperativa Luis Enrique Rodríguez Orozco (U Hab) • Ctm Atzacoalco (U Hab) • Ctm El Risco (U Hab) • Cuautepec De Madero • Cuautepec El Alto (Pblo) • Cuchilla Del Tesoro • Cuchilla La Joya • Defensores De La Republica • Del Bosque • Del Obrero • Dm Nacional • Eduardo Molina I (U Hab) • Eduardo Molina Ii (U Hab) • Ejidos San Juan De Aragon 1a Seccion (U Hab) • Ejidos San Juan De Aragon 2a Seccion (U Hab) • El Arbolillo • El Arbolillo 1 (U Hab) • El Arbolillo 2 (U Hab) • El Arbolillo 3 (U Hab) • El Carmen • El Coyol (U Hab) • El Olivo • Emiliano Zapata • Emiliano Zapata (Ampl) • Estanzuela • Estanzuela • Ex-Escuela De Tiro • Faja De Oro • Fernando Casas Aleman • Ferrocarrilera Insurgentes • Fovissste Cuchilla (U Hab) • Fovissste Rio De Guadalupe (U Hab) • Fovisste Aragon (U Hab) • Gabriel Hernandez • Gabriel Hernandez (Ampl) I • Gabriel Hernandez (Ampl) Ii • General Felipe Berriozabal • Gertrudis Sanchez 1a Seccion • Gertrudis Sanchez 2a Seccion • Gertrudis Sanchez 3a Seccion • Graciano Sanchez • Granjas Modernas-San Juan De Aragon (Ampl) • Guadalupe Insurgentes • Guadalupe Proletaria • Guadalupe Proletaria (Ampl) • Guadalupe Tepeyac • Guadalupe Victoria • Guadalupe Victoria II • Heroe De Nacozari • Heroes De Chapultepec • Hornos De Aragon (U Hab) • Indeco (U Hab) • Industrial I • Industrial Ii • Infonavit (U Hab) • Infonavit Camino San Juan De Aragon (U Hab) • Infonavit Loreto Fabela (U Hab) • Jaime S Emiliano G • Jorge Negrete • Jose Maria Morelos Y Pavon I (U Hab) • Jose Maria Morelos Y Pavon Ii (U Hab) • Joyas Vallejo (U Hab) • Juan De Dios Batiz (U Hab) • Juan Gonzalez Romero • Juventino Rosas • La Candelaria Ticoman (Barr) • La Casilda • La Cruz (Barr) • La Esmeralda (U Hab) • La Esmeralda I • La Esmeralda Ii • La Esmeralda Iii • La Forestal • La Forestal 1 • La Forestal 2 • La Forestal 3 • La Joya • La Joyita • La Laguna Ticoman (Barr) • La Malinche • La Pastora • La Patera-Condomodulos (U Hab) • La Pradera • La Pradera I (U Hab) • La Pradera Ii (U Hab) • La Purisima Ticoman (Barr) • Lindavista I • Lindavista Ii • Lindavista Vallejo (U Hab) • Loma De La Palma • Lomas De Cuautepec • Lomas De San Juan Ixhuatepec (2a Seccion) • Los Olivos (U Hab) • Luis Donaldo Colosioa • Magdalena De Las Salinas • Malacates • Malacates Ampliación • Malvinas Mexicanas • Martin Carrera I • Martin Carrera Ii • Martires De Rio Blanco • Martires De Rio Blanco (Ampl) • Maximino Avila Camacho • Narciso Bassols (U Hab) • Nueva Atzacoalco I • Nueva Atzacoalco Ii • Nueva Atzacoalco Iii • Nueva Industrial Vallejo (Fracc) • Nueva Tenochtitlan • Nueva Vallejo • Palmatitla • Panamericana • Panamericana (Ampl) • Parque Metropolitano • Pemex Lindavista (U Hab) • Planetario Lindavista • Plaza Oriente (Rdcial) • Prados De Cuautepec • Progreso Nacional (Ampl) • Progreso Nacional I • Progreso Nacional Ii • Providencia (Ampl) • Providencia I • Providencia Ii • Providencia Iii • Quetzalcoatl 3 • Residencial La Escalera (Fracc) • Residencial Zacatenco • Revolucion Imss (U Hab) • Rosas Del Tepeyac • Salvador Diaz Miron • San Antonio • San Bartolo Atepehuacan (Pblo) • San Felipe De Jesus I • San Felipe De Jesus Ii • San Felipe De Jesus Iii • San Felipe De Jesus Iv • San Jose De La Escalera • San Jose Ticoman • San Juan De Aragon (Pblo) • San Juan De Aragon 1a Seccion (U Hab) I • San Juan De Aragon 1a Seccion (U Hab) Ii • San Juan De Aragon 2a Seccion (U Hab) I • San Juan De Aragon 2a Seccion (U Hab) Ii • San Juan De Aragon 3a Seccion (U Hab) I • San Juan De Aragon 3a Seccion (U Hab) Ii • San Juan De Aragon 4a Y 5a Seccion (U Hab) I • San Juan De Aragon 4a Y 5a Seccion (U Hab) Ii • San Juan De Aragon 6a Seccion (U Hab) I • San Juan De Aragon 6a Seccion (U Hab) Ii • San Juan De Aragon 7 Secc (U Hab) I • San Juan De Aragon 7 Secc (U Hab) Ii • San Juan Iii (U Hab) • San Juan Y Guadalupe Ticoman (Barr) • San Miguel Cuautepec • San Miguel-La Escalera (Barr) • San Pedro El Chico • San Pedro Zacatenco (Pblo) • San Rafael Ticoman (Barr) • Santa Isabel Tola (Pblo) • Santa Rosa • Santiago Atepetlac • Santiago Atepetlac (La Selvita) (U Hab) • Santiago Atzacoalco (Pblo) • Sct (U Hab) • Siete Maravillas • Solidaridad Nacional • Sutic Vallejo (U Hab) • Tablas De San Agustin • Tepetatal • Tepeyac Insurgentes • Tlacaelel • Tlacamaca • Tlalpexco • Torres De Quiroga (U Hab) • Torres De San Juan (U Hab) • Torres De San Juan 1b (U Hab) • Torres Lindavista (Fracc) • Tres Estrellas • Triunfo De La Republica • Valle De Madero • Valle Del Tepeyac • Vallejo I • Vallejo Ii • Vallejo Poniente • Vasco De Quiroga • Veronica Castro • Villa De Aragon • Villa De Aragon (Fracc) • Villa Gustavo A Madero • Villa Hermosa • Vista Hermosa • Zona Escolar I • Zona Escolar II • Zona Escolar Oriente • Villa de Guadalupe Viaducto Piedad San Miguel • Santa Cruz Meyehualco • Lomas Estrella San Jerónimo Lídice Bosques de las Lomas • Lomas de Chapultepec • Granada, Ampl. Granada • Pensil • Polanco • San Miguel Chapultepec • Torreblanca • Tacuba • Tacubaya San Pedro Atocpan • Villa Milpa Alta (formerly called Malacachtepec) • San Bartolome Xicomulco • San Francisco Tecoxpa • Santa Ana Tlacotenco • San Lorenzo Tlacoyucan • San Juan Tepanahuac • San Agustin Ohtenco ;• San Antonio Tecómitl • San Pablo Oztotepec • San Jerónimo Miacantla Agrícola Metropolitana • Del Mar • Miguel Hidalgo • Nopalera • Santiago Zapotitlán • San Francisco Tlaltenco • Santa Catarina Yechuizotl • San Nicolas Tetelco • San Juan Ixtayopan • San Andrés Mixquic • San Pedro Tláhuac Cantera Puente de Piedra • Pueblo Quieto • Toriello Guerra • Huipulco • La Joya • Club de Golf • Hospitales • Tlalpan Centro Magdalena Mixhuca • Jardín Balbuena • La Candelaria de los Patos • El Parque • Jamaica • Zaragoza • Romero Rubio • Gómez Farias • Lorenzo Boturini • Merced Balbuena • Artes Gráficas • Federal • La Guadalupita Modernist architecture Modern architecture , also called modernist architecture ,
4958-638: The Hay Mohammedi neighborhood of Casablanca that provided a "culturally specific living tissue" for laborers and migrants from the countryside . Sémiramis , Nid d’Abeille (Honeycomb), and Carrières Centrales were some of the first examples of this Vernacular Modernism . At the 1953 Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM), ATBAT-Afrique —the Africa branch of Atelier des Bâtisseurs founded in 1947 by figures including Le Corbusier , Vladimir Bodiansky , and André Wogenscky —prepared
5092-501: The IG Farben building , a massive corporate headquarters, now the main building of Goethe University in Frankfurt. Bruno Taut specialized in building large-scale apartment complexes for working-class Berliners. He built twelve thousand individual units, sometimes in buildings with unusual shapes, such as a giant horseshoe. Unlike most other modernists, he used bright exterior colors to give his buildings more life The use of dark brick in
5226-510: The New York Crystal Palace exposition in 1854, which made tall office and apartment buildings practical. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which greatly reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. The debut of new materials and techniques inspired architects to break away from the neoclassical and eclectic models that dominated European and American architecture in
5360-673: The Palais de Tokyo and Palais de Chaillot , both built by collectives of architects for the 1937 Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne . In the late 1920s and early 1930s, an exuberant American variant of Art Deco appeared in the Chrysler Building , Empire State Building and Rockefeller Center in New York City, and Guardian Building in Detroit. The first skyscrapers in Chicago and New York had been designed in
5494-576: The Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian avant-garde artists and architects began searching for a new Soviet style which could replace traditional neoclassicism. The new architectural movements were closely tied with the literary and artistic movements of the period, the futurism of poet Vladimir Mayakovskiy , the Suprematism of painter Kasimir Malevich , and the colorful Rayonism of painter Mikhail Larionov . The most startling design that emerged
Condesa - Misplaced Pages Continue
5628-532: The United States , colonias in Mexico City have a specific name which is used in all official documents and postal addresses. Usually, colonias are assigned a specific postal code ; nonetheless, in recent urban developments, gated communities are also defined as colonias , yet they share the postal code with adjacent neighborhoods. When writing a postal address the name of the colonia must be specified after
5762-569: The 1920s and 1930s it became a highly popular style in the United States, South America, India, China, Australia, and Japan. In Europe, Art Deco was particularly popular for department stores and movie theaters. The style reached its peak in Europe at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in 1925, which featured art deco pavilions and decoration from twenty countries. Only two pavilions were purely modernist;
5896-599: The 1920s, such is the case of the Condesa DF hotel, housed in a 1928 apartment complex; though the art deco style was predominant through to the 1940s. In addition, a lot of new apartment buildings have been built on the sites of former original demolished houses and other infill sites. The Edificio San Martín by Ernesto Buenrostro and the Edificio México are representative examples of Art Deco architecture in Mexico, which
6030-538: The 1930s and 40s many Jewish residents moved from downtown Mexico City to Condesa, where Yiddish was the unofficial language of Parque México , the local park. Today, in the area, there is a Jewish museum, archives, synagogue, several more small orthodox synagogues hidden inside houses on Amsterdam Avenue , and another synagogue at the corner of Montes de Oca and Parral streets. In the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, Jews moved further west to Polanco , Lomas de Chapultepec , Interlomas , Bosques de las Lomas , and Tecamachalco , where
6164-566: The 1950s and 1960s. The group met once more in Paris in 1937 to discuss public housing and was scheduled to meet in the United States in 1939, but the meeting was cancelled because of the war. The legacy of the CIAM was a roughly common style and doctrine which helped define modern architecture in Europe and the United States after World War II. The Art Deco architectural style (called Style Moderne in France),
6298-610: The Chicago office of Louis Sullivan , who pioneered the first tall steel-frame office buildings in Chicago, and who famously stated " form follows function ". Wright set out to break all the traditional rules. He was particularly famous for his Prairie Houses , including the Winslow House in River Forest, Illinois (1893–94); Arthur Heurtley House (1902) and Robie House (1909); sprawling, geometric residences without decoration, with strong horizontal lines which seemed to grow out of
6432-403: The Countess of Miravalle, whose lands stretched from what is now Colonia Roma to Tacubaya . The area began as lands belonging to two countesses in the colonial period. By the 19th century and early 20th century, the process of subdividing this land was already begun, although Colonia Condesa proper would not be established until the very early 20th century. The Condesa as a whole, consisting of
6566-751: The Esprit Nouveau pavilion of Le Corbusier, which represented his idea for a mass-produced housing unit, and the pavilion of the USSR, by Konstantin Melnikov in a flamboyantly futurist style. Later French landmarks in the Art Deco style included the Grand Rex movie theater in Paris, La Samaritaine department store by Henri Sauvage (1926–28) and the Social and Economic Council building in Paris (1937–38) by Auguste Perret , and
6700-635: The German Werkbund, and became the head of the Bauhaus from 1930 to 1933. proposing a wide variety of modernist plans for urban reconstruction. His most famous modernist work was the German pavilion for the 1929 international exposition in Barcelona. It was a work of pure modernism, with glass and concrete walls and clean, horizontal lines. Though it was only a temporary structure, and was torn down in 1930, it became, along with Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye , one of
6834-475: The German projects gave that particular style a name, Brick Expressionism . The Austrian philosopher, architect, and social critic Rudolf Steiner also departed as far as possible from traditional architectural forms. His Second Goetheanum , built from 1926 near Basel , Switzerland and Mendelsohn 's Einsteinturm in Potsdam, Germany, were based on no traditional models and had entirely original shapes. After
SECTION 50
#17328913569886968-477: The Japanese government in 2000, with the idea of creating educational centers, but they sat abandoned until 2005, when the “Galería Trolebús” (Trolleybus Gallery) was begun to promote non-traditional art projects. The gallery ceased operations in 2009 due to financial problems, but the buses are still used for theater and other art projects. El Plaza Condesa is a concert hall that holds an audience of 1,900. However, it
7102-549: The Netherlands, and Adolf Loos from Czechoslovakia. A delegation of Soviet architects was invited to attend, but they were unable to obtain visas. Later members included Josep Lluís Sert of Spain and Alvar Aalto of Finland. No one attended from the United States. A second meeting was organized in 1930 in Brussels by Victor Bourgeois on the topic "Rational methods for groups of habitations". A third meeting, on "The functional city",
7236-556: The Roxy ice cream place and the La Gran Vía and La Panadería bakeries. The Bella Época movie theater used to be called the Lido. There used to be a pulquería named La Carioca . There was prostitution in the old days as well with some of these women well known around the neighborhood by their working names such as La Chimuela, La Tejocota, La Lupona and La Caperuza. Many of the older residents remember
7370-779: The Schindler house. Schindler also contributed to American modernism with his design for the Lovell Beach House in Newport Beach . The Austrian architect Richard Neutra moved to the United States in 1923, worked for a short time with Frank Lloyd Wright, also quickly became a force in American architecture through his modernist design for the same client, the Lovell Health House in Los Angeles. Neutra's most notable architectural work
7504-520: The Soviet Pavilion for the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris in 1925; it was a highly geometric vertical construction of glass and steel crossed by a diagonal stairway, and crowned with a hammer and sickle. The leading group of constructivist architects, led by Vesnin brothers and Moisei Ginzburg , was publishing the 'Contemporary Architecture' journal. This group created several major constructivist projects in
7638-798: The Spanish architect, whose pavilion of the Second Spanish Republic was pure modernist glass and steel box. Inside it displayed the most modernist work of the Exposition, the painting Guernica by Pablo Picasso . The original building was destroyed after the Exposition, but it was recreated in 1992 in Barcelona. The rise of nationalism in the 1930s was reflected in the Fascist architecture of Italy, and Nazi architecture of Germany, based on classical styles and designed to express power and grandeur. The Nazi architecture, much of it designed by Albert Speer ,
7772-487: The United States entered the Second World War. During the 1920s and 1930s, Frank Lloyd Wright resolutely refused to associate himself with any architectural movements. He considered his architecture to be entirely unique and his own. Between 1916 and 1922, he broke away from his earlier prairie house style and worked instead on houses decorated with textured blocks of cement; this became known as his "Mayan style", after
7906-451: The United States led to the design and construction of enormous government-financed housing projects, usually in run-down center of American cities, and in the suburbs of Paris and other European cities, where land was available, One of the largest reconstruction projects was that of the city center of Le Havre, destroyed by the Germans and by Allied bombing in 1944; 133 hectares of buildings in
8040-469: The United States. The Glasgow School of Art (1896–99) designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh , had a façade dominated by large vertical bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France; it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In Barcelona, Antonio Gaudi conceived architecture as a form of sculpture;
8174-532: The already ongoing process of abandonment in the 1980s. Rents in the area fell and many buildings were abandoned and even the two major parks in the area, Parque México and Parque España became dangerous. The only families that remained were those who founded the colonia and those without the money to leave. The low rents and wide spaces attracted a new generation of young people to the area who came to live. Others came and installed offices, whose employees need places to eat and parking facilities. This initially created
SECTION 60
#17328913569888308-478: The area as a “paradise” without pollution, traffic congestion or crime. By the 1970s, younger Mexican-born generations of these immigrants began to leave Condesa for other, more fashionable neighborhoods such as Polanco , or the mid-century neighborhoods Colonia del Valle and Colonia Nápoles . However, the 1985 Mexico City earthquake had a devastating impact on Condesa and Roma. It was damaged physically, and its proximity to heavily damaged Colonia Roma accelerated
8442-450: The areas drainage and other infrastructure. It also created a demand for street food stalls, which never existed in the area before and bother old-time residents. Over the years, many of the buildings’ uses were changed without regulation which put strains on the drainage, electrical system and water in some places. Older residents complain of the noise, street congestion, drugs and prostitution. A recent drive to allow bars to stay open later
8576-599: The best-known landmarks of modernist architecture. A reconstructed version now stands on the original site in Barcelona. When the Nazis came to power in Germany, they viewed the Bauhaus as a training ground for communists, and closed the school in 1933. Gropius left Germany and went to England, then to the United States, where he and Marcel Breuer both joined the faculty of the Harvard Graduate School of Design , and became
8710-540: The buildings designed between 1945 and the 1960s. The late modernist style is characterized by bold shapes and sharp corners, slightly more defined than Brutalist architecture . The International Style of architecture had appeared in Europe, particularly in the Bauhaus movement, in the late 1920s. In 1932 it was recognized and given a name at an Exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City organized by architect Philip Johnson and architectural critic Henry-Russell Hitchcock , Between 1937 and 1941, following
8844-462: The center of the fast-growing American cities, and the availability of new technologies, including fireproof steel frames and improvements in the safety elevator invented by Elisha Otis in 1852. The first steel-framed "skyscraper", The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, was ten stories high. It was designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1883, and was briefly the tallest building in the world. Louis Sullivan built another monumental new structure,
8978-409: The center were flattened, destroying 12,500 buildings and leaving 40,000 persons homeless. The architect Auguste Perret , a pioneer in the use of reinforced concrete and prefabricated materials, designed and built an entirely new center to the city, with apartment blocks, cultural, commercial, and government buildings. He restored historic monuments when possible, and built a new church, St. Joseph, with
9112-403: The competition for the headquarters of the League of Nations in 1927. In the same year, the German Werkbund organized an architectural exposition at the Weissenhof Estate Stuttgart . Seventeen leading modernist architects in Europe were invited to design twenty-one houses; Le Corbusier, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe played a major part. In 1927 Le Corbusier, Pierre Chareau, and others proposed
9246-421: The concrete cube-based Ennis House of 1924 in Los Angeles. The style appeared in the late 1920s and 1930s in all major American cities. The style was used most often in office buildings, but it also appeared in the enormous movie palaces that were built in large cities when sound films were introduced. The beginning of the Great Depression in 1929 brought an end to lavishly decorated Art Deco architecture and
9380-404: The construction of clusters of slender eight- to ten-story high-rise apartment towers for workers. While Gropius was active at the Bauhaus, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe led the modernist architectural movement in Berlin. Inspired by the De Stijl movement in the Netherlands, he built clusters of concrete summer houses and proposed a project for a glass office tower. He became the vice president of
9514-401: The corner of Antonio Solá and Parque España to hear mass. After, one then walked along Fernando Montes de Oca Street to Cuautla Street to eat at “El Tío Luis,” the oldest and most traditional of the area's restaurants. It is said that it was the meeting place of bullfighters, businessmen, cattlemen and bullfighting fans from the nearby Plaza de Toros Condesa. Other traditional establishments were
9648-454: The designer Marcel Breuer . Gropius became an important theorist of modernism, writing The Idea and Construction in 1923. He was an advocate of standardization in architecture, and the mass construction of rationally designed apartment blocks for factory workers. In 1928 he was commissioned by the Siemens company to build apartment for workers in the suburbs of Berlin, and in 1929 he proposed
9782-573: The earliest and most influential industrial buildings in the modernist style, the AEG turbine factory , a functional monument of steel and concrete. In 1911–1913, Adolf Meyer and Walter Gropius , who had both worked for Behrens, built another revolutionary industrial plant, the Fagus Factory in Alfeld an der Laine, a building without ornament where every construction element was on display. The Werkbund organized
9916-592: The earth, and which echoed the wide flat spaces of the American prairie. His Larkin Building (1904–1906) in Buffalo, New York , Unity Temple (1905) in Oak Park, Illinois and Unity Temple had highly original forms and no connection with historical precedents. At the end of the 19th century, the first skyscrapers began to appear in the United States. They were a response to the shortage of land and high cost of real estate in
10050-436: The end of the 19th century from revolutions in technology, engineering, and building materials, and from a desire to break away from historical architectural styles and invent something that was purely functional and new. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron , drywall , plate glass , and reinforced concrete, to build structures that were stronger, lighter, and taller. The cast plate glass process
10184-668: The façade of the Casa Batlló in Barcelona (1904–1907) had no straight lines; it was encrusted with colorful mosaics of stone and ceramic tiles. Architects also began to experiment with new materials and techniques, which gave them greater freedom to create new forms. In 1903–1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete , previously only used for industrial structures, to build apartment buildings. Reinforced concrete, which could be molded into any shape, and which could create enormous spaces without
10318-451: The first decade of the 20th century. Eventually all of the former hacienda was developed into residential areas by the 1920s. Initially, Colonia Condesa included areas now known as Colonia Roma Sur, Colonia Hipódromo and Colonia Hipódromo Condesa, but these were defined as separate colonias later as population increased. For the first two thirds of the 20th century, the colonia grew, becoming popular with middle and upper classes as well as
10452-731: The foundation of an international conference to establish the basis for a common style. The first meeting of the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne or International Congresses of Modern Architects (CIAM), was held in a chateau on Lake Leman in Switzerland 26–28 June 1928. Those attending included Le Corbusier, Robert Mallet-Stevens , Auguste Perret , Pierre Chareau and Tony Garnier from France; Victor Bourgeois from Belgium; Walter Gropius , Erich Mendelsohn , Ernst May and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from Germany; Josef Frank from Austria; Mart Stam and Gerrit Rietveld from
10586-462: The garden of a man named Basurto. Others built the structure but he authorized the use of his name. The structure was designed by Serrano on Avenida México with a view of Parque México and the Popocatepetl Plaza. The house “El Barco” on Veracruz 42 was the house of Italian photographer and activist Tina Modotti. She lived there for 3 years from 1924 until 1926. Overlooking Parque España in
10720-779: The headquarters of a shipping company, and was modeled after a giant steamship, a triangular building with a sharply pointed bow. It was constructed of dark brick, and used external piers to express its vertical structure. Its external decoration borrowed from Gothic cathedrals, as did its internal arcades. Hans Poelzig was another notable expressionist architect. In 1919 he built the Großes Schauspielhaus , an immense theater in Berlin, seating five thousand spectators for theater impresario Max Reinhardt . It featured elongated shapes like stalagmites hanging down from its gigantic dome, and lights on massive columns in its foyer. He also constructed
10854-473: The heritage of the entire city. In the limits of Colonia Roma, smaller, but located very close to Parque México is Parque España , located between Nuevo León, Sonora and Parque España streets. It was established in 1921 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the end of the Mexican War of Independence . It contains statues such as the monument to Lázaro Cárdenas. In 2008, the park was renovated and remodeled at
10988-400: The industrialization many constructivist buildings were erected in provincial cities. The regional industrial centers, including Ekaterinburg , Kharkiv or Ivanovo , were rebuilt in the constructivist manner; some cities, like Magnitogorsk or Zaporizhzhia , were constructed anew (the so-called socgorod , or 'socialist city'). The style fell markedly out of favor in the 1930s, replaced by
11122-532: The lands here was Maria de la Campa y Cos, Countess of San Mateo de Valparaíso. She married Miguel de Berrio y Zaldívar Ortíz de Landáuzari, who would later acquire the title of Marquis of Jaral de Berrio. The union produced a daughter, Ana María de Berrio y Campa, who married Pedro de Moncada y de Aragón Branciforte. This union produced both the Marchioness of San Roman and the 3rd Marquis of Jaral de Berrio. This family owned these rather large expanses of land in what
11256-470: The late 19th century, most notably eclecticism , Victorian and Edwardian architecture , and the Beaux-Arts architectural style . This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc . In his 1872 book Entretiens sur L'Architecture , he urged: "use the means and knowledge given to us by our times, without the intervening traditions which are no longer viable today, and in that way we can inaugurate
11390-607: The majority are now based. The area is served by the Mexico City metro at its edges, and inside the area by the Metrobus , city buses, privately operated peseros (minibuses) and mid-sized buses, and trolleybuses . The city-wide EcoBici bicycle-sharing system is available. Metro stations Metrobus stations Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt previously had a campus at 43 Benjamin G. Hill in Hipódromo Condesa, in what
11524-449: The military and government. The semi-circular metal Nissen hut of World War I was revived as the Quonset hut . The years immediately after the war saw the development of radical experimental houses, including the enameled-steel Lustron house (1947–1950), and Buckminster Fuller's experimental aluminum Dymaxion House . The unprecedented destruction caused by the war was another factor in
11658-451: The modernist Fagus turbine factory. The Bauhaus was a fusion of the prewar Academy of Arts and the school of technology. In 1926 it was transferred from Weimar to Dessau; Gropius designed the new school and student dormitories in the new, purely functional modernist style he was encouraging. The school brought together modernists in all fields; the faculty included the modernist painters Vasily Kandinsky , Joseph Albers and Paul Klee , and
11792-476: The modernists, led by Le Corbusier and Robert Mallet-Stevens in France, Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in Germany, and Konstantin Melnikov in the new Soviet Union , who wanted only pure forms and the elimination of any decoration. Louis Sullivan popularized the axiom Form follows function to emphasize the importance of utilitarian simplicity in modern architecture. Art Deco architects such as Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage often made
11926-737: The more grandiose nationalist styles that Stalin favored. Constructivist architects and even Le Corbusier projects for the new Palace of the Soviets from 1931 to 1933, but the winner was an early Stalinist building in the style termed Postconstructivism . The last major Russian constructivist building, by Boris Iofan , was built for the Paris World Exhibition (1937), where it faced the pavilion of Nazi Germany by Hitler's architect Albert Speer . The New Objectivity (in German Neue Sachlichkeit, sometimes also translated as New Sobriety)
12060-434: The most innovative expressionist projects, including Bruno Taut 's Alpine Architecture and Hermann Finsterlin 's Formspiels , remained on paper. Scenography for theatre and films provided another outlet for the expressionist imagination, and provided supplemental incomes for designers attempting to challenge conventions in a harsh economic climate. A particular type, using bricks to create its forms (rather than concrete)
12194-5244: The name commonly applied to housing subdivisions in Mexico City) ;• Fracc. Romero de Terreros • Girasoles I • Girasoles II • Girasoles III • Hacienda de Coyoacán • Hermosillo • Huayamilpas • Hueso Infonavit • IMAN 580 • Insurgentes Cuicuilco • Insurgentes San Ángel • Jardínes de Coyoacán • Jardines del Pedregal de San Ángel Oriente • Jardines del Pedregal de San Ángel • Joyas del Pedregal • Las Cabañas • Las Campanas • Los Cedros • Los Cipreses • Los Ciruelos • Los Fresnos • Los Olivos • Los Robles • Los Sauces • Media Luna • Módulo Social Fovissste • Nueva Díaz Ordaz • Parque San Andrés • Paseos de Taxqueña • Pedregal de Carrasco Sec. Casas A • Pedregal de Carrasco Sec. Casas B • Pedregal de Carrasco Sec. Casas C • Pedregal de Carrasco Sec. I • Pedregal de Carrasco Sec. II • Pedregal de Carrasco Sec. III • Pedregal de Carrasco Sec. IV-A • Pedregal de Carrasco Sec. IV • Pedregal de Carrasco Sec. V • Pedregal de Carrasco Sec. VI • Pedregal de Carrasco Sec. VII • Pedregal de Maurel • Pedregal de Santa Úrsula Coapa • Pedregal del Sur • Petrolera Taxqueña • Piloto V Culhuacán • Popular Emiliano Zapata • Prado Churubusco • Prados Coyoacán • Presidentes Ejidales • Pueblo de Copilco el Alto • Pueblo de Copilco El Bajo • Pueblo de la Candelaria • Pueblo de los Reyes • Pueblo de San Francisco Culhuacán (Barrio de San Juan Magdalena y Barrio de Santa Anita are within this Pueblo/town) • Pueblo de San Pedro Tepetlapa • Pueblo de Santa Úrsula Coapa • Romero de Terreros • Santa Cecilia • Santa Martha del Sur • Santo Domingo de los Reyes • U.H. CROC VI • U.H. STUNAM • U.H. Altillo Universidad ( U.H. stands for Unidad Habitacional , "apartment complex") • U.H. Candelaria • U.H. Copilco 300 • U.H. Copilco Universidad • U.H. Ermita Churubusco • U.H. Integración Latinoamericana • U.H. los Reyes • U.H. Monte de Piedad • U.H. Prolongación División del Norte • U.H. San Pablo • U.H. Santa Rosa Coapa • U.H. Taxqueña 1802, 1810-Bis, 1818 • U.H. Tlalpan (Centro Urbano) • U.H. Universidad 2016, 202 • Vejo Ejido de Santa Úrsula • Villa Coyoacán • Villa Olímpica • Villa Quietud • Villa San Francisco • Villas del Pedregal • Vistas de Maurel • Xotepingo col. Abdias García Soto • col. Adolfo Lopez Mateos • col. Agua Bendita • col. Amado Nervo • col. Amp. El Yaqui • col. Amp. Memetla • col. Bosques de Las Lomas • col. Campestre Palo Alto • col. Contadero • col. Cooperativa Palo Alto • col. Cruz Blanca • col. Cuajimalpa • col. El Ébano • col. El Molinito • col. El Molino • col. El Tianguillo • col. El Yaqui • col. Granjas Navidad • col. Granjas Palo Alto • col. Jesús del Monte • col. La Manzanita • col. La Pila • col. La Venta • col. Las Lajas • col. Las Maromas • col. Las Tinajas • col. Locaxco • col. Loma del Padre • col. Lomas de Chamizal • col. Lomas de Memetla • col. Lomas de San Pedro • col. Lomas de Vista Hermosa • col. Manzanastitla • col. Memetla • col. San José de Los Cedros • col. Santa Fe • col. Tepetongo • col. Xalpa • col. Zentlápatl • Pueblo San Lorenzo Acopilco • Pueblo San Mateo Tlaltenango • Pueblo San Pablo Chimalpa • Pueblo San Pedro Cuajimalpa • Pueblo Santa Rosa Xochiac The neighborhoods of
12328-537: The name of the Cité Radieuse (and later "Cité du Fada" "City of the crazy one" in Marseille French), after his book about futuristic urban planning. Following his doctrines of design, the building had a concrete frame raised up above the street on pylons. It contained 337 duplex apartment units, fit into the framework like pieces of a puzzle. Each unit had two levels and a small terrace. Interior "streets" had shops,
12462-1305: The name of the main union of workers in Mexico) ;• C.T.M. Culhuacán Sec. IX • C.T.M. Culhuacán Sec. VI • C.T.M. Culhuacán Sec. VII • C.T.M. Culhuacán Sec. VIII • C.T.M. Culhuacán Sec. X-A • C.T.M. Culhuacán Sec. X • Cafetales I • Cafetales II • Campestre Churubusco • Carmen Serdán • Centro Urbano Pedregal de Carrasco • Ciudad Jardín • Copilco Universidad ISSSTE • Copilco Universidad • Country Club • Del Carmen • Del Parque • Educación • Ejido de Santa Úrsula Coapa • El Caracol • El Centinela • El Mirador • El Reloj • El Rosedal • Emiliano Zapata • Espartaco • Ex Ejido De San Francisco Culhuacán • Fortín Chimalistac • Fracc. Campestre Coyoacán • Fracc. Cantil del Pedregal • Fracc. Pedregal de San Francisco ("Fracc." stands for "fraccionamiento",
12596-504: The need of supporting pillars, replaced stone and brick as the primary material for modernist architects. The first concrete apartment buildings by Perret and Sauvage were covered with ceramic tiles, but in 1905 Perret built the first concrete parking garage on 51 rue de Ponthieu in Paris; here the concrete was left bare, and the space between the concrete was filled with glass windows. Henri Sauvage added another construction innovation in an apartment building on Rue Vavin in Paris (1912–1914);
12730-402: The neighborhood. One of the reasons given for this threat was the amount of feces found on neighborhood streets. The area was affected by the 2017 Mexico City earthquake with two major collapsed buildings where rescue efforts continued day and night for several days, at Álvaro Obregón 286 and at the corner of Amsterdam and Laredo, while other buildings in danger of collapse were evacuated. In
12864-439: The overall reputation of the area continues to grow and attract more restaurants. Most of these residents are young and affluent, with only two of the areas 13 K-8 schools being public. Mexico City was affected by the 8.1 magnitude 1985 offshore earthquake ; many buildings survived and are now examples of Art Deco architecture, as well as innovative modern designs, which give it an overall urban touch. Many buildings date back to
12998-507: The pavilion of the Soviet Union, topped by enormous statues of a worker and a peasant carrying a hammer and sickle. As to the modernists, Le Corbusier was practically, but not quite invisible at the Exposition; he participated in the Pavilion des temps nouveaux, but focused mainly on his painting. The one modernist who did attract attention was a collaborator of Le Corbusier, Josep Lluis Sert ,
13132-14981: The postal code and preceding the name of the city. For example: Some of the better known colonias include: A list of colonias (neighborhoods) in Mexico City by borough: 2da del Moral del Pueblo Tetelpan • 2do Reacomodo Tlacuitlapa • 8 de Agusto • Abraham M. González • Acueducto • Acuilotla • Alcantarilla • Alfonso XIII • Altavista • Amp. Acueducto • Amp. Alpes • Amp. El Capulín • Amp. Estado de Hidalgo • Amp. Jalalpa • Amp. La Cebada • Amp. La Mexicana • Amp. Las Águilas • Amp. Los Pirules • Amp. Piloto Adolfo López Mateos • Amp. Tepeaca • Amp. Tlacuitlapa • Arcos Centenario • Arturo Martínez • Árvide • Atlamaya • Ave Real • Balcones de Cehuaya • Barrio Alfalfar • Barrio La Otra Banda • Barrio Loreto • Barrio Norte • Barrio Santa María Nonoalco • Bejero del Pueblo de Santa Fe • Belén de las Flores • Bellavista • Bonanza • Bosque • Calzada Jalapa • Campestre • Campo de los Tiros • Cañada 1a Secc. • Cañada 2a Secc. • Canutillo 2a Secc. • Canutillo 3a Secc. • Canutillo • Carlos A. Madrazo • Carola • Cehuaya • Chimalistac • Colina del Sur • Colinas de Tarango • Cooperativa Unión Olivos • Corpus Christi • Cove • Cristo Rey • Cuevitas • Desarollo Urbano • Dos Ríos del Pueblo de Santa Lucía • Ejido San Mateo • El Árbol • El Capulin • El Cuernito • El Mirador del Pueblo Tetelpan • El Pirul 2a Secc. • El Pirul Santa Fe • El Pirul • El Pocito • El Politoco • El Rincón • El Rodeo • El Ruedo • El Tecojote • Encino del Pueblo Tetelpan • Ermita Tizapán • Estado de Hidalgo • Ex-Hacienda de Guadalupe Chimalistac • Ex-Hacienda Tarango • Flor de María • Florida • Francisco Villa • Galeana • Garcimarrero • Golondrinas 1a Secc. • Golondrinas 2a Secc. • Golondrinas • Guadalupe Inn • Heron Proal • Hidalgo • Hogar y Redención • Hueytlale • Industrias Militares de Sedena • Isidora Fabela • Jalalpa Tepito 2a Amp. • Jalalpa Tepito • Jalapa el Grande • Jardines del Pedregal • José María Pino Suárez • La Angostura • La Araña • La Cascada • La Conchita • La Estrella • La Herradura del Pueblo Tetelpan • La Huerta • La Joya • La Joyita del Pueblo Tetelpan • La Loma • La Martinica • La Mexicana 2a Amp. • La Mexicana • La Milagrosa • La Palmita • La Peñita del Pueblo Tetelpan • La Presa • Ladera • Las Águilas 1a Secc. • Las Águilas 2do Secc. Parque • las Águilas 3a Secc. Parque • Las Águilas • Las Américas • Liberación Proletaria • Liberales de 1857 • Llano Redondo • Lomas Axomiatla • Lomas de Becerra • Lomas de Cápula • Lomas de Chamontoya • Lomas de Guadalupe • Lomas de la Era • Lomas de las Águilas • Lomas de los Ángeles del Pueblo Tetelpan • Lomas de los Cedros • Lomas de Nuevo México • Lomas de Plateros • Lomas de Puerta Grande • Lomas de San Ángel Inn • Lomas de Santa Fe • Lomas de Tarango • Los Alpes • Los Cedros • Los Gamitos • Los Juristas • Margarita Masa de Juárez • María G. de García Ruiz • Mártires de Tacubaya • Merced Gómez • Miguel Gaona Armenta • Miguel Hidalgo • Minas Cristo Rey • Molino de Rosas • Molino de Santo Domingo • Ocotillos del Pueblo Tetelpan • Olivar de los Padres • Olivar del Conde 1a Secc. • Olivar del Conde 2a Secc. • Palmas Axotitla • Palmas Axotitla • Palmas • Paraíso • Paseo de las Lomas • Piloto Adolfo López Mateos • Pirul Santa Lucía • Pólvora • Ponciano Arriaga • Preconcreto • Presidentes 1a Secc. • Presidentes 2a Secc. • Presidentes • Primera Victoria • Professor J. Arturo López Martínez • Progreso Tizapán • Pueblo Axotla • Pueblo Nuevo • Pueblo San Bartolo Ameyalco • Pueblo Santa Fe • Pueblo Santa Lucía Chantepec • Pueblo Santa Lucía • Pueblo Santa Rosa Xochiac • Pueblo Tetelpan • Pueblo Tizapán • Pueblo Tlacopac • Puente Colorado • Puerta Grande • Punto de Cehuaya • Punto de Cehuaya • Rancho del Carmen del Pueblo San Bartolo Ameyalco • Rancho San Francisco del Pueblo San Bartolo Ameyalco • Reacamodo El Cuernito • Reacomodo Pino Suárez • Reacomodo Valentín Gómez Farías • Real del Monte • Rincón de la Bolsa • Rinconada de Tarango • Rinconada La Cuevita • Sacramento • San Ángel • San Ángel Inn • San Augustín del Pueblo Tetelpan • San Clemente Norte • San Clemente Sur • San Gabriel • San Jerónimo Aculco • San José del Olivar • San Pedro de los Pinos • Santa Fe Centro Ciudad • Santa Fe la Loma • Santa Fe la Loma • Santa Fe Peña Blanca • Santa Fe Tlayapaca • Santa Fe • Santa Lucía Chantepec • Tarango • Tecalcapa del Pueblo Tetelpan • Tecolalco • Tepeaca • Tepopotla • Tizampampano del Pueblo Tetelpan • Tlacoyaque • Tlacuitlapa • Tlacuitlapa • Tlapechico • Tolteca • Torres de Potrero • Torres de Potrero • Villa Progresista • Villa Solidaridad • Villa Verdún • Zenón Delgado Aguilera • Aldana • Amp. Cosmopolita • Amp. del Gas • Amp. Petrolera • Amp. San Pedro Xalpa • Ángel Zimbrón • Arenal • Barrio de Huautla de Las Salinas • Barrio San Andrés • Barrio San Sebastián • Centro de Azcapotzalco • Clavería • Coltongo • Cosmopolita • del Gas • del Maestro • del Recreo • El Jagüey • Estación Pantaco • Euzkadi • Ferrería • Hacienda del Rosario • Hogar y Seguridad • Ignacio Allende • Industrial Vallejo • ISSS Fam Las Armas • Jardín Azpeitia • La Preciosa • La Raza • Las Salinas • Liberación • Libertad • Los Reyes • Monte Alto • Nextengo • Nueva España • Nuevo Rosario • Nuevo San Rafael • Nuevo Santa Maria • Obrero Popular • Panteón San Isidro • Pasteros • Petrolera • Petrolera • Plenitud • Porvenir • Potrero del Llano • Prados del Rosario • Pro Hogar • Providencia • Pueblo Quieto • Pueblo San Andres de las Salinas • Pueblo Santa Bárbara • Pueblo Santa María Malinalco • Reynosa Tamaulipas • San Álvaro • San Antonio • San Bartolo Cacahualtongo • San Bernabé • San Francisco Tetecala • San Francisco Xocotitla • San Juan Tlihuaca • San Marcos • San Martín Xochinahuac • San Mateo • San Miguel Amantla • San Pedro Xalpa • San Rafael • San Salvador Xochimanco • Santa Apolonia • Santa Catarina • Santa Cruz Acuyacan • Santa Cruz de las Salinas • Santa Inés • Santa Lucía • Santiago Ahuizotla • Santo Domingo • Santo Domingo II • Santo Tomás • Sindicato Mexicano de Electricistas • Tezozómoc • Tierra Nueva • Tlatilco • Trabajadores del Hierro • U. H. Azcapotzalco • U. H. Campo Encantado • U. H. Cruz Roja Tepatongo • U. H. El Rosario • U. H. Francisco Villa • U. H. La Escuadra • U. H. Las Trancas • U. H. Lázaro Cárdenas • U. H. Lerdo de Tejada • U. H. Miguel Hidalgo • U. H. Presidente Madero • U. H. Rinconada • U. H. Rosendo Salazar • U. H. San Isidro • U. H. San Juan Tlihuaca • U. H. San Pablo Xalpa • U. H. Trabajadores de Pemex • U. H. Villas Azcapotzalco • U.H. Cobre de México • U.H. Cuitláhuac • U.H. Jardines de Ceylán • Un Hogar para cada trabajador • Victoria de las Democracias 8 de Agosto • Acacias • Actipán • Álamos • Albert • Amp. Nápoles • Américas Unidas • Atenor Salas • Ciudad de los Deportes • Crédito Constructor • Del Carmen • Del Lago • Del Valle Centro • Del Valle Norte • Del Valle Sur • Ermita • Extremadura Insurgentes • General Pedro María Anaya • Independencia • Insurgentes Mixcoac • Insurgentes San Borja • Iztaccíhuatl • Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez • Letrán Valle • Merced Gómez • Miguel Alemán • Miravalle • Mixcoac • Moderna • Nápoles • Narvarte Oriente • Narvarte Poniente • Nativitas • Niños Héroes • Noche Buena • Nápoles • Periodista • Piedad Narvarte • Portales Norte • Portales Oriente • Portales Sur • Postal • Residencial Emperadores • San José Insurgentes • San Juan • San Pedro de los Pinos • San Simón Ticumac • Santa Cruz Atoyac • Santa María Nonoalco • Tlacoquemécatl • Villa de Cortés • Vértiz Narvarte • Xoco • Zacahuitzco Adolfo Ruíz Cortínez • Ajusco • Alianza Popular Revolucionaria A • Alianza Popular Revolucionaria B • Alianza Popular Revolucionaria C • Alianza Popular Revolucionaria D • Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Norte • Ampliación Candelaria • Ampliación San Francisco Culhuacán • Atlántida • Avante • Barrio de la Purísima Concepción • Barrio de Oxtopulco • Barrio de San Diego and Barrio de San Mateo Churubusco (in practice, these two neighborhoods are considered as two; however, they are considered as only one from an administrative point of view) • Barrio de San Lucas • Barrio de Santa Catarina • Barrio del Cuadrante de San Francisco • Barrio del Niño Jesús • Barrio Rancho el Rosario • Bosques de Tetlameya • C.T.M. Culhuacán Sec. I • C.T.M. Culhuacán Sec. II • C.T.M. Culhuacán Sec. III • C.T.M. Culhuacán Sec. IV • C.T.M. Culhuacán Sec. IX-A ("CTM" stands for " Confederación de Trabajadores de México ",
13266-521: The purely geometric trylon and periphery sculpture. It had many monuments to Art Deco, such as the Ford Pavilion in the Streamline Moderne style, but also included the new International Style that would replace Art Deco as the dominant style after the War. The Pavilions of Finland, by Alvar Aalto , of Sweden by Sven Markelius , and of Brazil by Oscar Niemeyer and Lúcio Costa , looked forward to
13400-479: The pyramids of the ancient Mayan civilization. He experimented for a time with modular mass-produced housing. He identified his architecture as "Usonian", a combination of USA, "utopian" and "organic social order". His business was severely affected by the beginning of the Great Depression that began in 1929; he had fewer wealthy clients who wanted to experiment. Between 1928 and 1935, he built only two buildings:
13534-458: The reinforced concrete building was in steps, with each floor set back from the floor below, creating a series of terraces. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées , a masterpiece of reinforced concrete construction, with Art Deco sculptural bas-reliefs on the façade by Antoine Bourdelle . Because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectator's view of
13668-466: The rise Hitler and the Nazis in Germany, most of the leaders of the German Bauhaus movement found a new home in the United States, and played an important part in the development of American modern architecture. Frank Lloyd Wright was eighty years old in 1947; he had been present at the beginning of American modernism, and though he refused to accept that he belonged to any movement, continued to play
13802-444: The rise of modern architecture. Large parts of major cities, from Berlin, Tokyo, and Dresden to Rotterdam and east London; all the port cities of France, particularly Le Havre , Brest, Marseille, Cherbourg had been destroyed by bombing. In the United States, little civilian construction had been done since the 1920s; housing was needed for millions of American soldiers returning from the war. The postwar housing shortages in Europe and
13936-442: The roots of the movement were to be found in the works of Eugène Viollet le duc , while Mies van der Rohe was heavily inspired by Karl Friedrich Schinkel . The movement emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture . Modern architecture emerged at
14070-517: The same could not be done for the old horse track. It was then decided to make that area into a park to serve as a focus for the new neighborhood, as well as to give added green space in a city which lacked it. Today, the park still serves as an attraction to those who settled in the La Condesa area. The park has been recognized by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), as part of
14204-446: The spirit of Italian Rationalism of the 1920s continued, with the work of architect Giuseppe Terragni . His Casa del Fascio in Como, headquarters of the local Fascist party, was a perfectly modernist building, with geometric proportions (33.2 meters long by 16.6 meters high), a clean façade of marble, and a Renaissance-inspired interior courtyard. Opposed to Terragni was Marcello Piacitini,
14338-437: The stage. Otto Wagner , in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style. In his book Moderne Architektur (1895) he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on "modern life". He designed a stylized ornamental metro station at Karlsplatz in Vienna (1888–89), then an ornamental Art Nouveau residence, Majolika House (1898), before moving to a much more geometric and simplified style, without ornament, in
14472-529: The structure, allowing glass curtain walls on the façade and open floor plans, independent of the structure. They were always white, and had no ornament or decoration on the outside or inside. The best-known of these houses was the Villa Savoye , built in 1928–1931 in the Paris suburb of Poissy . An elegant white box wrapped with a ribbon of glass windows around on the façade, with living space that opened upon an interior garden and countryside around, raised up by
14606-459: The style was often used for new airport terminals, train and bus stations, and for gas stations and diners built along the growing American highway system. In the 1930s the style was used not only in buildings, but in railroad locomotives, and even refrigerators and vacuum cleaners. It both borrowed from industrial design and influenced it. In the United States, the Great Depression led to
14740-490: The teachers of a generation of American postwar architects. In 1937 Mies van der Rohe also moved to the United States; he became one of the most famous designers of postwar American skyscrapers. Expressionism , which appeared in Germany between 1910 and 1925, was a counter-movement against the strictly functional architecture of the Bauhaus and Werkbund. Its advocates, including Bruno Taut , Hans Poelzig , Fritz Hoger and Erich Mendelsohn , wanted to create architecture that
14874-493: The three colonias , is bordered by: The three colonias are located as follows: Condesa is considered fashionable, especially among young businesspeople, students, pet lovers and others. There are some wide avenues and lined with trees. It is mostly filled with restaurants, cafés, boutiques and art galleries. Some of these shops include the Rosario Castellanos bookstore, which includes a cáfe, an auditorium theatre and
15008-591: The wake of the First Five Year Plan – including colossal Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (1932) – and made an attempt to start the standardization of living blocks with Ginzburg's Narkomfin building . A number of architects from the pre-Soviet period also took up the constructivist style. The most famous example was Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow (1924), by Alexey Shchusev (1924) The main centers of constructivist architecture were Moscow and Leningrad; however, during
15142-436: The works of Viollet le Duc. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, that is, concrete strengthened with iron bars, as a technique for constructing buildings. In 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four-storey house in the suburbs of Paris. A further important step forward was the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha Otis , first demonstrated at
15276-456: Was a prototype for the modernist office buildings that followed. (It was torn down in 1957, because it stood in the zone between East and West Berlin, where the Berlin Wall was constructed.) Following the rise of the Nazis to power, he moved to England (1933), then to the United States (1941). Fritz Höger was another notable Expressionist architect of the period. His Chilehaus was built as
15410-454: Was also a passionate advocate of a new urbanism, based on planned cities. In 1922 he presented a design of a city for three million people, whose inhabitants lived in identical sixty-story tall skyscrapers surrounded by open parkland. He designed modular houses, which would be mass-produced on the same plan and assembled into apartment blocks, neighborhoods, and cities. In 1923 he published "Toward an Architecture", with his famous slogan, "a house
15544-457: Was an architectural movement and style that was prominent in the 20th century, between the earlier Art Deco and later postmodern movements. Modern architecture was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction (particularly the use of glass , steel , and concrete ); the principle functionalism (i.e. that form should follow function ); an embrace of minimalism ; and a rejection of ornament . According to Le Corbusier ,
15678-559: Was an example of what he called rationalist architecture ; it had a simple stucco rectangular façade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which became known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann , a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture, the Stoclet Palace , in Brussels, in 1906–1911. This residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble,
15812-422: Was built with materials brought from Belgium and located on what are now Durango Street, Avenida Oaxaca, Salamanca, Valladolid and Colima Street with a capacity of 23,000 spectators. Much of this site now is occupied by a Palacio de Hierro department store. From the early 20th century, the land was further divided but sold into residential units, with water, roads and other infrastructure introduced as early as
15946-481: Was composed of geometric blocks, wings, and a tower. A large pool in front of the house reflected its cubic forms. The interior was decorated with paintings by Gustav Klimt and other artists, and the architect even designed clothing for the family to match the architecture. In Germany, a modernist industrial movement, Deutscher Werkbund (German Work Federation) had been created in Munich in 1907 by Hermann Muthesius ,
16080-432: Was inaugurated by Diaz himself in 1910. A second was planned but never built. When the Mexican Revolution broke out, many in the neighborhood were under siege by the lower classes and the horse track eventually closed. Today, the curve of this track can still be seen in the layout of Avenida Amsterdam. Around the same time a bullring was also built, financed by notable people such as Lucas Alamán and called El Toreo. It
16214-441: Was intended to awe the spectators by its huge scale. Adolf Hitler intended to turn Berlin into the capital of Europe, grander than Rome or Paris. The Nazis closed the Bauhaus, and the most prominent modern architects soon departed for Britain or the United States. In Italy, Benito Mussolini wished to present himself as the heir to the glory and empire of ancient Rome. Mussolini's government was not as hostile to modernism as The Nazis;
16348-501: Was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal curtain wall . These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884 by William Le Baron Jenney and based on
16482-513: Was modern, but it was not modernist; it had many features of modernism, including the use of reinforced concrete, glass, steel, chrome, and it rejected traditional historical models, such as the Beaux-Arts style and Neo-classicism ; but, unlike the modernist styles of Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe, it made lavish use of decoration and color. It reveled in the symbols of modernity; lightning flashes, sunrises, and zig-zags. Art Deco had begun in France before World War I and spread through Europe; in
16616-527: Was officially established in 1902, although it had been in existence for some time before that, being home to a number of upper-class urban supporters of President Porfirio Díaz ’s regime. From the beginning it has had one of the best planned infrastructures, with large parks and large tree-lined avenues. Around this time, a private race track was initially operated by the Sociedad del Jockey Club Mexicano, which used it automobile racing as well as horse racing, and it
16750-517: Was poetic, expressive, and optimistic. Many expressionist architects had fought in World War I and their experiences, combined with the political turmoil and social upheaval that followed the German Revolution of 1919, resulted in a utopian outlook and a romantic socialist agenda. Economic conditions severely limited the number of built commissions between 1914 and the mid-1920s, As result, many of
16884-474: Was popular in the 1930s. By the late 1990s, the San Martín was nearly in ruins, but it was restored between 1998 and 2001 by architect Carlos Duclaud. While Duclaud made some changes to the interior, most of the original plan of the building remains intact. One major change was made. In the 1930s, apartment building windows with the best views were in the bedrooms, rather than in the living room and dining room. This
17018-451: Was rejected by residents, and there are demands to review the licenses of establishments which generate noise and around which crimes have happened. Another complaint associated with these bars is the invasion of customers’ cars into private parking spaces. Some residents claim that visibly armed guards and patrons can now be seen in the area day or night. Anonymous flyers were distributed in the colonia threatening to exterminate stray dogs in
17152-424: Was scheduled for Moscow in 1932, but was cancelled at the last minute. Instead, the delegates held their meeting on a cruise ship traveling between Marseille and Athens. On board, they together drafted a text on how modern cities should be organized. The text, called The Athens Charter , after considerable editing by Corbusier and others, was finally published in 1957 and became an influential text for city planners in
17286-531: Was supposed to be built of reinforced concrete, but because of technical problems it was finally built of traditional materials covered with plaster. His sculptural form, very different from the austere rectangular forms of the Bauhaus, first won him commissions to build movie theaters and retail stores in Stuttgart, Nuremberg, and Berlin. His Mossehaus in Berlin was an early model for the streamline moderne style. His Columbushaus on Potsdamer Platz in Berlin (1931)
17420-413: Was switched to the more modern arrangement, by rearranging interior walls. However, the facades, and most of the public areas such as stairwells, were kept true to the original, with the aim of keeping the building's original “identity”. The Basurto Building is an Art Deco building which is noted for its use of curved and straight lines in its form. It was built on irregularly shaped land which used to be
17554-512: Was the Kaufmann Desert House in 1946, and he designed hundreds of further projects. The 1937 Paris International Exposition in Paris effectively marked the end of the Art Deco, and of pre-war architectural styles. Most of the pavilions were in a neoclassical Deco style, with colonnades and sculptural decoration. The pavilions of Nazi Germany, designed by Albert Speer , in a German neoclassical style topped by eagle and swastika, faced
17688-473: Was the center of the racetrack that used to occupy Colonia Hipódromo, not only serves as the center of that colonia , it is the defining element of the entire Condesa area. The park is also considered to be the “lungs” of this portion of the city. It was designed as the center of the original, larger Condesa neighborhood during one of its planning phases in the 1920s. The rest of the old hacienda had been parceled into residential units, but due to environmental laws
17822-500: Was the tower proposed by painter and sculptor Vladimir Tatlin for the Moscow meeting of the Third Communist International in 1920: he proposed two interlaced towers of metal four hundred meters high, with four geometric volumes suspended from cables. The movement of Russian Constructivist architecture was launched in 1921 by a group of artists led by Aleksandr Rodchenko . Their manifesto proclaimed that their goal
17956-504: Was to find the "communist expression of material structures". Soviet architects began to construct workers' clubs, communal apartment houses, and communal kitchens for feeding whole neighborhoods. One of the first prominent constructivist architects to emerge in Moscow was Konstantin Melnikov , the number of working clubs – including Rusakov Workers' Club (1928) – and his own living house, Melnikov House (1929) near Arbat Street in Moscow. Melnikov traveled to Paris in 1925 where he built
#987012