The Hinuq language (autonym: гьинузас мец hinuzas mec , also known as Hinukh , Hinux , Ginukh , or Ginux ) is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Tsezic subgroup. It is spoken by about 200 to 500 people, the Hinukhs , in the Tsuntinsky District of southwestern Dagestan , mainly in the village of Genukh [ ru ] (Hinukh: Hino ). Hinukh is very closely related to Tsez , but they are not entirely mutually intelligible.
15-479: Hinukh (or alternatively Hinuq , Hinux , Ginukh , or Ginux ) could refer to: Hinuq language Hinukh people Genukh [ ru ] , the village where the Hinukh live Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hinukh . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
30-553: A thoroughgoing consistent vigesimal system, based on the powers 20, 400, 8000 etc., is not generally used). Many cultures that use a vigesimal system count in fives to twenty, then count twenties similarly. Such a system is referred to as quinary-vigesimal by linguists. Examples include Greenlandic , Iñupiaq , Kaktovik , Maya , Nunivak Cupʼig , and Yupʼik numerals. Vigesimal systems are common in Africa, for example in Yoruba . While
45-450: Is vigesimal , which means that it is a base-20 system, a feature commonly found among the languages of the Caucasus. This Northeast Caucasian languages -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Vigesimal A vigesimal ( / v ɪ ˈ dʒ ɛ s ɪ m əl / vij- ESS -im-əl ) or base-20 ( base-score ) numeral system is based on twenty (in
60-482: Is divisible by 3, is not divisible by 9. Ninths in vigesimal have six-digit periods. As 20 has the same prime factors as 10 (two and five), a fraction will terminate in decimal if and only if it terminates in vigesimal. The prime factorization of twenty is 2 × 5, so it is not a perfect power . However, its squarefree part, 5, is congruent to 1 (mod 4). Thus, according to Artin's conjecture on primitive roots , vigesimal has infinitely many cyclic primes, but
75-412: Is written as 10 20 . According to this notation: In the rest of this article below, numbers are expressed in decimal notation, unless specified otherwise. For example, 10 means ten , 20 means twenty . Numbers in vigesimal notation use the convention that I means eighteen and J means nineteen. As 20 is divisible by two and five and is adjacent to 21, the product of three and seven, thus covering
90-720: The Hinukh language. As Hinukh is unwritten, Avar and Russian are used as literary languages. Hinukh is not considered to have dialects, but due to its linguistic proximity to Tsez, it was once considered a Tsez dialect. The Hinukh people were already mentioned in the Georgian chronicles of the Early Middle Ages . The language itself was first described in 1916 by Russian ethnographer A. Serzhputovsky. Hinukh distinguishes 6 vowel qualities /a, e, i, o, u, y/ , all of which can be either long or short. Two vowels can occur pharyngealized : /aˤ/ and /eˤ/ . However, these are only used by
105-718: The Yoruba number system may be regarded as a vigesimal system, it is complex. There is some evidence of base-20 usage in the Māori language of New Zealand as seen in the terms Te Hokowhitu a Tu referring to a war party (literally "the seven 20s of Tu") and Tama-hokotahi , referring to a great warrior ("the one man equal to 20"). Open Location Code uses a word-safe version of base 20 for its geocodes . The characters in this alphabet were chosen to avoid accidentally forming words. The developers scored all possible sets of 20 letters in 30 different languages for likelihood of forming words, and chose
120-418: The first four prime numbers, many vigesimal fractions have simple representations, whether terminating or recurring (although thirds are more complicated than in decimal, repeating two digits instead of one). In decimal, dividing by three twice (ninths) only gives one digit periods ( 1 / 9 = 0.1111.... for instance) because 9 is the number below ten. 21, however, the number adjacent to 20 that
135-431: The fraction of primes that are cyclic is not necessarily ~37.395%. An UnrealScript program that computes the lengths of recurring periods of various fractions in a given set of bases found that, of the first 15,456 primes, ~39.344% are cyclic in vigesimal. In several European languages like French and Danish , 20 is used as a base, at least with respect to the linguistic structure of the names of certain numbers (though
150-482: The language's grammar. Tenses are marked synthetically on the verbs by means of affixes. As its sister languages Bezhta and Tsez, Hinukh differentiates between "witnessed past" (ending in -s or -š ) and "unwitnessed past" (in -no ); the present tense is marked with the suffix -ho . In the future tense, Hinukh distinguishes a "direct future" ( -n ), which is used only in the first person and an "indirect future" ( -s ) used for all other persons. The numeral system
165-409: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinukh&oldid=1244946138 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hinuq language Only half of the children of the village speak
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#1733085913511180-418: The numbers between with the corresponding letters of the alphabet. This is similar to the common computer-science practice of writing hexadecimal numerals over 9 with the letters "A–F". Another less common method skips over the letter "I", in order to avoid confusion between I 20 as eighteen and one , so that the number eighteen is written as J 20 , and nineteen is written as K 20 . The number twenty
195-675: The older generation. Today they are usually replaced by /i/ . Like many Caucasian languages, Hinuq has a large number of consonants. In addition to voiced and unvoiced consonants, there are also ejectives. It is an agglutinative language which makes mainly use of suffixes. Hinukh is an ergative-absolutive language and, like most Northeast Caucasian languages, shows a rich case system. There are six non-spatial cases (Absolutive, Ergative, First Genitive, Second Genitive, Dative, Instrumental) as well as 35 spatial cases. The spatial case system itself consists of two categories, location (cont, in, sub, spr, at, aloc, iloc) and orientation, expressed by
210-506: The same way in which the decimal numeral system is based on ten ). Vigesimal is derived from the Latin adjective vicesimus , meaning 'twentieth'. In a vigesimal place system, twenty individual numerals (or digit symbols) are used, ten more than in the decimal system. One modern method of finding the extra needed symbols is to write ten as the letter A, or A 20 , where the 20 means base 20 , to write nineteen as J 20 , and
225-732: The use of direction markers (Essive, Lative, First Ablative, Second Ablative, Directional). The plural suffix is almost invariably -be . Hinuq distinguishes a direct and oblique stem . Case suffixes are primarily added to the oblique stem. To form the oblique stem, there are different options, including oblique suffixes, epenthetic vowels, deletion of the base-stem-final consonant, vowel, or semivowel; stress shift or ablaut. The oblique stem suffixes are -mo , -a , -la , -i , -ya , -o , -li , -yi , -ra , -ro , -ru , -do , -u , -na , -nu . Some examples of nominal declension are given below. There are five genders in Hinuq which play an important role in
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